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pda ` abkni epu ]j ` oa_kj ` ]nu ` abkni epeao kb pda auahe` o ]j `
hel o ha]` o pk ej _na]oa` ogal pe_eoi ej pda qoa kb pdeo pa_d*
j emqa bkn b]_e]h naoqnb]_ej c %/ 4&+ ? a_]qoa kb pda _kj _anj o
r ke_a` ^u Ka]ha ap ]h+ %/ 4& Ekagopn] ap ]h+ %/ 5& nal knpa`
pdaen at l aneaj _a qoej c pda l a` e_ha` at l ]j ` a` bh]l pk naoqn*
b]_a bkqn l ]peaj po s epd b]_e]h ^qi o+ Eana) kr anat l ]j ` a`
bh]l o bnki pda hks an j a_g ]j ` _daop s ana qoa` pk oqnb]_a
_daag ` aba_po+ Aer eoekj kb pda l a` e_ha s ]o l anbkni a` /
s aago h]pan+ > hpdkqcd pdeo pn]j oban ` e` j kp bqhhu _knna_p
pda b] _e]h l nk^hai o) ] i ]nga` ei l nkr ai aj p s ]o j kpa` + Fp
eo ei l knp]j p pk j kpa pd]p ej kn` an pk i ]t ei eva pda ]aopdape_
naoqhpo kb peooqa at l ]j oekj o) ]hh _kj pn]_pqnao i ]u namqena
_knna_pekj l nekn pk naoqnb]_ej c s epd at l ]j ` a` bh]l o+
Eks ar an) J _@]qhau ]j ` Ls eaou %/ 6& nal knpa` at _ahhaj p
naoqhpo ej pda qoa kb at l ]j ` a` j a_g ogej pk naoqnb]_a
^qi o_]no kb pda _daag s epdkqp pda qoa kb ] l a` e_ha` ` er *
eoekj h]pan+ Pei eh]n pk pda pa_dj emqa kb ]` r ]j _ai aj p ]j `
nkp]pekj kb j kj at l ]j ` a` _anr e_]h bh]l o ` ao_ne^a` ^u Gqne)
pda at l ]j ` a` _anr e_kb]_e]h bh]l o bkhhks a` pda o]i a l nej *
_el hao kb nkp]pekj ]` r ]j _ai aj p s epd _kr an]ca kb pda
aj pena _daag qj ep ]j ` i ej ei ]h ` eopknpekj kb pda j kni ]h
b]_e]h ba]pqnao %Ceco+ / - +. 5*/ - +/ - &+ Fj ] oaneao kb / 5
9XVdaT *( &) 1 %> & Cebpaaj *ua]n*kh` l ]peaj p s epd dul anl eci aj p]pekj kb pda _dej ]j ` ^kpd _daago+ %? & Bt l ]j oekj kb necdp oe` a kb j a_g bkn
naoqnb]_ej c kb pda necdp _daag+ %@& > l l a]n]j _a 3 i kj pdo h] pan s epd at l ]j ` a` _anr e_]h ogej kj pda habp oe` a+ M]peaj p l nar ekqohu oqop]ej a`
l ]npe]h bh]l hkoo) j a_aoo]nu na*at l ]j oekj + %A ]j ` B& Cej ]h ]l l a]n]j _a ]bpan naoqnb]_ej c kb ^kpd _daago+
*0*
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
l ]peaj po qj ` anckej c j a_g at l ]j oekj bkn naoqnb]_ej c kb
b]_e]h ` aba_po kj hu) da j kpa` pd]p na*at l ]j oekj o s ana bna*
mqaj p ^qp oecj ebe_]j p _ki l he_]pekj o ` apa_pa` ` qa pk b]_e]h
` eopn]_pekj o s ana i ej ei ]h+ > hpdkqcd ] i ]fkn _ki l he_]pekj
n]pa kb . 3+0" s ]o j kpa` %5,16 at l ]j ` ano nai kr a` bkn
at l koqna kn ej ba_pekj &) pda bej ]h naoqhpo odks a` ` n]i ]pe_
ei l nkr ai aj p ej b]_e]h ]aopdape_o+ Fj / - - - ) Qakp ap ]h+
%0- & nal knpa` ] oaneao kb oar aj l ]peaj po s dk qj ` ans aj p l na*
b]^ne_]pa` r ]o_qh]neva` oql n]_h]r e_qh]n bh]l o bkn pda naoqn*
b]_ej c kb ^qnj o_]no kb pda b]_a s epd at _ahhaj p ]aopdape_
ei l nkr ai aj p+ > l l ]naj phu) pdeo bh]l _]j ^a i ]` a h]nca
aj kqcd pk _kr an pda aj pena b]_e]h qj ep) ej _hq` ej c pda bkna*
da]` ) ^u oei l ha ]` r ]j _ai aj p nkp]pekj kb pdeo bh]l s epd
_na]pa` kl aj ej co bkn pda auao) j koa) ]j ` i kqpd+ I kj c*
pani bkhhks *ql ) dks ar an) eo j kp bqhhu nal knpa` + Qakp
ap ]h+ %0- & ` k_qi aj pa` ] 2*ua]n bkhhks *ql kb pda benop
l ]peaj p) ej ` e_]pej c pd]p pda l ] peaj pîo b]_e]h i kr ai aj po
d]r a ël nkcnaooer ahu ei l nkr a` +í > hpdkqcd ` ap]eho kb ej oap*
pej c kb pda bh]l ]na ki eppa` ) ep eo at pnai ahu ei l knp]j p j kp pk
l nk` q_a ]j ql l an hel aj pnkl ekj ]j ` ] hks an hel a_pnkl ekj
qoej c pdeo pa_dj emqa+
Qda _daag eo pda h]ncaop ]aopdape_ qj ep kb pda b]_a+ Fj
ol epa kb epo ah]^kn]pa _kj pkqno) ep eo oa_kj ` kj hu pk pda bkna*
da]` ej i ]ej p]ej ej c abba_per a l naooqna qoej c _ki l naooer a
c]ni aj p pdan]l u+ > hpdkqcd na_aj p opq` eao d]r a oq^` er e` a`
pda _daag ]aopdape_ qj ep ej pk ]j ]` ` epekj ]h pdnaa pk ber a
oq^qj epo) r eoq]hev]pekj kb pda b]_a e` aj pebeao pda _daag ]o
] oej cha qj ep) s de_d cn]` q]hhu ^haj ` o pda ql l an kj a*pden`
]j ` hks an kj a*pden` kb pda aj pena h]pan]h l knpekj o kb pda
b]_a+
Qda ]j cqh]n nah]pekj odel ^aps aaj pda h]pan]h ]h]n ^]oa
]j ` pda _daag eo ` ebbe_qhp pk nal nk` q_a ]bpan ej fqnu+ Qda
` ahe_]pa _kj pkqno kb pda _daag ]na ei l knp]j p j kp kj hu bkn
b]_e]h od]l a) ^qp ]hok bkn b]_e]h d]ni kj u %0. &+
9XVdaT *( &*(
%> & Vkqj c _deh` s epd pkp]h b]_e]h ^qi o+ %? ]j ` @& P_]hl ]hkl a_e]) Qul a . @ na_kj opnq_pa` s epd ] . / - - __ peooqa at l ]j ` an+
%A& > ca . 1 s epd _daag ]j ` _dej b]_e]h o_]nnej c ]j ` habp*oe` a` at l ]j ` ano ej l h]_a bkn naoqnb]_ej c pda habp _daag+ %B& Oecdp*oe` a` j a_g
at l ]j oekj l anbkni a` pk naoqnb]_a pda necdp _daag+ %C& > hpdkqcd pda hks an ps k*pden` o kb pda b]_a naoqnb]_a` ) naoqhpo s ana bahp pk ^a oq^*
kl pei ]h+ %D ]j ` E& Pet i kj pdo h]pan) ^kpd _anr e_]h b]_e]h bh]l o ahar ]pa` ` ks j pk _h]r e_ha ]j ` ]` r ]j _a` oql aneknhu ]j ` i a` e]hhu bkn _ki *
l hapa _daag naoqnb]_ej c+ %E& Pet i kj pdoî bkhhks *ql +
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E ks ar an) kj a odkqh` ^a]n ej i ej ` pd]p naoqnb]_ej c pda
aj pena _daag qj ep eo j kp l kooe^ha s epd pdeo bh]l + Fj . 665)
J ehki en ap ]h+ %01& nal knpa` pda qoa kb pda napnk]qne_qh]n
pai l kn]h bnaa bh]l bkn na_kj opnq_pekj kb ]j aha_pne_]h ^qi
kb pda _daag j a]nhu 0 i kj pdo ]bpan ej fqnu+ Aa^ne` ai aj p
naoqhpa` ej ] ` aba_p i a]oqnej c . / t 4 _i pd]p ej _hq` a`
l ]npe]h nai kr ]h kb pda vucki ]pe_ ]n_d+ > hpdkqcd ] oq__aoo*
bqh pn]j oban s ]o ]__ki l heoda` s epd at _ahhaj p _khkn i ]p_d
]j ` s epd at _ahhaj p l ]peaj p o]peob]_pekj ) b]_e]h ` abkni epeao
]nkqj ` pda auao ]j ` hel o l anoeopa` +
Qdana eo heppha ` kq^p pd]p bnaa*peooqa pn]j oban ej pda
na_kj opi _pekj kb ^qi l ]peaj po eo j kp kj hu l kooe^ha) ^qp
ej oaha_p _]oao) ` aoen]^ha+ Eks ar an) n]nahu ` k pdau nal *
naoaj p pda benop hej a kb na_kj opnq_pekj bkn ^qi l ]peaj po+
Qda ej ` e_]pekj o bkn pdaoa l nk_a` qnao odkqh` ^a cqe` a` ^u
pda h]_g kb ]r ]eh]^ehepu kb kpdan pa_dj emqao pk l nkr e` a
]` amq]pa naoqnb]_ej c kb b]_e]h ^qi o) ]j ` pda j aa` bkn _ki *
l koepa peooqa pn]j obano %10&+ > o s a l nkcnaoo ej oa]n_d kb
e` a]h na_kj opnq_per a l nk_a` qnao bkn pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb
b]_e]h ^qi o) bnaa*peooqa pn]j obano s ehh qj ` kq^pa` hu bej `
epo necdpbqh l h]_a+
E8 98 E8 A6 8 F
. +
E qj p GI ) Mqn` qa DC) Pl e_an Q) Daj j app D) O]j ca P+ C]_a
^qi na_kj opnq_pekj ê ` kao a]nhu at _eoekj ]j ` ]qpk cn]bpej c
ei l nkr a naoqhpo+ ? qnj o . 6548 . 0706*11+
/ +
Gkj ookj @B) A]hoc]]n` @G+ B]nhu at _eoekj ]j ` ogej cn]bpej c
kb oaha_pa` ^qi o kb pda b]_a ]j ` j a_g+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 66. 8 55750*61+
0+ Cn]qhej CLD) I hhi ]uan PG) Qna` cap BB+ > ooaooi aj p kb
_koi ape_ ]j ` bqj _pekj ]h naoqhpo kb _kj oanr ]per a r anoqo
oqnce_]h i ]j ]cai aj p kb b]_e]h ^qnj o+ G ? qi @]na Oad]^
. 6638 . 47. 6*/ 6+
1+
S kej _dap S ) ? ]n` kp G) B_dej ]n` @) > q^anp GM) J ]c]hkj D+
> ` r ]j p]cao kb a]nhu ^qi at _eoekj ]j ` cn]bpej c ej pda pna] p*
i aj p kb ^qi ej fqneao pk pda ]j panekn _anr e_]h nacekj + ? qi o
. 6628 / . 7. 10*. 13+
2+ Dkj v]hav*Rhhk] J ) @]opehhk > ) Ppar j o B ap ]h+ Mnahei ej ]nu
opq` u kb pda pkp]h naopkn]pekj kb pda b]_e]h ogej + Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6218 . 07. 2. *. 3. +
3+ Dkj v]hav*Rhhk] J + Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda b]_a _kr anej c ^u
i a]j o kb oaha_per a ogej ej nacekj ]h ]aopdape_ qj epo+ ? n G Mh]op
Pqnc . 6238 67/ . / */ / . +
4+ Cah` i ]j GG+ C]_e]h ^qi o+ Fj 7 J _@]npdu GD) a` + Mh]ope_
Pqncanu+ Mdeh]` ahl de]7 T +? + P]qj ` ano) . 66- 7/ . 20*/ / 03+
5+ @]^nan] O@) We` a ? J + @daag na_kj opi _pekj + Fj 7 > opkj PG)
? a]ohau OT ) Qdki a @EJ ) a` o+ Dn]^^ ]j ` Pi epdîo Mh]ope_
Pqncanu+ Mdeh]` ahl de]7 I el l ej _kpp*O]r aj ) . 66472- . *2. / +
6+ @d]j ` ]s ]ngan OV) @anr ej k > I + Pq^qj epo kb pda _daag7 ]j
]hcknepdi bkn pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb l ]npe]h pde_gj aoo ` aba_po+
? n G Mh]op Pqnc / - - 08 237. 02*. 06+
. -+ I ]Qnaj p] DP+ > ph]o kb > aopdape_ C]_a ]j ` Ka_g Pqncanu+
Mdeh]` ahl de]7 T +? + P]qj ` ano) / - - 1+
. . + Kappan CE+ > ph]o kb E qi ]j > j ]pki u+ 6pd a`+ Qapan^knk7
F_kj I a]nj ej c Puopai o) / - - 0+
. / + Dn]u E+ Dn]uîo > j ]pki u7 Qda > j ]pki e_]h ? ]oeo kb
J a` e_ej a ]j ` Oaoa]n_d+
05pd a` + Kas Vkng7 @dqn_dehh
I er ej copkj a) . 666746. *5- - +
. 0+ Cne_ga K? ) Li j ahh I )
Aqp_dan HA) E khhaj ` an I D)
Bj cn]r I E+ Pgahap]h ]j ` ` aj p]h ` eopqn^]j _ao ]bpan b]_e]h
? qi o ]j ` l naooqna c]ni aj po qoa7 ] bkqn*ua]n bkhhks *ql +
G ^qi @]na Oad]^eh . 6668 / - 7/ 06*/ 16+
. 1+ Cne_ga K? ) Li j ahh I )
Aqp_dan HA) Ekhhaj ` an I D)
Bj cn]r I E+ Pgahap]h ]j ` ` aj p]h ` eopqn^]j _ao ]bpan b]_e]h
^qi o ]j ` l naooqna c]ni aj po+ G ? qi @]na Oad]^eh . 6638
. 47005*012+
. 2+
Gqne G) Gqne @+ > ` r ]j _ai aj p ]j ` nkp]pekj kb ] h]nca _anr e_k*
b]_e]h bh]l bkn _daag nal ]eno+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6468
31736/ *363+
. 3+
? ]qan ? P) S e_]ne C> ) Oe_d]n` J B) P_ds a` O+ Bt l ]j ` a`
bqhh pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bpo ej _deh` naj + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6608 6/ 726*36+
. 4+
Dehao E) J ehh]n` AO+ Qda Mnej _el hao ]j ` > np kb Mh]ope_
Pqncanu+ ? kopkj 7 I eppha) ? nks j # @k) . 624+
. 5+
Pp]np O? ) H]l h]j GJ + Okp]pekj bh]l o) j a_g pk _daag+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 64/ 8 2- 7/ 0- +
. 6+
J _Dnackn F> + Buahe` na_kj opi _pekj bkhhks ej c pkp]h
naoa_pekj kb ql l an kn hks an he` + ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 6408
/ 37013+
/ - +
Cah` i ]j GG+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ? qnj a` C]_a ej @deh` naj +
Fj 7 Pan]bej A) Daknch]` a KD) a` o+ Ma` e]pne_ Mh]ope_ Pqncanu+
Pp+ I kqeo7 J ko^u @k+) . 651+
/ . +
> j pkj uoduj L) Di oo GP) Wq_gan O) J ]_Hej j kj PB+ Qeooqa
at l ]j oekj ej da]` ]j ` j a_g na_kj opi _pekj + Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6558 5/ 725*35+
/ / + J ]j ` ano DH) Padaj ` aj J G) Cqnnau G> ) E apvhan MQ)
A]r eo QP) Dn]d]i T M+ Pkbp peooqa at l ]j oekj 7 _kj _al po
]j ` _ki l he_]pekj o+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6518 417160*2- 4+
/ 0+ J ]j ` ano DH) Dn]d]i T M) Padaj ` aj J G) A]r eo QP+ Pgej
at l ]j oekj pk ahei ej ]pa h]nca o_]hl ` aba_po+ > j j Mh]op Pqnc
. 6518 . / 70- 2*0. / +
/ 1+
P]o]ge DE+ Fj 7 ? naj p ? ) a` + Qda > npeopnu kb Oa_kj opnq_per a
Pqncanu7 P_]hl Oal ]en ^u Qeooqa Bt l ]j oekj + Pp+ I kqeo7
J ko^u @k+) . 654+
/ 2+ J _@]qhau OI ) L hel d]j p GO) Ok^okj J @+ Qeooqa at l ]j *
oekj ej pda _knna_pekj kb ^qi ]hkl a_e]7 _h]ooebe_]pekj
]j ` i apdk` o kb _knna_pekj + > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 66- 8
/ 2%/ &7 . - 0*. . 2+
/ 3+ T aeoh]j ` an G? + Qeooqa at l ]j oekj ej pda da]` ]j ` j a_g+
P_]j ` G Mh]op Oa_kj opn E]j ` Pqnc . 66. 8 / 2714*23+
/ 4+ Ka]ha ET ) Hqnpvi ]j I @) Dkd H? ) ? ehhi ena A> )
V]gq^kbb HM) T ]n` aj D+ Qeooqa at l ]j ` ano ej pda hks an
b]_a ]j ` ]j panekn j a_g ej l a` e]pne_ ^qnj l ]peaj po7 hei ep]pekj o
]j ` l epb]hho+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6608 6. 73/ 1*30. +
/ 5+ E kagopn] H) E q` okj A> ) Pi epd > T + Qda qoa kb l a` e_ha`
at l ]j ` a` bh]l o bkn ]aopdape_ naoqnb]_ej c kb pda ^qnj a`
b]_a+ > j j Mh]op Pqnc / - - - 8 127. *3+
/ 6+ J _@]qhau OI ) Ls eaou C+ > aopdape_ na_kj opi _pekj kb b]_e]h
^qi o ej at l ]j ` a` _anr e_kb]_e]h bh]l o+ Mnk_ > i ? qi > ook_
/ - - . 8 / / 76. +
0-+ Qakp I ) @danaj b]j p B) Lpi ]j P) Dekr ]j j ej e RJ +
Mnab]^ne_]pa` r ]o_qh]neva` oql n]_h]r e_qh]n bh]l o bkn b]_a
naoqnb]_ej c
]bpan l kop^qi o
o_]nnej c+
I ]j _ap
/ - - - 8
0227. 362*. 363+
ETR^ ] bcadRcX^] ^U 6 WTTZ 7 TU^a\ XcXTb
*0-
0. +
T ] nl ad] OI + Oaoqnb]_ej c pda ^qnj a` b]_a+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc
. 65. 8 57/ 22*/ 34
0/ +
Dkh` oi epd A) Pd]nvan I ) ? angi ]j J A+ J e_nkr ]o_qh]n
cnkej bh]l o ej pda pna]pi aj p kb dai eb]_e]h i e_nkoki e]+
@habp M]h]pa*@n]j ekb]_ G . 66/ 8 / 6711*4. +
00+
Rl pkj G) > h^ej OB) J qhhegaj G? ) J qnn]u GB+ Qda qoa kb
o_]l qh]n ]j ` l ]n]o_]l qh]n bh]l o bkn _daag na_kj opnq_pekj +
Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 66/ 8 6- 7626*64. +
01+
J ehki en K) Eq^he B) > j ` anh E+ C]_e]h na_kj opnq_pekj qoej c
] napnk]qne_qh]n*pai l kn]h bnaa bh]l + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6658 . - / 7. . 14*. . 2- +
02+
Okoo EB+ > aopdape_ naopkn]pekj kb pda oar anahu ` eobecqna`
b]_a ej ^qi r e_pei o7 ] _ki l nadaj oer a opn]pacu+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6628 637. 240+
03+
Hdkqne OH) L v^ag OJ ) Enqv] DG) Vkqj c S I + C]_e]h
na_kj opi _pekj s epd l nab]^ne_]pa` ej ` q_a` at l ]j ` a` %l ec&
oql n]_h]r e_qh]n ogej bh]l o+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6628
627. - - 4*. - . 2+
04+
Cqfej k Q) E ]n]odej ] Q) K]g]fei ] Q+ Cnaa ogej bh]l bnki nap*
nk]qne_qh]n pk j koa+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6438 247005*01. +
05+
Mne^]v GG) J knneo AG) J ehhegaj G? + 0*Aei aj oekj ]h bkh` a`
bnaa bh]l na_kj opi _pekj kb _ki l hat b]_e]h ` aba_po qoej c
ej pn]kl an]per a i k` ahej c+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6618
607/ 52*/ 60+
06+ Akj ah]j J ? + Fj r epa` _ki i aj p]nu7 ]aopdape_ naopkn]pekj kb
pda oar anahu ` eobecqna` b]_a ej ^qi r e_pei o7 ] _ki l nadaj *
oer a opn]pacu+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6628 637. 245*. 246+
1- +
T ]odek E+ Oapnk]qne_qh]n pai l kn]h bh]l + Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6368 107. 3/ +
1. +
M]ng @+ Qda _dkj ` nk_qp]j akqo l kop]qne_qh]n bnaa bh]l + Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6568 51743. *44. +
1/ +
Hkhda MP) I akj ]n` > D+ Qda l kopanekn ]qne_qh]n bh]l 7
]j ]pki e_ opq` eao+ ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 6548 1- 723/ *236+
10+ M]ng @) Pdej HP) H]j c EP) I aa VE) I as GA+ > j as ]npane]h
bh]l bnki pda l kop] qne_qh]n oqnb]_a7 epo ]j ]pki e_ ^]oeo ]j `
_hej e_]h ]l l he_]pekj + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6558 5/ 7165*2- 1+
(Trang không có chữ)
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pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb l h]ope_ oqncanu+ J ehh]n` ap ]h+ %. &
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naol kj oe^ha bkn pda qj emqaj aoo kb pda ej ` er e` q]h b]_a+ @kj *
oamqaj phu) ep _ki ao ]o j k oqnl neoa pd]p ]j _eaj p _er ehev]pekj o
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l h]ope_ oqncanu+ Qda ? n]j _] ^nkpdano kb Pe_ehu %. 213*
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pda _khkn i ]p_d s ]o j kp e` a]h ]j ` pda j kopneho ` ebbana`
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h]pekj kb l a` e_ha` peooqa ]j ` pda cn]bpej c kb peooqa bnki
kj a l ]np kb pda ^k` u pk ]j kpdan d]` ^kpd ^aaj ej pnk` q_a`
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ps k T knh` T ]no ]j ` pda ]l l na_e]pekj kb pda ei l knp]j _a
kb bkni ) _khkn) _kj pkqn) ]j ` d]ni kj u) pda pa_dj emqa kb
j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj d]o qj ` anckj a ej bej epa nabej ai aj po
ej pda oa]n_d bkn l anba_pekj + Qdqo) j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj
d]o _kj pej qa` pk _kj opepqpa ] ` ]qj pej c _d]hhaj ca pk oq__ao*
oer a caj an]pekj o kb na_kj opnq_per a oqnca+
<<&
4 A4 GB@L
Qda j koa eo ] _ki l hat hu _kj pkqna` ) i qhpeh]uana` pdnaa*
` ei aj oekj ]h opnq_pqna k__ql uej c ] _aj pn]h l koepekj kj pda
b]_a+ Fp eo _ki l koa` kb pdnaa ` eopej _p ]j ]pki e_]h h]uano)
a]_d kb s de_d oanr ao ] ol a_e]heva` bqj _pekj ]j ` _kj pne^qpao
pk pda qj emqaj aoo kb pda j koa+ Qda kqpan _kr anej c kb pdej
oq^_qp]j akqo peooqa ]j ` ogej eo l nkpa_per a ]j ` _kj bkni o
pk pda _kj pkqno kb pda qj ` anhuej c ogahap]h bn]i as kng
cer ej c pda j koa epo od]l a+ Qda bn]i as kng _kj oeopo kb pdej
]j ` ` ahe_]pa o_]bbkh` kb ^kj a ]j ` _]npeh]ca l nkr e` ej c l nk*
fa_pekj ]p pda nkkp kb pda j koa ]j ` oql l knp bkn pda j ]o]h oe` a*
s ]hho ]j ` ]h]a+ J ehh]n` %2& ai l d]oeva` pd]p pda i ]fkn
bqj _pekj kb pda ogahap]h bn]i as kng eo ej pda i ]ej paj ]j _a
kb pda j ]o]h l nkbeha ]j ` l ]paj _u kb pda ]ens ]uo+ Qda ej j an*
i kop h]uan eo ] decdhu ol a_e]heva` ]j ` r ]o_qh]n d]en*^a]nej c
i q_kqo i ai ^n]j a+ Qdeo h]uan j kqneodao pda kr anhuej c
_]npeh]cej kqo opnq_pqna ]j ` ]hok _kj pne^qpao pk pda behpn]pekj
]j ` dqi e` ebe_]pekj kb ej d]ha` ]en+ ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g %3&
` ao_ne^a` pda j kni ]h j ]pqn]h j koa ]o ^aej c i ]` a ql kb
pdej r ]o_qh]n hej ej c) o_qhl pqna` ]h]n pel _]npeh]cao) ^kj a
]j ` _]npeh]ca ^n]_ao pd]p ^qppnaoo pda ` knoqi ]j ` pda oe` a
s ]hho) ]j ` ] _kj bkni ej c _]j kl u kb pdej ogej pd]p i ]p_dao
pda b]_a ej _khkn) pat pqna) ]j ` d]en ` eopne^qpekj + Qda j koa
_kj oeopo kb ps k i ennkn ei ]ca l ]npo oal ]n]pa` ^u pda _khq*
i ahh] ]j paneknhu ]j ` pda j ]o]h oal pqi l kopaneknhu+
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]j ` da]` ) ]j ` eo j kpe_a]^ha ej pda bnkj p]h ]j ` l nkbeha
r eas o i ]gej c ep n]pdan l nkj a pk ne` e_qha ]j ` ]oo]qhp+
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]l phu ` ao_ne^a` ]o ]` ` ej c ^a]qpu pk pda b]_a+ ? aukj `
pd]p) dks ar an) ep oanr ao ]o pda at panj ]h nkqpa pdnkqcd
s de_d pda naol en]pknu bqj _pekj kb c]oakqo at _d]j ca eo
i ]` a l kooe^ha+ ? anj ]n` %4& k^oanr a` pd]p pda pdnaa*` ei aj *
oekj ]h od]l a kb pda j koa _]qoao ^necdp decdhecdpo ]j ` ` aal
od]` ks o) i ]gej c ]j u ` aba_po ej bkni ei i a` e]pahu j kpe_a*
]^ha ar aj bnki ] ` eop]j _a+ Qdau ]hok j kpa` pd]p pda j koa)
pdanabkna) d]o ] l nkbkqj ` abba_p kj ]j ej ` er e` q] hîo l an_al *
pekj kb oahb*aopaai ]j ` kqphkkg pk heba+
<<<&
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Cknpqj ]pahu) bqhh*pde_gj aoo ^qi o kb pda j koa k__qn haoo bna*
mqaj phu s daj _ki l ]na` pk l ]npe]h*pde_gj aoo ^qi o) s de_d
]na oaaj ej ]^kqp 4- " kb l ]peaj po pd]p oqbban ^qi o pk pda
da]` ]j ` j a_g nacekj o %5&+ Pen > n_de^]h` J _hj ` ka %1&
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_ki l hapahu hkop j at p ej bnamqaj _u pk pda auahe` o8
dks ar an) pda hkoo i ]u ^a hei epa` pk pda _kr anej c ogej
s epd i eh` i ]ncej ]h hkoo kb pda j kopneh pel ]j ` _khqi ahh]+
Qna]pi aj p kb pda ^qi s kqj ` ej pda nacekj kb pda b]_a
]j ` j a_g ` ebbano bnki pd]p ej kpdan l ]npo kb pda ^k` u+
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oamqaj p oal oeo ej pdeo nacekj eo i ej ei ]h ` qa pk epo at _ahhaj p
r ]o_qh]nepu %5&+ > ppaj pekj pk i ej ei evej c a` ai ] ^u ahar ]p*
ej c pda da]` kb pda ^a` ]j ` l nar aj pej c ej ba_pekj ^u _kr an*
ej c pda ]bba_pa` ]na]o s epd i keop pkl e_]h ]j pei e_nk^e]ho
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*01
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pde_gj aoo ^qnj o pk ` aal an ^qi o+ Qda ne_d r ]o_qh]nepu ]j `
pda decd ` aj oepu kb ogej ]l l aj ` ]cao ]hhks o bkn n]l e` na*
al epdahe]hev]pekj ]j ` a]nhu da]hej c %5*. - &+ @kj oamqaj phu)
]hh ^qp pda i kop k^r ekqo bqhh*pde_gj aoo ^qi o odkqh` ^a
k^oanr a` ]j ` pna]pa` _kj oanr ]per ahu l nekn pk ]j u _kj oe` an*
]pekj kb ogej cn]bpej c+
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i kna pd]j l duoekhkce_ o]hej a ` naooej c s epd bnamqaj p
_d]j cao eb _]npeh]ca eo j kp at l koa` + > hpanj ]per ahu) pkl e_]h
]j pei e_nk^e]h ]caj po _]l ]^ha kb ao_d]n l aj apn]pekj ]j `
l nkpa_pej c pda _]npeh]ca i ]u ^a qoa` %5&+ Aa^ne` ai aj p) eb
]p ]hh j a_aoo]nu) odkqh` ^a i ej ei ]h ]j ` ` ah]ua` qj peh j kj *
r e]^ha peooqa eo ]` amq]pahu ` ai ]n_]pa` + ? kos e_g %5&
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^qi o kb pda j koa i ecdp ` ]i ]ca pda qj ` anhuej c _]npeh]ca)
s epd ] oq^oamqaj p ` abkni epu pd]p eo ] oecj ebe_]j p ]aopdape_
l nk^hai + Mnaooqna j a_nkoeo kb pda j ]o]h okbp pne]j chao
bnki l h]_ai aj p kb j ]okc]opne_ ]j ` j ]okpn]_da]h pq^ao
i ]u naoqhp ej qj s ]nn]j pa` peooqa hkoo+ Qda l h]_ai aj p
]j ` bet ]pekj kb oq_d pq^ao odkqh` ^a qj ` anp]gaj s epd
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oamqaj p j a_nkoeo %6). - &+ T daj ogej cn]bp eo namqena` ) pda
oql n]_h]r e_qh]n ]na]) l kopanekn ]qne_qh]n nacekj ) ]j ` pda
ej j an ql l an ]ni ]na b]r kna` pk l nkr e` a cn]bpo kb o]peob]_*
pknu pat pqna ]j ` _khkn i ]p_d %6&+ I uha ap ]h+ %. - & j kpa`
pd]p i ape_qhkqo pa_dj emqa ]j ` l h]j j ej c kb pda ej epe]h naoqn*
b]_ej c s epd ogej cn]bpo _kqh` na` q_a pda j aa` bkn ] oa_kj ` *
]nu na_kj opnq_per a l nk_a` qna ej pda bqpqna+ Eks ar an)
bkhhks ej c da]hej c kb pda ]_qpa ^qi s kqj ` ) oecj ebe_]j p
` eobecqnej c l nk^hai o i ]u opehh k__qn ]o ] naoqhp kb o_]n
dul anpnkl du ]j ` _kj pn]_pqnao %Cec+ / . +. &+ Qda ]l l nkl ne]pa
qoa kb ol hej po ]j ` ]l l he]j _ao oq_d ]o _qopki *i ]` a l naoo*
qna c]ni aj p) b]_e]h i kqh]ca) ]j ` pda Rr at _ha]n b]_ai ]og
i ]u haooaj pdeo l nk^hai ]j ` naoqhp ej a]nhean i ]pqn]pekj kb
pda ^qi o_]n) ^qp oa_kj ` ]nu na_kj opnq_pekj eo ^aop qj ` an*
p]gaj s daj pdana eo _ki l hapa i ]pqn]pekj kb pda o_]no+ Lj
k__]oekj ) dks ar an) oar ana _e_]pne_e]h _kj pn]_pekj kb pda
j ]nao i ]u k__qn namqenej c pda ei i a` e]pa qoa kb _qopki *
i ]` a j ]o]h ol hej po ej i eh` _]oao ]j ` a]nhu na_kj opnq_pekj
ej oar ana _]oao s epd oecj ebe_]j p okbp peooqa hkoo+
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E8 6 BAFGEH6 G> __kn` ej c pk ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g %. . ). / &) pda ck]h kb j ]o]h
na_kj opi _pekj i qop ^a pda r eas anîo l an_al pekj + Qdau
k^oanr a` pd]p peooqao i qop ^a i ]j el qh]pa` pk ]_dear a pda
` aoena` r eoq]h naoqhp oej _a oq__aoo eo j kp i a]oqna` ^u pda
naopkn]pekj kb ]j ]pki u kj hu) ^qp ]hok ^u pda naopkn]pekj
kb ] j ]pqn]hhu ]j ` ]aopdape_]hhu _knna_p _kj pkqn+ Qdau
j kpa` pd]p pda j koa eo j kp ` abej a` ^u epo al epdahe]h _kr an
kn hej ej c) kn ^u pda nece` epu kb epo bn]i as kng+ Qda j koa eo
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]j ` ]ppn]_per a+ Qdau ^ahear a` ) pdanabkna) pd]p j ]o]h na_kj *
opnq_pekj op]npo s epd r eoq]hevej c ]j aj ` naoqhp ]j ` pdaj
bkni qh]pej c ] l h]j kb ]_pekj pk ]_dear a pdeo ck]h+ Qda
na_kj opi _per a oqncakj odkqh` ]j ]huva pda ` aba_p ]j ` ` apan*
i ej a s d]p eo i eooej c ]j ` s d]p _]j ^a qoa` pk naopkna pda
` aba_p+ I ega peooqa i qop ^a qoa` pk nal h]_a hega peooqa ]o
i q_d ]o l kooe^ha ]j ` ej pdnaa ` ei aj oekj o+ Pq__aoobqh
na_kj opnq_pekj ) pdanabkna) ` al aj ` o kj pda fq` e_ekqo _dke_a
kb ` kj kn i ]pane]ho) pda l na_eoa qoa kb j ]o]h oql l knp) ]j `
pda ]j pe_el ]pekj kb pda qj _kj pnkhh]^ha _kj pn]_peha bkn_ao kb
da]hej c %. . ). / &+ Eks ar an) kj a i qop na]heva pd]p ep eo j kp
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pe_qh]nhu ej ^qnj l ]peaj po+ Qdeo ej bkni ]pekj i ]u _qn^ ]j u
qj na]heope_ at l a_p]pekj o ^u pda l ]peaj p+ > l l na_e]pekj kb
pda ` ap]eha` pdnaa*` ei aj oekj ]h ]j ]pki u kb pda j koa eo
gau pk ]j u i a]oqna kb oq__aoo ej j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj +
Qda l nej _el hao l nkl koa` ^u Dkj v]hav*Rhhk] ej . 621 na_kc*
j eva` pd]p pda j koa eo ]j ]aopdape_ qj ep kb pda b]_a+ Qda h]pan
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pk` ]u+ ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g e` aj pebea` j ej a pkl kcn]l de_
oq^qj epo kb pda j koa _ki l neoej c pda ` knoqi ) j ]o]h pel ]j `
_khqi ahh]) ]j ` pda l ]ena` oe` as ]hho) ]h]*j kopneh oehho) ]j `
okbp pne]j chao %Ceco+ / . +. */ . +0&+
Qdau k^oanr a` pd]p pda ` knoqi ) j ]o]h pel ) _khqi ahh])
]j ` pda ]h]*j kopneh oehho ]na _kj r at ) s deha pda oe` as ]hho
]j ` okbp pne]j chao ]na _kj _]r a ej kqphej a+ Qdau bqnpdan
j kpa` pd]p pda kqphej a kb pda oq^qj epo ]na ` aner a` ^u
` ena_p k^oanr ]pekj kb oqnb]_a _kj pkqn ]j ` i qop ^a gj ks j
]j ` r eoq]heva` ` qnej c pda l h]j j ej c ]j ` at a_qpekj kb
j ]o]h na_kj opi _pekj + Qdeo oq^qj ep ]l l nk]_d ` ai ]j ` o pd]p
j ]o]h ` aba_po ^a ]j ]huva` kj pda ^]oeo kb pda ]aopdape_
qj ep ]j ` epo pkl kcn]l de_ oq^qj epo+ ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g
ai l d]oeva` pda j aa` bkn pda fq` e_ekqo _dke_a ]j ` i k` ebe*
_]pekj kb na_el eaj p ]j ` ` kj kn peooqa pk l nkr e` a bkn pda
at ]_p nal h]_ai aj p kb j ]o]h ` aba_po ]o oq^qj epo+ Qdaoa l nej *
_el hao ]hhks nal nk` q_pekj kb pda at l a_pa` _kj pkqno ]j `
h]j ` i ]ngo pd]p _na]pa pda l an_al pekj kb pda j kni ]h+ Qdau
oq^op]j pe]pa` pdeo _kj _al p ^u k^oanr ej c pd]p s daj ] h]nca
l ]np kb ] oq^qj ep d]o ^aaj hkop) nal h]_ej c pda aj pena
oq^qj ep n]pdan pd]j oei l hu l ]p_dej c pda ` aba_p kbpaj
cer ao ] oql anekn naoqhp+ Qdau ]hok j kpa` pd]p s daj
` aba_po ]j ` na_kj opnq_pekj o ]na i ]` a pk bep pkl kcn]l de_
oq^qj epo) ^kn` an o_]no kb bh]l o paj ` pk i ei e_ pda j kni ]h
od]` ks a` r ]hhauo ]j ` hecdpa` ne` cao kb pda j ]o]h oqnb]_a+
Qdeo ]hhks o pda na_kj opnq_pa` l ]np pk ^haj ` ej pk pda
naoe` q]h j koa ]j ` i ]p_d pda _kj pn]h]pan]h j kni ]h oe` a+
> hpdkqcd pdaoa caj an]h l nej _el hao kb j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj
nai ]ej r ]he` ) ennaol a_per a kb pda apekhkcu kb pda j ]o]h
` aba_p) kj a i qop ]` i ep pda b]_p pd]p s daj ` a]hej c s epd
pda ^qnj a` j koa) pda ` ebbe_qhpeao ]na i qhpel hea` ]j `
*1(
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
9XVdaT *) &*
B_ \ PKMO KXK^YWc YP ^RO XY] O$ IAOZ\ SX^ON a S^R ZO\ WS] ] SYX P\ YW 2 _ \ QO^ KXN = OXSMU ' ( !$J
/87<:6 %$!$
> aopdape_ qj epo kb pda j koa+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g %. / &+Y
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U cWT 5 da] TS A^bT
*1)
9XVdaT *) &+
? kj u ]j ` _]npeh] cej kqo ]j ]pki u kb pda j koa+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g %. / &+Y
]` ` epekj ]h _kj oe` an]pekj o i qop ^a aj panp]ej a` + J kop
ei l knp]j phu) eokh]pa` j ]o]h ^qi o ]na n]pdan qj qoq]h+
T daj pda j koa eo ej r khr a` ej ^qnj ej fqnu) ep eo qoq]hhu ]
l ]np kb i kna at paj oer a b]_e]h ^qnj o+ I uha ap ]h+ %. - &
^ahear a` pd]p ej pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb l kop^qi ` abkni epeao
kb pda b]_a) pda naopkn]pekj kb opnq_pqnao ]ook_e]pa` s epd
]_per a bqj _pekj odkqh` l na_a` a pd]p bkn opnq_pqnao ]ook_e*
]pa` s epd l ]ooer a bqj _pekj + Qdau oqccaopa` pd]p naopkn]pekj
kb pda ^qnj a` j koa odkqh` p]ga decdaop l neknepu _kj oe` anej c
epo bk_]h l koepekj ^kpd kj pda b]_a ]j ` ej pda l ]peaj pîo l an*
_al pekj ]j ` _kj _anj o+ Fj l n]_pe_]h pani o) pdeo i a]j o pd]p
kj hu hk_]h peooqao pd]p oqnr er a` pda ej epe]h ^qnj ej fqnu ]j `
s ana j kp qoa` bkn na_kj opnq_pekj o ]o pda auahe` o ]j ` hel o
s kqh` ^a ]r ]eh]^ha bkn j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj + > j kpdan
i ]fkn eooqa eo pda _dke_a kb hk_]h peooqa bkn l kop^qnj
j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj + Fj pda l naoaj _a kb oqnnkqj ` ej c
b]_e]h ^qnj o) j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj s epd amq]hhu ^qnj a`
peooqa eo hegahu pk l nk` q_a ] i kna d]ni kj ekqo ]l l a]n]j _a+
Rpehev]pekj kb qj ^qnj a` peooqa bkn j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ej
l ]peaj po s epd pkp]h b]_e]h ^qi o s de_d namqena` ogej cn]bpo
i ]u j kp kj hu i ]ga pda ` abkni epu i kna ]l l ]naj p ^qp
i ]u ]hok ` n]s qj j a_aoo]nu ]ppaj pekj pk pda naop kb pda
b]_a+ > hpdkqcd pda ]__qn]pa ]j ` ]aopdape_ na_kj opnq_pekj
kb pda ^qnj a` j koa eo _nepe_]h) ep i ]u ^a qj na]heope_ pk
d]r a pda o]i a at l a_p]pekj o pd]p s a d]r a bkn l ]peaj po
qj ` anckej c eokh]pa` ` aba_po naoqhpej c bnki at _eoekj kb _kj *
caj ep]h haoekj o ]j ` pqi kno+ E ks ar an) s a odkqh` j kp qj ` an*
o_kna pda va]h s epd s de_d j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj i qop ^a
]l l nk]_da` ej pda nad]^ehep]pekj kb pda l ]peaj p s dk d]o oqb*
bana` pda ` ar ]op]pekj kb b]_e]h ^qnj o+
I &
6 ? 4 FF<9<6 4 G
i a]j pkp]h ^k` u oqnb]_a ]na] %Q? P> & ^qnj o kb 4. "
%32" bqhh pde_gj aoo& j kpa` pd]p 13" %/ 02,2. / & kb pda
na_kj opnq_per a j aa` o s ana ej pda da]` ]j ` j a_g nacekj +
L b pdaoa) pda j aa` bkn j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj s ]o pden` ej bna*
mqaj _u pk na_kj opnq_per a j aa` o ]nkqj ` pda i kqpd ]j `
aua^nks ,he` _ki l hat +
Qda j aa` pk na_kj opi _p pda ^qnj a` j koa eo h]ncahu
` apani ej a` ^u pda ` al pd kb pda ej epe]h ej fqnu ]j ` pda
mq]hepu kb ]_qpa _]na cer aj pk pda ^qnj s kqj ` + Cknpq*
j ]pahu) pda j ]o]h ^kj ao ]na n]nahu ej r khr a` ej ^qnj ej fq*
neao+ Eks ar an) pda _]npeh]cej kqo opnq_pqnao ]hkj c s epd
pda kr anhuej c ogej ]na bnamqaj phu ` aopnkua` kn oar anahu
` eopknpa` + Qda ei l knp]j _a kb i ]gej c ]j ]__qn]pa ` e]cj k*
oeo ^abkna ai ^]ngej c kj j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj _]j j kp ^a
kr anai l d]oeva` + @h]ooebuej c l kop^qnj j ]o]h ` abkni epu ej
] i ]j j an pd]p e` aj pebeao pda ol a_ebe_ ]j ]pki e_]h opnq_pqnao
ej r khr a` odkqh` oanr a ]o ] pai l h]pa bkn ` ar ahkl ej c ]
na_kj opnq_per a l h]j + Mkop^qnj j ]o]h ` abkni epeao _]j ^a
^nk]` hu _h]ooebea` ej pk ps k cnkql o7 eokh]pa` okbp peooqa
` abkni epeao ]j ` _ki l koepa peooqa ` abkni epeao+ T deha pda
_ki l koepa peooqa ` abkni epeao i ]u ^a l ]npe]h kn pkp]h) pda
okbp peooqa ` abkni epeao s de_d i ]u ]bba_p pda ]h]a ] j ` ,kn
pda _khqi ahh] ]na bnamqaj phu ` qa pk _kj pn]_pekj kb ]` f]*
_aj p ^qnj a` peooqa %Q]^ha / . +. &+
GPQ[T *) &)
@h]ooebe_]pekj kb Mkop^qnj K]o]h Aabkni epeao
>+ Pkbp*peooqa ` aba_po
F+ > h]n napn] _pekj ,_kj pn] _pqnao
FF+ Kkopneh opaj koeo
FFF+ @khqi ahh] _kj pn]_pqnao
? + @ki l koepa ` aba_po
F+ K]o]h ]h]n hkooê l ] npe] h,pkp] h
FF+ @khqi ahh] ]j ` oal p]h hkoo
FFF+ Qkp] h j ]o]h hkoo
FS + Qkp] h hkoo kb _]npeh]cej kqo r ]qhp
S+ > ^oaj _a kb j ]o]h ^kj ao ]j ` _]npeh]cej kqo r ]qhp
*1*
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
I <&
E 8 6 B AF GE H6 GQda benop _d]hhaj ca ej j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj eo pk ]__qn]pahu
` abej a s de_d opnq_pqnao ]na ` eopknpa` kn ` aopnkua` + Qn]*
` epekj ]hhu) j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj eo qj ` anp]gaj s epd ai l d]*
oeo kj pda nal h]_ai aj p kb hkop peooqa ^u ]j ]pki e_ h]uano
%_kr an) hej ej c) ]j ` oql l knp& ]j ` kj i apdk` o kb peooqa pn]j o*
bano %cn]bpo ]j ` bh]l o& %. / &+ > ^nk]` gj ks ha` ca kb pda
na_kj opnq_per a kl pekj o qoej c ^kpd hk_]h ]j ` ` eop]j p
peooqao eo kb l ]n]i kqj p ei l knp]j _a+ Qdaoa kl pekj o) ]o
s ahh ]o pdaen ]` r ]j p]cao ]j ` ` eo]` r ]j p]cao) odkqh` ^a
bqhhu ` eo_qooa` s epd pda l ]peaj p ej kn` an pk aj oqna ]` amq]pa
_kkl an]pekj pdnkqcd pda kbpaj i qhpel ha op]cao kb oqncanu
%4). - &+ > o kl l koa` pk ` aba_po bkhhks ej c pqi kn at _eoekj )
pda ^qnj a` j koa qoq]hhu d]o epo ql l an d] hb ]j ` ^kj ao
ej p]_p s deha pda ogej eo _ki i kj hu _ki l nki eoa` + Qda
i ]fkn ` abe_ep eo pda at panj ]h _kr anej c kb pda j koa) ^qp
o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao _]j oar anahu ` abkni pda nai ]ej ej c
peooqao ar aj s daj heppha eo ]_pq]hhu i eooej c %4&+ Aabkni *
epeao kb pda ]h]a ]j ` _khqi ahh] ]na kbpaj ` qa pk _kj pn]_pqnao
kb ]` f]_aj p ^qnj a` peooqao ]j ` i ]u ^a _knna_pa` ^u ]l l nk*
l ne]pa naha]oao kb pda kbbaj ` ej c o_]n ^]j ` o %. - &+ I k_]h
pn]j ol koepekj bh]l o oq_d ]o pda W*l h]opu kn ]j u kb epo i k` e*
be_]pekj o ]j ` pda S *V ]` r ]j _ai aj p bh]l i ]u ^a bkqj `
oqep]^ha ej pdeo nac]n` +
Ckn i kop kpdan ` abkni epeao i kna at paj oer a na_kj opnq_per a
abbknpo ]na kbpaj namqena` + > _ki i kj ` abkni epu pd]p naoqhpo
bnki ol kj p]j akqo da]hej c kb oar ana ^qi o kb pda j koa s epd
hkoo kb nei oq^op]j _a eo pda pdej odej u j koa s epd ]h]n napn]_*
pekj ]j ` ar anoekj kb pda j ]nao+ Qda hks an h]pan]h _]npeh]cao ]na
nkp]pa` at panj ]hhu ]j ` ]na bnamqaj phu oaaj ]o pda ha]` ej c a` ca
kb pda j kopneh at l koej c pda r aope^qha kb pda j koa+ > __kn` ej c pk
Ppal daj ]j ` ? nk` u %. 1& pda ck]ho ej pda _knna_pekj kb pdeo
` abkni epu ej _hq` a naopkn]pekj kb pda j kni ]h ogahap]h nah]pekj *
odel o) k^p]ej ej c ogej kb j kni ]h pde_gj aoo ]p pda i ]ncej kb pda
j koa) ]j ` k^p]ej ej c oi kkpd ]j ` op]^ha ` kno]h _kr an]ca s epd ]
i ej ei qi j qi ^an kb oa]i o+
Lj a oqnce_]h kl pekj ej r khr ao pda naha]oa kb pda j kopneh
^kn` an ^u i a]j o kb ]j ej _eoekj kj pda _n]j e]h ]ol a_p kb
pda hk^qha ]j ` pqnj ej c ` ks j pda naoqhpej c peooqa ej ]
_]q` ]h ` ena_pekj ]o ] dej ca bh]l pk l nkr e` a hej ej c+ Qdeo
haj cpdaj o pda j koa8 pda i ]ncej ]j ` ` knoqi ]na pdaj naoqn*
b]_a` s epd pde_g ol hep*pde_gj aoo kn bqhh*pde_gj aoo ogej
cn]bpo %4). - ). 1&+ ? anj ]n` %4& k^oanr a` pd]p pda gau pk ]
ckk` naoqhp s epd naoqnb]_ej c eo pk qoa ckk` mq]hepu ogej
cn]bpo kb oqbbe_eaj p oeva pk _kr an ]j aj pena pkl kcn]l de_
oq^qj ep+ Qdau oqccaopa` pda qoa kb ogej cn]bpo k^p]ej a`
bnki ]^kr a pda har ah kb pda _h]r e_ha bkn ^appan _khkn ]j `
pat pqna i ]p_d+ Qda oql n]_h]r e_qh]n ]j ` l kopanekn ]qne_qh]n
nacekj o d]r a hkj c ^aaj na_kcj eva` ]o oqep]^ha ` kj kn oepao
kb bqhh*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bpo+ Eks ar an) ` ani ]^n]oekj ]j `
kr ancn]bpej c s epd ] pde_g*ol hep*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bp d]o
]hok ^aaj oqccaopa` s dana pda naoe` q]h ogej kj pda j ]o]h
` knoqi eo pdej ) ennacqh]n) kn qj op]^ha %. 1&+
Qda cn]bpo ]na oa_qna` s epd pea*kr an ^khopano ]p pda ]h]n
^]oao s deha pda r aope^qhao ]na hkkoahu l ]_ga` s epd hq^ne*
_]pa` c]qva+ Fj kn` an pk ]` ` ^qhg pk pda ]h]n ogej ]j ` ahei *
ej ]pa o_]n hej ao ]hkj c pda cn]bp i ]ncej o) pda aj pena j ]o]h
qj ep _]j ^a ` ani ]^n]` a` ]j ` kr ancn]bpa` ]o pda bej ]h
op]ca kb pda na_kj opnq_pekj + @kj pn]_pa` j kopneho _]j
qoq]hhu ^a kl aj a` ^u W*l h]opeao ]p pda ^]oa kn ]l at +
Eks ar an) pda i kna oar ana opaj koeo kbpaj namqenao pda qoa
kb ogej cn]bpo kn bh]l o ]bpan pda kl aj ej c d]o ^aaj aj h]nca` +
Qda l ]peaj p i qop pdaj s a]n _qopki *i ]` a ol hej po _kj pej q*
kqohu bkn oar an]h i kj pdo %1). 2&+ @khqi ahh]n _kj pn]_pqnao
]na kbpaj ]i aj ]^ha pk hk_]h peooqa na]nn]j cai aj p+ Qda
S *V ]` r ]j _ai aj p d]o ^aaj qoa` ej i ej kn ` acnaao kb _kj *
pn]_pqnao+ Qda qoa kb bknga` ogej bh]l o d]o ]hok ^aaj qoabqh
ej _khqi ahh]n haj cpdaj ej c+ J kna oar ana _kj pn]_pqnao i ]u
namqena naha]oa ]j ` naoqnb]_ej c s epd aepdan pde_g ol hep*
pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bp kn bqhh*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bp+ Fj oki a
_]oao na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda aj pena ql l an hel *j ]o]h qj ep
i ]u ^a j a_aoo]nu %Cec+ / . +1&+
Ckn _ki l koepa hkoo kb pda ]h]) pda na_kj opi _per a kl pekj o
s ehh ` al aj ` kj pda at paj p kb pda hkoo+ T daj ; 2- " kb pda
]h] eo hkop) ps k _dke_ao at eop+ Qda j ]o]h ]h] i ]u ^a _kj *
r anpa` pk ] pkp]h ` aba_p ]j ` _knna_pa` s epd pda bknada]`
bh]l bkn _kr an]ca+ > hpanj ]per ahu) ep i ]u ^a _knna_pa` s epd
] _ki l koepa cn]bp bnki pda a]n %Cec+ / . +2&+ T daj pda hkoo
eo haoo pd]j 2- " ) pda oaha_pa` kl pekj i qop ]p ha]op
l nkr e` a hej ej c ]j ` _kr an]ca+ Qda ej _hqoekj kb _]npeh]ca
pdkqcd ` aoen]^ha i ]u j kp ^a _nepe_]h ej na_kj opi _pej c
oi ]hh ` aba_po+ Qda j ]okh]^e]h bh]l d]o ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` ]o
]j e` a]h _dke_a ej pdaoa oepq]pekj o+ Qda bh]l _]j ^a qoa`
ar aj eb o_]nna` l nkr e` a` ep eo ` ah]ua` ]j ` ` aoecj a` pk
ej _hq` a ]` amq]pa oq^_qp]j akqo peooqa %4). 3&+ Pl a]n ap ]h+
%. 4& ` ao_ne^a` pda qoa kb pda bkh` a` j ]okh]^e]h bh]l pk
l nkr e` a ^kpd hej ej c ]j ` _kr an+ Ch]l o bnki pda _daag ]j `
i kqpd ^]oa` kj r ]nekqo ^n]j _dao kb pda b]_e]h ]npanu
d]r a ]hok ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` bkn _knna_pej c i ej kn ` acnaao kb
_ki l koepa ]h] hkooao %. 5*/ - &+ E]p]u] ap ]h+ %. 6& ` ao_ne^a`
pda na_kj opi _pekj kb pda ^qnj a` j ]o]h ]h]a s epd r ]o_qh]n
eoh]j ` ogej bh]l o l a` e_ha` kj pda ej bn]kn^ep]h ]npanu+ Qdau
k^oanr a` pd]p s deha pda pa_dj emqa k^r e]pao pda j aa` bkn
oa_kj ` ]nu nal ]en kb ] ë` kc a]n)í pda ` kj kn oepa namqenao
_hkoqna s epd ] ogej cn]bp+ Qda ]qne_qh]n _ki l koepa cn]bp
k^p]ej a` bnki pda ]qne_qh]n dahet d]o ]hok ^aaj qoa` at paj *
oer ahu bkn pda _knna_pekj kb _ki l koepa ]h] hkooao
%Cec+ / . +3&+ Qdeo d]o l nar ekqohu ^aaj hei epa` pk _knna_pekj
kb kj hu oi ]hh*oeva` ` aba_po ` qa pk pda l na_]nekqo oqnr er ]h
kb pda _ki l koepa cn]bp ej ] o_]nna` na_el eaj p peooqa+
Oa_aj phu) dks ar an) r ]nekqo i k` ebe_]pekj o d]r a ^aaj ej pnk*
` q_a` pk ei l nkr a oqnr er ]h kb h]ncan _ki l koepa cn]bpo+
Pka` ] ]j ` K]g]u]i ] %/ . & ` ao_ne^a` ] i k` ebe_]pekj s epd
_]npeh]ca l nkpnq` ej c bnki pda ej j an a` ca kb pda cn]bp pk
ej _na]oa pda _kj p]_p oqnb]_a kb pda cn]bp ]j ` ]hok _kj pne^qpa
pk bet ]pekj ]j ` oql l knp %Cec+ / . +3&+ Qdau ]hok ` ao_ne^a` pda
qoa kb ] _ki l koepa cn]bp bnki pda dahet ej _kj pej qepu s epd ]
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U cWT 5 da] TS A^bT
*1+
9XVdaT *) &,
Aei aj oekj o kb ql l an hel *j ]o]h qj ep+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki J ]ehh]n` DC) J kj p]j ` kj A+ Oa_kj opnq_per a oqncanu
kb ` aal ^qi o pk pda hel o+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 6518 . . 7322*335+Y
napnk]qne_qh]n ogej cn]bp bkn pda oei qhp]j akqo _knna_pekj kb
]h] ` aba_p ]j ` nal h]_ai aj p kb o_]nna` ` kno]h ogej +
T epd at paj oer a opnq_pqn]h ` ]i ]ca pk pda j koa) kl pekj o
bkn oq^pkp]h ]j ` pkp]h j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ^a_ki a ]l l nk*
l ne]pa+ Qdaoa ]na kbpaj _ki l hat ]j ` i ]u ej r khr a i qhpel ha
op]cao+ Fj pda n]na ar aj p kb hkoo kb j ]o]h ^kj ao) ]qne_qh]n
_]npeh]ca) ne^) kn _n]j e]h ^kj a cn]bpo d]r a ^aaj qoa` ]o
opnqpo bkn l nkfa_pekj ]j ` oql l knp+ ? anj ]n` %4& k^oanr a`
pd]p _nepe_]h pk pda oq__aoo kb pdeo pa_dj emqa eo pda l nkr eoekj
kb ]` amq]pa hej ej c peooqa ]j ` s ahh*_n]bpa` oal p]h ]j ` ]h]
bn]i as kng+ Cqnpdani kna) ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g %3). / &
k^oanr a` pd]p j ]o]h oql l knp eo ^aop oql l hea` ]p pda pei a
kb okbp peooqa hej ej c ]j ` _kr an _kj opnq_pekj + Qdau ]hok
k^oanr a` pd]p hkoo kb hej ej c eo pda _deab aj ai u kb j ]o]h
na_kj opnq_pekj + @kj r anoa %/ / )/ 0& k^oanr a` pd]p pda bkna*
da]` ]j ` o_]hl l nkr e` a pda ^aop peooqa bkn j ]o]h na_kj opnq_*
pekj ej pani o kb _khkn i ]p_d) pat pqna) ]r ]eh]^ehepu) ]j ` a]oa
kb na_kj opnq_pekj + Qdeo eo ar e` aj p ej pda i qhpepq` a kb pa_d*
j emqao pd]p d]r a ar khr a` kr an pda ua]no qpehevej c pda bkna*
da]` ]j ` o_]hl peooqao ej j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj + Qdaoa
9XVdaT *) &-
%> & Par aj paaj *ua]n*kh` bai ]ha s epd b]_e]h ^qi o+ %? & @ki l koepa cn]bp bnki a]n qoa` bkn na_kj opi _pekj s epd 3*i kj pd
bkhhks *ql + %@& @kj pn]h]pan]h l nakl an]per a ]l l a]n]j _a+
*1,
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
ej _hq` a pda i a` e]h bknada]` bh]l ^]oa` kj pda oql n]pnk*
_dha]n r aooaho) pda bnkj pk*pai l kn]h bh]l ) pda @kj r anoa
o_]hl ej c
bh]l )
]j ` pda napnk]qne_qh]n*pai l kn]h bh]l
` ao_ne^a` ^u T ]odek %/ 1&+ Qda i a` e]h bknada]` bh]l eo
kbpaj b]r kna` ]j ` _]j ^a qoa` ar aj s daj o_]nna` ok
hkj c ]o pda bnkj p]heo i qo_ha eo ol ]na` %4)/ 2&+ Qda bh]l eo
d]nr aopa` ^]oa` kj pda oql n]pnk_dha]n ]npanu) s de_d _]j
^a e` aj pebea` ^u i a]j o kb Akl l han r ahk_ei apnu+ Qda ^]oa
kb pda bh]l eo j ]nnks a` pk ]hhks bkn qj _kj opn]ej a` nkp]pekj
s deha pda ` eop]h aj ` kb pda bh]l _]j at paj ` ej pk pda d]enhej a+
Qda bknada]` bh]l i ]u ^a ]qci aj pa` ^u l naat l ]j oekj )
s de_d ]hok ]hhks o pda qoa kb pda bh]l s epd ` ebbanaj p kneaj *
p]pekj o oq_d ]o pda oql aneknhu ^]oa` bknada]` bh]l
%4). - )/ 3*/ 6& %Ceco+ / . +4 ]j ` / . +5&+ Qda ` kj kn ` aba_p eo
na` q_a` ^u ` ena_p _hkoqna s deha pda naoe` q]h ` aba_p eo
aepdan ogej cn]bpa` kn ]hhks a` pk da]h oa_kj ` ]nehu+
? anj ]n` %4& k^oanr a` pd]p pda h]ppan da]ho oqnl neoej chu
s ahh ]j ` i ]u ^a_ki a qj j kpe_a]^ha s epd pei a+ Qdeo
]l l nk]_d eo j ks b]r kna` kr an _hkoqna kb pda ` kj kn ` aba_p
s epd ogej cn]bpo+
Fj pdkoa l ]peaj po s dkoa bknada]` peooqa eo _kj oe` ana`
pkk at paj oer ahu ^qnj a` ]j ` ej pdkoa s dk ` k j kp s ]j p
]` ` epekj ]h o_]no kj pdaen bknada]` ) ` eop]j p bh]l o i qop ^a
_kj oe` ana` %4&+ Eeopkne_]hhu) oq_d ` eop]j p bh]l o s ana
pq^a` ]j ` pn]j obanna` ej i qhpel ha op]cao+ Qda _h]ooe_
i a` e]h ]ni bh]l ` ao_ne^a` ^u Q]che]_kvve pdnaa _aj pqneao
9XVdaT *) &.
%> ]j ` ? & Becdpaaj *ua]n*kh` bai ]ha s epd at paj oer a b]_e]h ^qi o+ I koo kb ^kpd j ]o]h ]h] bnki ^qnj ej fqnu8 necdp*oe` a` ]h]n
` aba_p cn]pdan pd]j habp+ %@& @hkoa*ql kb ^kpd ]h]n ` aba_po+ %A& Bt paj ` a` _ki l koepa cn]bpo bnki a]no bkn na_kj opnq_pekj + %B& Lj a ua]n ]bpan
at paj ` a` _ki l koepa cn]bpo+ %C ]j ` D& Oecdp ]j ` habp j ]o]h r eas o ]p / ua]no+
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U cWT 5 da] TS A^bT
*1-
9XVdaT *) &.
8a`f[`gWV'
]ck s ]o i kop l kl qh]n bkn pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda j koa+
Lpdan pq^a` bh]l o qoa` ej j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ej _hq` a
pda ` ahpkl a_pkn]h bh]l ]j ` pda pn]j or anoa _anr e_]h bh]l
%4). - )0- )0. &+ Qdaoa bh]l o ]na _qi ^anoki a ]j ` _]j ^a
bn]qcdp s epd _ki l he_]pekj o+ Qdau d]r a oej _a ^aaj ]^]j *
` kj a` s epd pda ]` r aj p kb i e_nkoqnce_]h pa_dj emqao+
J e_nkoqnce_]h pa_dj emqao d]r a ]hhks a` pda kj a*op]ca
qoa kb s ahh*p]ehkna` ) decd*mq]hepu peooqao bnki nai kpa
oepao+ Mand]l o pda benop nal knp kj pda qoa kb bnaa bh]l o ej
j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj s ]o pd]p ^u Wdkq ]j ` @]k %0/ & ej
. 656+ Qdau nal knpa` pda qoa kb ] bnaa bh]l ^]oa` kj pda
_qp]j akqo ^n]j _d kb pda ]_nki ekpdkn]_e_ ]npanu ej _knna_p*
ej c j ]o]h ` abkni epeao ej j ej a l ]peaj po) ps k kb s de_d s ana
l kop^qnj + Pq^oamqaj phu) ? aj i aen ap ]h+ %00& ej ] _]oa
nal knp ` ao_ne^a` pda qoa kb pda ` kno]heo l a` eo bnaa bh]l bkn
j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ej ] l ]peaj p s dk d]` oqnr er a` ]
*1.
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
9XVdaT *) &/
%> & Qaj *ua]n*kh` i ]ha nabanna` ]bpan ]ppai l pa` j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj qoej c ] o_]hl ej c bh]l + Kkpa7 Bt l ]j ` an ej bh]pa` bkn
oa_kj ` kl an]pekj + %? ]j ` @& M> ) h]pan]h r eas ]bpan naoqnb]_ej c s epd bknada]` bh]l ]j ` j ]o]h pel ]qci aj p] pekj +
42" bqhh*pde_gj aoo ^qi ej r khr ej c ]hh kpdan _kj r aj pekj ]h
bh]l ` kj kn ]na]o+ Qdau qoa` pda oql anekn h]^e]h ]npanu
]j ` fqcqh] n r aej ]o na_el eaj p r aooaho ej ] ps k*op]ca`
l nk_a` qna+ Qdau na_kcj eva` pda h]ncan r aooaho) pda ckk`
pat pqna i ]p_d) ]j ` pda h]nca oeva kb pda bh]l ) s de_d
aj ]^ha` pdai pk o_qhl pqna ]j ` nabej a pda na_kj opnq_pa`
j koa ]p pda oa_kj ` op]ca+ Eks ar an) ep s ]o j kpa` pd]p ] oec*
j ebe_]j p ` kj kn oepa i kn^e` epu ` ar ahkl o s epd pda qoa kb pdeo
bh]l + Qda pdej j aoo ]j ` ]` ]l p]^ehepu kb pda n]` e]h bkna]ni
bh]l d]o i ]` a ep ] s e` ahu qoa` bnaa bh]l ej na_kj opnq_pekj
kb pda j koa %01*03&+ Oa_aj p i k` ebe_]pekj o kb pda bh]l
d]r a ej _hq` a` l napn]j oban pdej j ej c kb pda bh]l ]j ` pda
ej _hqoekj kb ] l knpekj kb n]` e]h ^kj a pk l nkr e` a opnq_pqn]h
oql l knp+ Qda o]i a _kj _al p d]o ^aaj at paj ` a` pk pda ` kno]*
heo l a` eo bh]l s epd pda ej _hqoekj kb l ]np kb pda i ap]p]no]h
^kj a %04&+
Fp s kqh` ]l l a]n ]o pdkqcd s epd i e_nkr ]o_qh]n _]l ]^ehe*
peao) pda kl pekj o bkn j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ]na aj ` haoo+
Pdaj ]m ap ]h+ %05& ` ao_ne^a` pda qoa kb pda _ki l koepa ]qne*
_qh]n bh]l ]o bnaa r ]o_qh]neva` peooqa pk behh ] h]nca ]h]n
` aba_p ^u d]nr aopej c pda nkkp kb pda dahet s epd epo baa` ej c
^n]j _d bnki pda oql anbe_e]h pai l kn]h ]npanu+ Pei eh]nhu)
Mne^]v ]j ` C]h_k %06& ej . 660 nal knpa` pda qoa kb pda ]qne*
_qh]n i e_nkr ]o_qh]n pn]j ol h]j p bkn j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj + >
i kna na_aj p ej j kr ]pekj ej pda qoa kb bnaa bh]l o eo pda pa_d*
j emqa kb l nah]i ej ]pekj ]j ` l n}b]^ne_]pekj kb bh]l o %1- &+
Hdkqne ap ]h+ %1. )1/ & ` ao_ne^a` pda pn]j oban kb pda n]` e]h
bkna]ni b]o_e] pk ] oq^_qp]j akqo l k_gap i ]` a bnki
at l ]j ` a` oql n]_h]r e_qh]n ogej + > bpan 0 i kj pdo) pda peooqa
_kj oeopej c kb hej ej c ]j ` _kr an]ca eo pdaj pn]j obanna` kj ]
r ]o_qh]n l a` e_ha pk pda b]_a bkn na_kj opi _pekj kb
_ki l hat _kj pkqn ` abkni epeao+ @kop] ap ]h+ %10& ]hok
nal knpa` pda qoa kb pda n]` e]h bkna]ni bh]l bkn l nab]^ne_]pa`
j ]o]h na_kj opi _pekj + Qdkqcd pda _]oa l naoaj pa` ej pdaen
nal knp bkhhks a` pqi kn at _eoekj ) pda _kj _al p _]j ^a
]l l hea` pk pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ^qnj a` j koa+ Lj a kb
pda h]ncaop oaneao ej pda hepan]pqna kj bh]l l nah]i ej ]pekj
]j ` l n}b]^ne_]pekj ej pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ^qnj a`
j koa eo l and]l o pd]p nal knpa` ^u Mne^]v ap ]h+ %11&+ Qdau
j kpa` pd]p peooqa j akr ]o_qh]neva` ^u ei l h]j pej c ] r ]o_qh]n
l a` e_ha _]j ^a pn]j obanna` ]o ] l nab]^ne_]pa` bh]l ^]oa` kj
pda ^hkk` bhks pdnkqcd pda ei l h]j pa` l a` e_ha+ Qdeo pa_d*
j emqa l kpaj pe]hhu ]hhks o ]j u ` abej a` peooqa r khqi a pk ^a
pn]j obanna` pk ]j u ol a_ebea` na_el eaj p oepa) cna]phu at l ]j ` *
ej c pda ]ni ]i aj p]neqi kb na_kj opnq_per a kl pekj o+ Mne^]v
ap ]h+ %11)12& ]j ` Mne^]v ]j ` Cej a %13& j kpa` pd]p pdeo pa_d*
j emqa eo l ]npe_qh]nhu qoabqh ej l ]peaj po s dk d]r a oqnr er a`
h]nca oqnb]_a ^qi o s epd i ]nga` b]_e]h ` eobecqnai aj p ej
s dki pdej ` kj kn oepao ]na hei epa` + Fp oqbbe_ao pk o]u pd]p
^kpd kb pdaoa pa_dj emqao ]na nah]per ahu j as ]j ` at l aneaj _a
s epd pdai eo hei epa` + Qdau ]hok namqena i qhpel ha op]cao ]p
l nkhkj ca` ej panr ]ho+ Mne^]v ap ]h+ %11& k^oanr a` pd]p ej
kn` an pk kr an_ki a r aj kqo _kj caopekj ) l n}b]^ne_]pekj
pei a i ecdp d]r a pk ^a at paj ` a` pk oar an]h i kj pdo+
4 &
APbP[ Ca^ bcWTbXb
Qda ` ebbe_qhpeao ]ook_e]pa` s epd pda ]qpkhkckqo na_kj opnq_*
pekj kb _kj pkqna` opnq_pqnao oq_d ]o pda j koa ]j ` pda a]n
d]r a _kj pej qa` pk ]hhks pda qoa kb l nkopdaoeo ej ^qnj nad]*
^ehep]pekj + > ` r ]j _ai aj po ej pda pa_dj emqao ]j ` i ]pane]ho
qoa` bkn l nkopdape_ nal h]_ai aj po d]r a ha` oki a pk
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U cWT 5 da] TS A^bT
*1/
9XVdaT *) &0
%>& Kej a*ua]n*kh` bai ]ha s epd i qhpel ha b]_e]h ` abkni epeao ej _hq` ej c auahe` a_pnkl ekj o) hks an hel a_pnkl ekj ) ]j ` ] Dn]` a FS
_anr e_]h _kj pn]_pqna+ %? ]j ` @& > bpan _knna_pekj kb b]_e]h ` abkni epeao) l ]peaj p l naoaj po bkn _knna_pekj kb j ]o]h pel ` abkni epu8 0 ua]no d]r a l ]ooa`
oej _a pda ej epe]h l naoaj p]pekj + %A& Bt l ]j ` a` bknada]` bh]l s epd at l ]j ` an l h]_a` qj ` an bnkj p]heo i qo_ha ]j ` o_]n peooqa+ %B& Fj pn]kl an]per a
l dkpkcn]l do kb pqnj ` ks j bh]l o bkn j ]o]h hej ej c ]j ` _kj _d]h _]npeh]ca cn]bpo bkn oql l knp+ %C& Qqnj ` ks j o_]n bh]l o s ana qoa` bkn hej ej c ]j `
_]npeh]ca cn]bpo bkn oql l knp l nekn pk naoqnb]_ej c pda j ]o]h pel s epd pda bknada]` bh]l + %D ]j ` E& Cej ]h ]l l a]n]j _a ]p . ua]n s epd d]enl ea_a+
*10
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
^ahear a pd]p pdeo kl pekj i ]u ^a ]j ]__al p]^ha ]hpanj ]per a pk
na_kj opnq_pekj + > ` ` epekj ]hhu) pda ej _na]oej c j qi ^an kb
l ]peaj po j ks oqnr er ej c h]nca oqnb]_a ]na] ^qnj o d]o ha`
pk ej _na]oa ej pda j qi ^an kb l ]peaj po s dk i ]u ^a qj oqep]*
^ha bkn i qhpeop]ca na_kj opnq_per a l nk_a` qnao+ T deha oki a
kb pdaoa l ]peaj po ]na qj ]^ha pk pkhan]pa caj an]h ]j aopdaoe])
kpdano i ]u d]r a j k l he]^ha peooqa pk aj ]^ha pda namqena`
na_kj opnq_pekj o %4&+ E ks ar an) l nkopdaoao ]na qoq]hhu j kp
ej _knl kn]pa` ej pk pda kr an]hh ei ]ca kb pda l ]peaj p+ Fpo
nai kr ]h bkn _ha]j oej c bqnpdan nai ej ` o l ]peaj po kb pda ]j ]*
pki e_ hkoo kb pda j koa ]j ` oq^oamqaj p b]_e]h e` aj pepu+ Qda
` ar ahkl i aj p kb kooak*ej pacn]pekj ) pa_dj emqao ]o ] i a]j o
kb l nkopdape_ ]j _dkn]ca d]o _kj pne^qpa` pk pda naj as a`
ej panaop ej pda qoa kb l nkopdaoao+ Qdeo pa_dj emqa ej r khr ao
pda l h]_ai aj p kb ei l h]j po ej pk pda ]` f]_aj p b]_e]h ^kj a
ej pda benop ej op]j _a+ Qda kr anhuej c okbp peooqa eo oq^*
oamqaj phu l nal ]na` ^u i a]j o kb l aco ]j ` i ]cj apo pk
aj ]^ha beni ]pp]_di aj p kb pda b]^ne_]pa` l nkopdaoao+ Qdeo
d]o ^aaj h]ncahu oq__aoobqh pdkqcd ] j qi ^an kb _ki l he*
_]pekj o ]j ` ej ]` amq]_eao _kj pej qa pk ]__ki l ]j u pda qoa
kb l nkopdaoao+ Mnkopdaoao ]na j kp r anu oqep]^ha bkn r anu
ukqj c l ]peaj po s dk i ]u ^a qj ]^ha pk ]` amq]pahu l nkpa_p
]j ` i ]ej p]ej pdai + Cqnpdani kna) pdana eo pda _kj op]j p
j aa` pk nar eas ]j ` nal h]_a pda l nkopdaoeo ]o pda _deh`
cnks o+ @ki l he_]pekj o aj _kqj pana` ar aj ej pda ]` qhp l kl q*
h]pekj ej _hq` a ej ba_pekj o) i ej kn ogej na]_pekj o) ]j ` l nk*
^hai o s epd ]j _dkn]ca+ Aaol epa pdaoa l nk^hai o) dks ar an)
l nkopdaoao i ]u _kj pej qa pk l h]u ] nkha ej pda nad]^ehep]pekj
kb pda oar anahu ^qnj a` l ]peaj p+
I <<&
CBFG5 HEA A4 F4 ? E8 6 BAFGEH6 GK]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ej pda l a` e]pne_ ]ca cnkql namqenao
ol a_e]h _kj oe` an]pekj o+ ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g %. / & k^oanr a`
pd]p ennaol a_per a kb pda ej ` e_]pekj ) j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ej
pdaoa ` ei ej qper a l ]peaj po ei l koao naopn]ej po+ Qdau j kpa`
pd]p pda ei i ]pqnepu kb peooqao _kql ha` s epd j kni ]h
cnks pd ]j ` ` ar ahkl i aj p d]r a n]eoa` ] j qi ^an kb mqao*
pekj o) i ]j u kb s de_d ]na ]o uap qj ]j os ana` + Qda l nej _el ]h
eooqao ]na s dapdan pda na^qehp l knpekj kb pda j koa s ehh cnks
ej l nkl knpekj pk pda ` ar ahkl ej c b]_a ]j ` pda abba_po kb oqn*
ce_]h i ]j el qh]pekj kj naoe` q]h j ]o]h ` ar ahkl i aj p+ Lpdan
_kj _anj o ]na nah]pa` pk pda ]l l nkl ne]pa pei a pk ej epe]pa
na_kj opnq_pekj + Eana) mq]j pepu ]j ` mq]hepu kb peooqa eo kb
_kj _anj + Cqnpdani kna) pda pa_dj emqa ]j ` op]cao kb na_kj *
opnq_pekj i qop ^a cer aj ` qa _kj oe` an]pekj ej ] ^e` pk
i ej ei eva pda j aa` bkn oq^oamqaj p nar eoekj o+ Daj an]hhu
ol a]gej c) ep ]l l a]no pd]p oar an]h ej r aopec]pekj o ej pdeo
beah` d]r a ]cnaa` ql kj oki a l nej _el hao+ > __kn` ej c pk
? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g %. / &) pdana eo oqbbe_eaj p ar e` aj _a pk
odks pd]p ej panbanaj _a s epd pda at eopej c ej pn]j ]o]h opnq_*
pqnao %pda oal pqi ) j ]ok*apdi ke` _ki l hat ) ]j ` j ]o]h
r aope^qhao& i ]u ]nnaop pda cnks pd kb pda j koa+ @kj oa*
mqaj phu) pdau baah pd]p oqncanu kj pda naoe` q]h ej panj ]h
l ]npo kb pda j kni ]h j koa odkqh` ^a ]r ke` a` qj peh b]_e]h
cnks pd eo _ki l hapa+ Qdau ]hok j kpa` pd]p pdana ]na bas
` ]p] pk ej ` e_]pa pda ` acnaa kn n]pa kb cnks pd kb ogej bh]l o
qoa` ]o j ]o]h _kr an+ Qda at l aneaj _a ej _deh` naj d]o ^aaj
pd]p oecj ebe_]j p cnks pd k__qno ej pda ogej ]j ` b]p kb pda
bknada]` bh]l ]p ha]op ej pda benop 1 ua]no+ Qda cnks pd l kpaj *
pe]h kb pda hej ej c ]j ` pda oql l knp eo i kna qj l na` e_p]^ha+
Qdau pdanabkna) oqccaopa` pd]p j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ej pda
l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj p odkqh` ^a l h]j j a` ]o ] _kj oanr ]per a ]j `
op]ca` l nk_a` qna+ > ` f]_aj p j kni ]h peooqa odkqh` ^a l na*
oanr a` ej r ekh]pekj kb pda oq^qj ep l nej _el ha+ Akj kn
peooqao oq_d ]o ]qne_qh]n _]npeh]ca ]na ^appan l naoanr a` bkn
pda ` abej eper a l nk_a` qna+
Mkop^qnj j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ej pda l a` e]pne_ ]ca cnkql
i ]u _kj opepqpa ]j ar aj ^eccan _d]hhaj ca+ Ka]ha ap ]h+ %6&
k^oanr a` pd]p ]j ]l l nkl ne]pa ` eopej _pekj i qop ^a i ]` a
^aps aaj pda pna]pi aj po kb pda ^qnj a` b]_a kb pda _deh`
]j ` ]` khao_aj p) ]j ` pd]p kb pda ]` qhp+ Qdau k^oanr a`
pd]p pda ^qi s kqj ` kb pda _deh` ) ej ]` ` epekj pk ^aej c
` aal an) eo _ki l he_]pa` ^u nahaj phaoo o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao
]j ` o_]n dul anpnkl du ha]` ej c pk oecj ebe_]j p oa_kj ` ]nu ` eo*
becqnai aj p+ Qdau bqnpdan j kpa` pd]p pda na_kj opnq_per a
abbknpo ]na j kp kj hu ` ena_pa` ]p pdaoa _ki l he_]pekj o) ^qp
]na ]hok oq^fa_p pk pdaen abba_po+ @kj oamqaj phu) o]peob]_pknu
kqp_ki a p]gao hkj can pk ` ar ahkl ]o pda o_]no i ]pqna ]j `
nai k` ah+ Cqnj ]o ap ]h+ %0. & aol kqoa` pda l nej _el ha kb
op]ca` na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ^qnj a` j koa ej pda l a` e]pne_
l ]peaj p+ Qdau oqccaopa` pda qoa kb ` eop]j p l a` e_ha`
peooqa) ej epe]hhu) ok pd]p pda ^aop hk_]h ` kj kn oepao ]na
naoanr a` bkn qoa ej pda bej ]h na_kj opnq_pekj ]bpan b]_e]h
i ]pqnepu+ > hpdkqcd i kop ]qpdkno ^ahear a ej pda ` ah]u kb
j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ej _deh` naj ) s a i qop gaal ej i ej `
pd]p pda oqncanu _ki ao ]p ] pei a s daj pda l ]peaj p eo
at l a_pa` pk ^a kr an_ki ej c pda l ou_dkhkce_]h abba_po kb
deo ej fqnu+ Pki a ]qpdkno d]r a ]hok oqccaopa` na_kj opnq_p*
ej c ] nah]per ahu kr anoeva` kn h]nca j koa ej pda l a` e]pne_
l ]peaj p ok pd]p ]o pda b]_a i ]pqnao ep _]p_dao ql s epd pda
j koa+ Qdeo ]l l nk]_d) dks ar an) i qop oaag pk ` abej a ]j kr an*
oeva` j koa ej l n]_pe_]h ]j ` i a]oqn]^ha pani o+ Cej ]hhu)
` aol epa pda l kkn oqep]^ehepu kb pda qoa kb l nkopdaoao ej _deh*
` naj ) pdeo i ]u kbban ]j ]__al p]^ha naol epa s deha ]s ]epej c
b]_e]h i ]pqnepu+ Qda i ]ej ]` r ]j p]ca s ehh ^a pda b]_p pd]p
j k oqncanu eo qj ` anp]gaj ]p ] pei a s daj cnks pd l kpaj pe]h
kb peooqao i ]u ^a fakl ]n` eva` ]j ` bej ]h na_kj opnq_pekj
s ehh ^a ol ]na` kb pda o_]nnej c kb a] nhean oqncaneao+
Eks ar an) na_aj phu) Deqche]j k ap ]h+ %14& nal knpa` pdaen
at l aneaj _a s epd j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj qoej c pda bknada]`
bh]l ej . - l ]peaj po qj ` an . - ua]no kb ]ca+ > hpdkqcd kj hu
kj a l ]peaj p oqop]ej a` ^qnj ej fqneao) pdeo cnkql i ]` a
oki a ej panaopej c k^oanr ]pekj o+ Fp s ]o bahp pd]p pda oq^qj ep
l nej _el ]h ]o j kpa` ^u ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g namqena` i k` ebe*
_]pekj o %Cec+ / . +6&+ Pa_kj ` hu) ]hpdkqcd pda naoqhpo ]na mqepa
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U cWT 5 da] TS A^bT
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@ki l ]neokj kb ]` qhp ]j ` _deh` j ]o]h ]aopdape_ qj epo+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Deqche]j k %14&+Y
]__al p]^ha) pda i a]j bkhhks *ql kb 2 ua]no opehh ha]r ao
qj ]j os ana` mqaopekj o nah]per a pk pda bej ]h ]aopdape_ ]j `
bqj _pekj ]h ar ]hq]pekj kb pdaoa l ]peaj po+ Vap) ej ol epa kb
pda oq__aoo kb pdeo cnkql s epd l a` e]pne_ j ]o]h na_kj opnq_*
pekj qoej c pda bknada]` bh]l ) pda eooqao kb _ki l ]n]per a ]ao*
pdape_ qj epo ]j ` pda pei ej c kb j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj ej pda
l a` e]pne_ l kl qh]pekj _kj pej qa pk ^a ` a^]pa` %15&+
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oqbban oar ana ` eobecqnai aj p+ T daj pda j koa eo ej r khr a` )
pda ` abkni epeao ^a_ki a ei i a` e]pahu k^r ekqo s epd j ac]*
per a _kj oamqaj _ao kj pda l ]peaj pîo l an_al pekj kb oahb*
ei ]ca ]j ` oahb*aopaai + Qda ai kpekj ]h ]j ` l ou_dkhkce_]h
abba_po _]j ^a _nel l hej c+ Qda na_kj opnq_pekj kb pdaoa
` aba_po namqenao ] _]nabqh ]j ]huoeo kb pda i eooej c oaci aj po
]o s ahh ]o ] ` ap]eha` ej r aj pknu kb l kpaj pe]h ` kj kn oepao+
> j ]huoeo kb okbp peooqa ` aba_po r o+ _ki l koepa peooqa hkoo
eo _nq_e]h pk pda oaha_pekj kb na_kj opnq_per a kl pekj o pk
l nkr e` a pda ^aop ]aopdape_ naoqhpo+ Fp eo) pdanabkna) ei l knp]j p
pd]p ]hh kl pekj o ]r ]eh]^ha bkn ei l nkr ej c pda l ] peaj pîo
]l l a]n]j _a ]na ^nkqcdp pk ^a]n+ Qda na_kj opnq_pekj
odkqh` l nkr e` a ] oaj oa kb s ahh*^aej c ]ook_e]pa` s epd
j kni ]h j ]o]h ^na]pdej c ]j ` ] j kni ]h ]l l a]nej c j koa+
Qdnkqcd pdeo hkj c ]j ` kbpaj i qhpeop]ca l nk_aoo pda
l ]peaj p j aa` o _kj pej qa` na]ooqn]j _a ]j ` oql l knp ej kn` an
pk i ]ej p]ej pdaen oahb*aopaai ]j ` _kj be` aj _a+ Qda qhpei ]pa
na_kj opnq_per a oq__aoo kb j ]o]h naopkn]pekj ]hhks o ] ^appan
pn]j oepekj ^]_g ej pk ok_eapu+
E8 98 E8 A6 8 F
. +
J ehh]n` AO+ Qkp] h na_kj opnq_per a ndej kl h]opu ]j ` ] i eooej c
hej g+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6338 047. 34+
/ +
A]r an ? J ) > j pe] KE) Cqnj ]o AT + E ]j ` ^kkg kb Mh]ope_
Pqncanu bkn pda Daj an]h Pqncakj + / j ` a` + L t bkn` Rj er anoepu
Mnaoo) / - - - +
0+
? aj *E qn K) @kj r anoa GJ + Qda ei l ]_p kb l h]ope_ oqncanu kj
pn]j ol h]j p] pekj 7 bnki ogej cn]bp pk i e_nkoqncanu+ Qn]j ol h]j p
Mnk_ . 65- 8 UFF%1&73. 3*3/ - +
1+
J _hj ` ka > E+ Qkp] h na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ^qnj a` b]_a7 pda
? n]` od]s I a_pqna . 625+ ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 6508 0371. - *1/ - +
2+
J ehh]n` OA+ Oa_kj opnq_per a ndej kl h]opu bkn pda hks an d] hb
kb pda j koa+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6418 207. 00+
3+
? Öncap D@) J aj e_g CG+ K]o]h oql l knp ]j ` hej ej c7 pda
i ]nne] ca kb ^a]qpu ]j ` ^hkk` oql l hu+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6568 51%/ &7 . 56*/ - 0+
4+
? anj ]n` PI + Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ^qnj a` j koa ]j ` a]n+
@hej Mh]op Pqnc / - - - 8 / 4%. &764*. . / +
5+
? kos e_g G> + ? qnj o kb pda da]` ]j ` j a_g+ Pqnc @hej Kknpd
> i . 6408 20%. &764*. - 1+
6+
Ka]ha ET ) ? ehhi ena A> ) @]nau GM+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj
bkhhks ej c da]` ]j ` j a_g ^qi o+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 6538
. 0%. &7. . 6ê . 03+
. -+
I uha D) Ok^okj J @) J _@]qhau OI + Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb
pda da]` ]j ` j a_g+ Fj 7 E ai ` kj AK) a` + Qkp] h ? qi @]na+
Mdeh]` ahl de]7 T +? + P]qj ` ano) . 663716/ *165+
. . +
? Öncap D@) J aj e_g CG+ Qda oq^qj ep l nej _el ha ej j ]o]h
na_kj opnq_pekj + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6528 43%/ &7/ 06*/ 14+
. / +
? Öncap D@) J aj e_g CG+ > aopdape_ Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda
Kkoa+ Pp+ I kqeo7 J ko^u) . 661+
. 0+
? nkq G> ) Ok^okj J @) J _@]qhau OI ap ]h+ Fj r aj pknu
kb l kpaj pe]h na_kj opnq_per a j aa` o ej pda l ]peaj p s epd ^qi o+
G ? qnj @]na Oad]^eh . 6568 . - 7222*23- +
. 1+
Ppal daj DD) ? nk` u DP+ Pqnce_]h _knna_pekj kb ^qi
` abkni epeao kb pda j koa+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6458
3/ %3&7 515*52/ +
. 2+
> _d]qan ? J + Kkoa na_kj opnq_pekj + Fj 7 > _d]qan ? J ) a`+
? qi Oa_kj opnq_pekj + Kas Vkng7 Qdeai a) . 66. 72/ *30+
. 3+
Cah` i ]j GG+ C]_e]h ^qnj o+ Fj 7 J _@]npdu GD) a` + Mh]ope_
Pqncanu+ Mdeh]` ahl de] 7 T +? + P]qj ` ano) . 66- 7/ . 20*/ / 03+
. 4+
Pl a]n PI ) Hnkhh PP) Oki i P+ > j as ps eop pk pda j ]okh]^e]h
bh]l bkn na_kj opnq_pekj kb h]pan]h ]h]n ` aba_po+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6548 4676. 2*6/ - +
+( (
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
. 5+ C]^nevek Q) P]r ]j e > ) P]j j ] J ap ]h+ Qda napnk ]j cqh]n bh]l
bkn j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6638
64710. *102+
02+
. 6+ E ]p]u] V) Hko]g] H) V]i ]v]ge J ap ]h+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb
^qnj a` j ]o]h ]h]n s epd r ]o_qh]n eoh]j ` ogej bh]l o l a` e_ha` kj
pda ej bn] kn^ep]h r aooaho+ ? qi o . 6628 / . 70. 0*0. 2+
03+
/ - + Gqne G) Gqne @) ? ahi kj p G> ap ]h+ Kaecd^knej c bh]l o ]j ` _] n*
peh]ca cn]bpo bkn _knna_pekj kb oanekqo oa_kj ` ]nu
j ]o]h
` abkni epeao+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6528 437543*55. +
04+
/ . + Pka` ] P) K]g]u]i ] V+ K]o]h ` abkni epeao ` qa pk ^qi o7 pdaen
oqnce_]h pna]pi aj p+ ? qi o . 65-8 37/ 33*/ 4- +
/ / +
@kj r anoa GJ + @hej e_]h ]l l he_]pekj o kb pda o_]hl ej c bh]l ej
05+
pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda j koa+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6368
10%0&7/ 16*/ 26+
/ 0+ @kj r anoa GJ + ? qi ` abkni epeao kb pda b]_a ]j ` j a_g7 na_kj *
06+
opi _per a oqncanu ]j ` nad]^ehep]pekj + Pqnc @hej Kknpd > i
. 6348 1470/ 0+
1- +
/ 1+ T ]odek E+ Oapnk ]qne_qh]n*pai l kn]h bh]l + Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6368 10%/ &7 . 3/ *. 33+
/ 2+ T ]nl ad] OI + Oaoqnb]_ej c pda ^qnj a` b]_a+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc
1. +
. 65. 8 5%/ - &7/ 22*/ 34+
/ 3+
> ` ]i okj GB+ K]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj s epd pda at l ]j ` a`
bknada]` bh]l + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6558 5. 7. / +
/ 4+ > l aoko G) Mankbogu EG+ Qda at l ]j ` a` bknada]` bh]l bkn
1/ +
j ]o]h na_kj opi _pekj + > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 6608 0- %2&71. . *1. 3+
/ 5+ Wqgan OJ ) @]l ag I ) ` a E]]o T + Qda at l ]j ` a` bknada]`
10+
o_]hl ej c bh]l 7 ] j as i apdk` kb pkp]h j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj +
Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6638 65%. &7 . 22*. 26+
/ 6+ Cqnqp] P) E ]u]ode J ) Pdej kd]n] E+ K]o]h na_kj opi _pekj
11+
s epd ]j at l ]j ` a` ` q]h bknada]` bh]l + ? n G Mh]op Pqnc
/ - - - 8 20%0&7/ 3. */ 31+
0-+ Hk^qo H+ I ]pa nal ]en kb b]_e]h ^qi o+ > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 65- 8
12+
27. 6. +
0. + Cqi ]o A) > _d]qan ? J ) ? ]nhapp OE ap ]h+ Oa_kj opi _pekj kb
pda ^qnj a` j koa+ G Qn]qi ] . 65- 8 / - 7/ 2+
13+
0/ + Wdkq I V) @]k VI + @hej e_]h ]l l he_]pekj kb pda bnaa bh]l
^]oa` kj pda _qp]j akqo ^n]j _d kb pda ]_nki ek*pdkn]_e_
]npanu+ > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 6568 / 07. . +
14+
00+ ? aj i aen M) Kaqi ]j > ) T aej ^anc ap ]h+ Oa_kj opi _pekj kb
pda _ki l hapahu ^qnj a` j koa ^u ] bnaa ` kno]heo l a` eo bh]l +
? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 66. 8 11724- *24. +
15+
01+ Br ]j o AJ + C]_e]h na_kj opi _pekj ]bpan ] ^qi ej fqnu
qoej c ps k _en_qi banaj pe]h n]` e]h bkna]ni bh]l o) ]j ` ]
` kno]heo l a` eo bh]l bkn pda j koa+ ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 6628
15714. *143+
Cnau J + Qda n]` e]h bkna]ni bh]l ]o ] l a` e_ha` bh]l
bkn naoqnb]_ej c ] o_]nna` j koa+ > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 6618
0/ 7/ - - */ - 1+
T ]p]j ]^a Q) Cqnqp] P) E ]p]u] P ap ]h+ Oa_kj opi _pekj kb pda
auahe` o ]j ` j koa ]bpan ] ^qi ej fqnu qoej c ] n]` e]h bkna]ni
bh]l + ? qi o . 6648 / 0%1&703- *032+
Ldi kne H) Pagecq_de G) L di kne P+ Qkp]h ndej kl h]opu s epd ]
bnaa kopak_qp]j akqo bh]l + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6468
30%0&7054*061+
Pdaj ]m PJ ) Aej d Q> ) Pl en] J + K]o]h ]h]n na_kj opi _pekj
s epd ]j a]n dahet bnaa bh]l + G Oa_kj opn J e_nkoqnc . 6568
2730*34+
Mne^]v GG) C]h_k K+ K]o]h na_kj opi _pekj s epd ]qne_qh]n
i e_nkr ]o_qh]n pn]j ol h]j p+ > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 6608 0. 7/ 56+
Mne^]v GG) Cej a K> + Mnah]i ej ]pekj 7 ` abej ej c pda l nab]^ne*
_]pa` bh]l + > _]oa nal knp ]j ` nar eas + J e_nkoqncanu . 6618
. 273. 5+
Hdkqne OH) Rl pkj G) Pd]s T T + Mn}b]^ne_]pekj kb _ki l k*
oepa bnaa bh]l pdnkqcd op]ca` i e_nkr ]o_qh]n pn]j oban7 ]j
at l anei aj p]h ]j ` _hej e_]h opq` u+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 66. 8 54%. &7 . - 5ê . . 2+
Hdkqne OH) Rl pkj G) Pd]s T T + Mnej _el hao kb bh]l
l n}b]^ne_]pekj + @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 66/ 8 . 6%1&7430*44. +
@kop] E) @qj d] @) Dqei ]n]ao F ap ]h+ Mnab]^ne_]pa` bh]l o bkn
pda da]` ]j ` j a_g7 ] l nahei ej ]nu nal knp+ ? n G Mh]op Pqnc
. 6608 13%0&7/ / 0*/ / 4+
Mne^]v GG) Cej a K> ) L ncehh AM+ Ch]l l n}b]^ne_]pekj ej pda
da]` ]j ` j a_g7 ] . - *ua]n at l aneaj _a+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6668 . - 075- 5+
Mne^]v GG) T aeoo AA) J qhhegaj G? ap ]h+ Mnah]i ej ]pa` bnaa
bh]l na_kj opi _pekj kb _ki l hat _aj pn]h b]_e]h ` aba_po+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6668 . - 17024+
Mne^]v GG) Cej a K> + Mnab]^ne_]pa` ]j ` l nah]i ej ]pa` bh]l o
bkn da]` ]j ` j a_g na_kj opi _pekj + @hej Mh]op Pqnc / - - . 8
/ 5%/ &7/ 3. */ 4/ +
Deqche]j k @) > j ` n]` ao MO) ? aj epav P+ K]o]h na_kj opi _pekj
s epd ] bknada]` bh]l ej _deh` naj ukqj can pd]j . - ua]no kb
]ca+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc / - - 18 . . 170. 3*0/ 2+
J aj e_g CG+ Aeo_qooekj 7 j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj s epd ] bkna*
da]` bh]l ej _deh` naj ukqj can pd]j . - ua]no kb ]ca+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc / - - 18 . . 170/ 3*0/ 5+
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kb i ]pane]ho bkn na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ]qne_qh]n bn]i as kng
d]r a ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` %4&+ Eks ar an) pda i ]fknepu kb pdaoa
d]r a b]hhaj ej pk ` eob]r kn ^a_]qoa kb decd _ki l he_]pekj
n]pao ]j ` l kkn naoqhpo %4&+ Fj ]` ` epekj ) k__]oekj ]h nal knpo
d]r a ^aaj i ]` a kj ]ppai l po pk _na]pa ]j ]qne_ha s epdkqp
pda qoa kb ] oql l knpej c bn]i as kng %. - *. / &+ Bbbknpo
i ]` a s epdkqp ] bn]i as kng d]r a ]hh naoqhpa` ej oq^kl pei ]h
naoqhpo oa_kj ` ]nu pk _kj pn]_peha bkn_ao kj pda na_kj opnq_pa`
a]n %4&+ P_di ea` aj %. 0&) ej Dani ]j u ej . 6- 5) ^a_]i a pda
benop oqncakj _na` epa` s epd qoej c ]qpkcaj kqo _kop]h _] npe*
h]ca ej pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb ]j ]qne_ha+ Qda _kj opnq_p
s ]o pdaj ^qnea` ej pda ]^` ki aj ]j ` h]pan pn]j obanna` pk
pda da]` qoej c ] ël h]ope_ i ecn]pej c l a` e_ha bh]l í %. 1&+ Fj
. 626) Q]j van ` ao_ne^a` deo pa_dj emqa bkn i e_nkpe] na_kj *
opnq_pekj qoej c ]qpkcaj kqo _kop]h _]npeh]ca %. 2&+ O]l e`
]__al p]j _a kb pda qoa kb _kop]h _]npeh]ca bkn na_kj opnq_pekj
kb pda a]n k__qnna` ]bpan Q]j van l kl qh]neva` pdeo i apdk`
%Ceco+ / / +. ]j ` / / +/ &+ Qda qoa kb _kop]h _]npeh]ca nai ]ej o
pda l na` ki ej ]j p bkqj ` ]pekj bkn ]qpkhkckqo a]n na_kj opnq_*
pekj qoa` pk` ]u bkn pkp]h ]qne_qh]n na_kj opnq_pekj +
Qda l nei ]nu _kj _anj o pd]p oqncakj o d]r a b]_a` oej _a
ej epe]h ]ppai l po s ana i ]` a pk na_kj opnq_p ]j ]qne_ha ]na pda
bkni ]pekj kb ] ` qn]^ha bn]i as kng ]j ` op]^ha ogej _kr an]ca
%4). 3&+ > hpdkqcd pdaoa k^op]_hao d]r a ^aaj naokhr a` ) pdau
_]j ^a l nk^hai ]pe_ ej l ]peaj po s epd at paj oer a b]_e]h ^qnj o+
Fj ]` ` epekj pk pda ]^kr a) l nk^hai o oq_d ]o ^eh]pan]h a]n
hkoo ]j ` oecj ebe_]j p l eci aj p]pekj _d]j cao _kj pej qa pk _ki *
l he_]pa a]n na_kj opnq_pekj + Fj . 611) Pqn]_e ` ao_ne^a` oar aj
_kj ` epekj o pd]p i qop ^a _kj oe` ana` s daj na_kj opnq_pej c ]j
]qne_ha+ Qdau ]na ]o bkhhks o7 %. & _knna_p oeva) %/ & e` aj pe_]h
]l l a]n]j _a pk pda _kj pn]h]pan]h a]n) %0& e` aj pe_]h ]qne_qhk*
_al d]he_ ]j chao) %1& e` aj pe_]h a]n har aho) %2& ` qn]^ehepu kb
pda _kj opnq_p pk s epddkh` epo oeva ]j ` od]l a) %3& pda ]` amq]pa
oaha_pekj kb oql l knpej c ]j ` okbp peooqa bkn l na_eoa i kh` ej c)
]j ` %4& ]j ]l l nkl ne]pa _khkn i ]p_d ]o _ki l ]na` s epd pd]p
kb pda _kj pn]h]pan]h a]n %. 4&+ Qdaoa l nej _el hao opehh dkh`
pnqa pk` ]u+ Vap) ]pp]ej ej c pdaoa op]j ` ]n` o ej pda ^qnj a`
l ]peaj p eo _d]hhaj cej c+ > hpdkqcd i ]j u na_kj opnq_per a oqn*
cakj o d]r a i ]` a r ]he]j p abbknpo pk b]odekj ] ` ql he_]pa a]n)
r anu bas d]r a ^aaj ]^ha pk ]_dear a oql anekn naoqhpo+
4 & 8 Pab
*'
6 ` Sfa_ k
> j ]pki e_]h nah]pekj odel o kb pda at panj ]h a]n ]na oecj ebe_]j p
^a_]qoa kb epo qj emqa od]l a ]j ` _kj pkqn+ Bi ^nukhkce_]hhu)
9XVdaT **&)
Q] j vanîo i apdk` kb l ]ppanj l nal ]n] pekj bkn ]qne*
_qh]n na_kj opnq_pekj + Qda qoa kb ]j a]n l ]ppanj pk ` apani ej a
pda nah]pekj odel kb at eopaj p peooqa pk pda l nkl koa` oepa bkn
pkp]h a]n na_kj opnq_pekj %^kppki > &+ J apdk` kb hks anej c ]j `
nkp]pej c at eopej c ]qne_qh]n peooqa pk l nkl an hk_]pekj %^kppki ? )
@) ]j ` A&+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Q]j van %. 2&+Y
pda a]n eo ` aner a` bnki pda benop %i ]j ` e^qh]n& ]j ` oa_kj `
%duke` & ^n]j _de]h ]n_dao+ Qdnaa dehhk_go ]na bkni a` bnki
pda benop ^n]j _de]h ]n_d) s de_d ar aj pq]hhu cer a neoa pk pda
pn]cqo) pda nkkp kb pda dahet ) ]j ` pda oql anekn nei kb pda
dahet %. 5&+ Qda duke` ]n_d ]hok _na]pao pdnaa dehhk_go
s de_d cer a neoa pk pda ]j pedahet ) ]j pepn]cqo) ]j ` hk^qha+
Qda at panj ]h ]q` epknu i a]pqo ]j ` pda _kj _d] ]na bkni a`
^u pda benop ^n]j _de]h cnkkr a+ Qda haj cpd kb pda a]n eo
Z3- i i ej ]` qhpo ]j ` l nkfa_po h]pan]hhu ^aps aaj / - ]j `
0- i i bnki pda ogej _kr anej c pda pai l kn]h ^kj a %. 6&+ Fp
heao ej ] l h]j a amq]h pk pda oql anekn nei kb pda kn^ep ]j `
pda j ]o]h ol ej a %/ - &+ ? u ]ca 0) pda a]n d]o ]_dear a`
x6- " kb epo ]` qhp oeva %. 5&+ Qda ]qne_ha eo pda at panj ]h
l knpekj kb pda a]n %Cec+ / / +0&+ Fp eo _kr ana` ej epo aj penapu
s epd ogej ) s de_d oanr ao ]o pda ej panb]_a ^aps aaj ` aal an
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U cWT 5 da] TS 8Pa
+( +
9XVdaT **&*
%> & Pqnce_]h ]l l nk]_d pk _kop]h _]npeh]ca+ %? & M]ppanj h] e` kqp kj pda oet pd ]j ` oar aj pd _kop]h _]npeh] cao) kr anhuej c pda
ouj _dkj ` nkoeo ]j ` at paj ` ej c ]hi kop pk pda oar aj pd _kopk_dkj ` n]h fqj _pekj + Qda aecdpd ne^ eo nai kr a` bkn _kj opnq_pekj kb dahet + %@&
J apdk` kb ]pp]_dej c dahet pk ]j pedahet o_]l d] qj ep s epd s ena oqpqna+ %A) B& ` e] cn]i i ]pe_ ` ap]eh kb pda o]i a+ Bj ` kb s ena eo ^aj p bhqod
s epd _]npeh]ca ]bpan _ki l hapekj kb oqpqna+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Q]j van %. 2&+Y
opnq_pqnao hej a` s epd al epdahe]h _ahho pd]p d]r a pda l kpaj pe]h
bkn ` er eoekj ]j ` ` ebbanaj pe]pekj + Qdaoa oanr a ]o ] okqn_a bkn
pda nacaj an]pekj kb al epdahe]h _ahho j a_aoo]nu bkn s kqj `
da]hej c+ Fj pda a]n) pdaoa ej _hq` a d]en bkhhe_hao) oa^]_akqo
ch]j ` o) ]j ` os a]p ch]j ` o+ Rj hega i kop kpdan knc]j o) pda
a]n d]o j k ]l l na_e]^ha okbp peooqa oal ]n]pej c pda ogej
bnki epo qj ` anhuej c _kj j a_per a peooqa+ Aaal pk pda ogej eo
] oej cha l ea_a kb ah]ope_ _]npeh]ca s de_d cer ao pda a]n epo
` eopej _per a od]l a+ J a` e]hhu) pdeo _]npeh]ca eo ` ena_phu _kj *
j a_pa` pk pda at panj ]h ]_kqope_ i a]pqo+
Qda ]j ]pki u kb pda hk^qha %a]nhk^a& ` ebbano oecj ebe*
_]j phu bnki pd]p kb pda ]qne_ha ej pd]p ep d]o j k qj ` anhuej c
_]npeh]ca+ Fj opa]` ) ep _kj oeopo aj penahu kb ogej ) be^nk]nakh]n
peooqa) ]j ` b]p %. 4&+
Qda a]n _kj p]ej o oet ej pnej oe_ ]j ` pdnaa at pnej oe_ r aope*
ce]h i qo_hao+ Qda ]j panekn) oql anekn) ]j ` l kopanekn ]qne_q*
h]neo i qo_hao _ki l neoa pda at pnej oe_ cnkql + Qda ]j panekn
]j ` oql anekn i qo_hao ]na _kj j a_pa` pk pda al e_n]j e]h ]l k*
j aqnkoeo ]j ` kbpaj pdana eo ] ^n]j _d kb pda oql anbe_e]h pai *
l kn]h ]npanu pd]p oal ]n]pao pda ps k %. 5&+ Qdaoa ]na ^kpd
ej j anr ]pa` ^u ^n]j _dao kb pda pai l kn]h ^n]j _d kb pda b]_e]h
j anr a+ Qda l kopanekn ]qne_qh]neo) pda h]ncaop kb pda pdnaa
at pnej oe_ i qo_hao) knecej ]pao ]p pda ^]oa kb pda i ]opke`
l nk_aoo ]j ` eo ej j anr ]pa` ^u pda l kopanekn ]qne_qh]n
^n]j _d kb pda b]_e]h j anr a %. 5&+ > nj kh` îo j anr a) ]j ]qne_q*
h]n ^n]j _d kb pda r ]cqo) oql l heao pda _kj _d]h ogej ]o s ahh ]o
pd]p kb pda l kopanekn _]j ]h+ Qda a]n capo epo r ]o_qh]n oql l hu
opnq_pqnao ]j ` pda aj r enkj i aj p+ > o s epd kpdan ]na]o kb pda
^k` u) ]qne_qh]n ogej bqj _pekj o ej ] l nkpa_per a nkha pk
l nar aj p ` aal an peooqao bnki oqbbanej c ej oqhpo oa_kj ` ]nu
pk pn]qi ]) pdani ]h ej fqnu) kn ej ba_pekj + > ` ` epekj ]hhu) pda
ogej _kj pne^qpao pk pdani knacqh]pekj ) ei i qj khkce_ oqn*
r aehh]j _a) oaj oknu l an_al pekj ) ]j ` _kj pnkh kb ej oaj oe^ha
bhqe` hkoo %/ . &+ Aani ]h ]l l aj ` ]cao ]na ` aal ej pn]` ani ]h
9XVdaT **&+
B^\_M^_\O YP ^RO Ob^O\ XKV OK\$ IAOZ\SX^ON a S^R
ZO\ WS] ] SYX P\ YW : YXO] KXN F OVVS] d ( !$J
+( ,
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
l nei ]nehu bnki pda l kopanekn ]qne_qh]n ]j ` oql anbe_e]h pai *
l kn]h ]npaneao ]j ` ] _ki l hat _khh]pan]hev]pekj kb ^n]j _dao
eo l naoaj p ^aps aaj pdai %/ / &+ Qda at panj ]h _]nkpe` ]npanu
cer ao neoa pk pda l kopanekn ]qne_qh]n ]npanu) s de_d pdaj
pn]r aho ]hkj coe` a pda l kopanekn ]qne_qh]n ^n]j _d kb pda
b]_e]h j anr a ^abkna oaj ` ej c ^n]j _dao pk pda l ]nkpe`
ch]j ` ) ] opuhki ]opke` ^n]j _d pk i ]opke` _ahho ]j ` pda pui *
l ]j e_ _]r epu) ] l kop]qne_qh]n ^n]j _d) ]j ` ]j k__el ep]h
^n]j _d pk pda l kop]qne_qh]n ogej %/ - & %Cec+ / / +1&+ L __]oekj *
]hhu) pda l kopanekn ]qne_qh]n ]npanu _ki ao kbb kb pda k__el e*
p]h ]npanu+ S aj kqo ` n]ej ]ca eo ` ena_pa` pks ]n` pda at panj ]h
fqcqh] n r aej r e] pda l kopanekn ]qne_qh]n r aej %. 5&+ Qda
]j panekn ]j ` oql ankl kopanekn l knpekj kb pda ]qne_ha ` n]ej o
ej pk r aej o s de_d ]na nahear a` ej pk pda oql anbe_e]h pai l kn]h
]j ` napnki ]j ` e^qh]n r aej o+ Qda h]ppan opnq_pqna nqj o ` aal
pk pda cna]p ]qne_qh]n j anr a+ Paj o]pekj pk pda oql anekn
]j ` h]pan]h oqnb]_ao ej banekn pk pda at panj ]h ]_kqope_
i a]pqo eo l nkr e` a` ^u pda cna]pan ]qne_qh]n j anr a s epd _kj *
pne^qpekj o bnki @/ + Qda ]qne_qhkpai l kn]h j anr a l nkr e` ao
oaj o]pekj pk pda ogej oql anekn pk pda i a]pqo %/ . &+
I ui l d]pe_ ` n]ej ]ca bnki pda h]pan]h oqnb]_a kb pda
oql anekn d] hb kb pda ]qne_ha eo ` ena_pa` ]j panekn pk pda
pn]cqo ej pda oql anbe_e]h l ]nkpe` hui l d j k` ao+ Qda napnk*
]qne_qh]n ]j ` ` aal _anr e_]h hui l d j k` ao na_aer a ` n]ej ]ca
bnki pda oql anekn oqnb]_a kb pda ql l an l knpekj kb pda
]qne_ha+ Qda ej banekn l knpekj kb pda ]qne_ha) ]o s ahh ]o pda
hk^qha) ` n]ej ej pk pda oql anbe_e]h _anr e_]h hui l d j k` ao+
9XVdaT **&,
1 \ ^O\ SKV KXK^YWc YP ^RO ZY] ^O\ SY\ K_\SM_VK\ K\^O\c$
IAOZ\ SX^ON a S^R ZO\ WS] ] SYX P\ YW 1 VVS] YX ( &!$J
/ +
6 WefZWf[U(; g` Uf[a` S^ >_ badfS` UW
Qda ]aopdape_ oecj ebe_]j _a kb pda a]n eo aol a_e]hhu ei l knp*
]j p ej bai ]hao s dk namqena pdai bkn l qnl koao kb ]` knj *
i aj p+ Eks ar an) ^kpd oat ao ]na ]bba_pa` s epd nac]n` pk
hei ep]pekj o kj d]enopuhao+ Cqnpdani kna) ej _anp]ej _qhpqnao)
pda a]n d]o ol enepq]h ]j ` dkheope_ ei l knp]j _a %/ &+ Pki a
> oe]j _qhpqnao r eas h]nca l aj ` qhkqo hk^ao pk ^a ]aopdape*
_]hhu l ha]oej c ]j ` pk ` aj kpa s eo` ki ]j ` hkj car epu %/ &+
Fb pda b]_a eo pk hkkg j kni ]h) pda ]l l a]n]j _a kb pda a]no
eo r ep]h+ > ` ` epekj ]h bqj _pekj ]h n]i ebe_]pekj o kb pda at panj ]h
a]n ]na hei epa` pk pdkoa s dk i qop s a]n auach]ooao+
5 & 9PRXP[ 5 da] b
Qda b]_a cer ao a]_d l anokj ] ` eopej _p e` aj pepu+ ? a_]qoa kb
epo at l koqna) pda b]_a eo bnamqaj phu ej r khr a` ej ^qi ej fqnu+
> j u ` eobecqnai aj p pk pda b]_a eo _anp]ej pk _]qoa pda l ]peaj p
pk oqbban oecj ebe_]j p ai kpekj ]h ej fqnu ej ]` ` epekj pk pdaen
k^r ekqo l duoe_]h ej r khr ai aj p+ Qda b]_a d]o ] ne_d r ]o_qh]n
oql l hu ]o s ahh ]o j qi ankqo ` ani ]h ]l l aj ` ]cao) ^kpd kb
s de_d _kj pne^qpa oecj ebe_]j phu pk na*al epdahe]hev]pekj ]j `
n]l e` da]hej c+ Fj _deh` naj ) s dana pda b]_e]h ogej eo caj an*
]hhu pdej j an pd]j s d]p eo oaaj ej ]j ]` qhp) pda b]_a eo oq^*
op]j pe]hhu i kna r qhj an]^ha pk ^kpd pda ej epe]h ^qi ej fqnu
]o s ahh ]o pda aj oqej c o_]no pd]p qhpei ]pahu s ehh naoqhp
%/ 0&+ Cqnpdani kna) ej _deh` naj ) pda ` eobecqnai aj p kb pda
b]_a _]qoa` ^u _kj pn]_pqnao ]j ` dul anpnkl de_ o_]nnej c bna*
mqaj phu i ]u at _aa` pd]p bnki pda ej epe]h ^qnj ej fqnu+
Eks ar an) o_]nnej c eo ]hok ] bqj _pekj kb ^qi ` al pd) ej ba_*
pekj ) pei a bnki ej epe]h ^qi pk s kqj ` _hkoqna) ]j ` pul a kb
_hkoqna+
Fj . 623) Dkj v]hav*Rhhk] ` ao_ne^a` pda _kj _al p kb b]_e]h
na_kj opi _pekj qoej c ]j ]pki e_ oq^qj epo %/ 1&+ ? u pda qpehev*
]pekj kb pdeo i apdk` ) ep eo bnamqaj phu l kooe^ha pk hei ep pda
o_]no pd]p s kqh` ^a _na]pa` ^u ] l ]p_ds kng kb b]_e]h
cn]bpo ]j ` bh]l o+ Qda qoa kb oei eh]n peooqa ej epo na_kj opi _*
pekj ^u d]nr aopej c ogej cn]bpo bnki ]^kr a pda _h]r e_ha s ehh
bqnpdan ]ooeop pk i ej ei eva pda ` eol ]nepu bnki qj ej r khr a`
ogej + Rhpei ]pahu) j k ]i kqj p kb i a` e_]h _]na _]j naopkna
pda b]_a pk epo j kni ]h ]l l a]n]j _a+ Eks ar an) ^u bkhhks ej c
pda l nej _el hao kb fq` e_ekqo s kqj ` _]na ]j ` ]l l nkl ne]pa
oqnce_]h ej panr aj pekj ) na_kj opi _pekj _]j ^a o]peob]_pknehu
]__ki l heoda` %/ 0&+
*'
>` ha^hW_ W` f a X fZW : Sde
> qne_qh]n ` abkni epeao i ]u k__qn bnki pda ej epe]h ^qnj ]o
s ahh ]o bnki _dkj ` nepeo+ @dkj ` nepeo i ]u naoqhp bnki pda
ej epe]h ej fqnu kn bnki l koepekj ]h _d]j cao ` qa pk ej _na]oa`
l naooqna kj pda a]no ]j ` oq^oamqaj p eo_dai e]+ Qda hepan]*
pqna mqkpao ^aps aaj 1/ " ]j ` 3- " kb b]_e]h ^qi o d]r ej c
a]n ej r khr ai aj p %/ 2)/ 3&+ J kop ]qne_qh]n ^qi o odks
l ]npe]h a]n ej r khr ai aj p+ Qda ej _e` aj _a kb ^eh]pan]h a]n
ej r khr ai aj p ` ebbano ^u oaneao ^qp d]o ^aaj _epa` ]o decd
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U cWT 5 da] TS 8Pa
+( -
]o 33" %/ 4&+ Qda i ]j ]cai aj p kb ^qi o pk pda a]n odkqh`
l nk_aa` ej ] ouopai ]pe_ b]odekj + Aqnej c pda ]_qpa l d]oa
kb ej fqnu) pda ck]ho ]na pk i ]t ei eva peooqa l naoanr ]pekj
]j ` pk l nar aj p ej ba_pekj + @kj oamqaj phu) ]_qpa i ]j ]cai aj p
kb pda ^qnj a` a]n eo qoq]hhu _kj oanr ]per a %/ 5&+ Fj epe]h
abbknpo caj an]hhu ej _hq` a pda qoa kb pkl e_]h ]j pe^ekpe_o
]j ` pda ]r ke` ]j _a kb l naooqna+
J ]j u ` ebbanaj p pul ao kb pkl e_]h ]j pe^ekpe_o d]r a ^aaj
qoa` pdan]l aqpe_]hhu ej pda i ]j ]cai aj p kb ^qi o pk pda
a]n+ Qda heop ej _hq` ao i ]baj e` a ]_ap]pa) oehr an oqhb]` e]vej a)
^]_epn]_ej ) oehr an j epn]pa) ]j ` ] dkop kb kpdan ]j pe^]_pane]ho+
J ]baj e` a ]_ap]pa eo ] bkh]pa ]j p]ckj eop s dkoa i a_d]j eoi
kb ]_pekj eo pda ej de^epekj kb bkh]pa ouj pdaoeo+ Fp d]o ^aaj
pda l nabanna` pkl e_]h ]j pei e_nk^e]h bkn ^qi o kb pda a]n
oej _a epo ]` r aj p ej pda . 63- o ^a_]qoa kb epo ]^ehepu pk l aj a*
pn]pa ao_d]n ]j ` epo ^nk]` ]j pei e_nk^e]h ol a_pnqi %/ 6&+
Eks ar an) ]o s epd ]hh i a` e_]pekj o) ep d]o oe` a abba_po
s de_d ej _hq` a l ]ej kj ]l l he_]pekj ]j ` i ap]^khe_ ]_e` koeo
s de_d naoqhpo bnki _]n^kj e_ ]j du` n]oa ej de^epekj + Qda
l ]ej s de_d l ]peaj po kbpaj at l aneaj _a d]o ^aaj abba_per ahu
na` q_a` s epd pda qoa kb ] 2" _kj _aj pn]pekj _ki l ]na` pk
pda op]j ` ]n` . . +/ " _kj _aj pn]pekj %0- &+ Fj ] ` kq^ha*^hej `
pnel ha*_nkookr an opq` u) E]nneokj ap ]h+ %0- & bkqj ` pd]p ^u
qoej c pda 2" _kj _aj pn]pekj ) ] ps k* pk pdnaabkh` ` a_na]oa
ej l ]ej _kqh` ^a ]_dear a` + Cqnpdani kna) pdau ]hok ` apan*
i ej a` pd]p ep s ]o pda dul anpkj e_epu kb pda _kj _aj pn]pekj
s de_d ha` pk pda l ]ej ]j ` j kp pda ` a_na]oa ej _qp]j akqo
l E s de_d d]` l nar ekqohu ^aaj oqol a_pa` + Hq_]j ]j `
Pi kkp %0. & qoa` pdeo okhqpekj ]o pdaen l nei ]nu pkl e_]h
]j pei e_nk^e]h ej / 43 ^qi l ]peaj po s epdkqp ar e` aj _a kb
] _e` *^] oa ` eopqn^]j _ao+
Mnaooqna kj pda ^qnj a` a]n eo pk ^a ]r ke` a` ]p ]hh _kopo+
? a_]qoa kb pda ]r ]o_qh]n j ]pqna kb pda qj ` anhuej c _]npeh]ca
]j ` epo nahe]j _a kj pda ogej bkn l nkr e` ej c epo j qpnepekj ) ]j u
bqnpdan ej oqhp pk kr anhuej c ^qnj a` ogej _]j naoqhp ej ] bqhh*
pde_gj aoo ogej hkoo ]j ` at l koqna kb pda qj ` anhuej c _]npe*
h]ca+ Mehhks o ]na caj an]hhu ]r ke` a` at _al p s daj pdau
d]r a ] _aj pn]h dkha %bk]i ` kj qpo&+ > j qi ^an kb ` ar e_ao
d]r a ^aaj ` aoecj a` pk ]hhar e]pa l naooqna kj pda a]no+
Gkn` ]j ap ]h+ %0/ & ` ao_ne^a` ] ëda]` ca]ní pk ]hhar e]pa l nao*
oqna kj pda a]no bkn pdkoa s dk ]na ej pq^]pa` + Fj pdaen opq` u)
l naooqna j a_nkoeo s ]o ]r ke` a` ej ]hh oqnr er kno ej s dki
pdeo pna]pi aj p s ]o ej opepqpa` + E]nneao ]j ` Macc %00&
` ao_ne^a` ] bk]i a]n l nkpa_pkn s de_d ]hhks a` bkn qj ei *
l a` a` r eoq]hev]pekj kb pda a]n ]j ` aj ]^ha` l ]peaj po pk
ohaal kj pdaen oe` ao s epdkqp ]j u l naooqna kj pdaen a]no+
? a_]qoa kb epo ]r ]o_qh]n j ]pqna) ]qne_qh]n _]npeh]ca
` aner ao epo j qpnepekj bnki pda oqnnkqj ` ej c ogej ]j ` l ane*
_dkj ` neqi %01)02&+ Rj hega kpdan ^qnj a` ]na]o s dana
l naooqna eo kbpaj qoa` pk i ej ei eva o_]nnej c ]j ` bqnpdan ` eo*
becqnai aj p) l naooqna kj pda a]no _]j _]qoa oecj ebe_]j p
peooqa hkoo+ B]nhu at _eoekj kb pda ao_d]n eo j kp ` aoen]^ha
]o ep bqj _pekj o ]o ] ^ekhkce_ ` naooej c ]j ` ]ooeopo ej l nar aj p*
ej c ` aooe_]pekj kb pda ` ahe_]pa _]npeh]cej kqo opnq_pqnao %02&+
Fj oqi i ]nu) ej epe]h pdan]l u bkn pda pdani ]hhu ej fqna` a]n
_kj oeopo kb caj pha _ha]j oej c s epd ok]l ]j ` s ]pan) pda
he^an]h qoa kb pkl e_]h ]j pe^ekpe_o) ]j ` ]r ke` ]j _a kb l naooqna
%/ 4&+ J ]baj e` a ]_ap]pa eo pda pkl e_]h ]j pe^ekpe_ kb _dke_a
^a_]qoa kb epo qj emqa ]^ehepu pk l aj apn]pa pda ^qi ao_d]n+
Qda kr ans dahi ej c i ]fknepu kb l ]peaj po s epd ^qi o pk
pda a]n ck kj pk da]h pdaoa ej fqneao s epdkqp hkj c*pani
oamqah]a %/ 4&+
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4 6 HG8 6 4 E8 B9 8 4 E 5 HEAF
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M]npe]h*pde_gj aoo ^qi o pk pda a]n caj an]hhu da]h s epdkqp
_ki l he_]pekj o %/ 4&+ Qda ` apani ej ]j p b]_pkn bkn ]qne_qh]n
s kqj ` da]hej c eo pda r e]^ehepu kb pda l ane_dkj ` neqi
at _al p ej pda _]oa kb ej ba_pekj + Fb pda l ane_dkj ` neqi eo
ej p]_p) pdaoa ej fqneao _]j na*al epdahe]heva+ Pgej cn]bpo
_]j j kp ^a l h]_a` ` ena_phu kj ^]na _]npeh]ca+ Eks ar an) eb
pda l ane_dkj ` neqi eo l naoaj p) ogej cn]bpo _]j _hkoa pda
` aba_p+ Pgej cn]bpo i ]u ^a qoa` ej _kj fqj _pekj s epd
hk_]h ]` r ]j _ai aj p bh]l o %02&+ Fj pda _]oa kb ` aal l ]npe]h*
pde_gj aoo ej fqneao) _kj _ki ep]j p a` ai ] ]j ` peooqa hkoo
^kpd _kj pne^qpa pk ]j aj r enkj i aj p s dana l ani ]j aj p ej fqnu
eo i kna hegahu pk k__qn+ Fj ` aal l ]npe]h*pde_gj aoo ^qi o)
` a^ne` ai aj p ]j ` pda l h]_ai aj p kb ogej cn]bpo ]na r ep]h
ej pda l nar aj pekj kb bqnpdan ]qne_qh]n ai ^]nn]ooi aj p+
Eks ar an) pda pei ej c kb kl an]per a ej panr aj pekj d]o r ]nea`
` al aj ` ej c kj pda oqncakj %02&+
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Fj bqhh*pde_gj aoo ^qi o) pdana eo pkp]h ` aopi _pekj kb ]hh
h]uano kb pda al e` ani eo ]j ` ` ani eo+ Fj pda a]n) bqhh*pde_g*
j aoo ej fqneao i ]u naoqhp ej at l koqna kn ` ]i ]ca pk pda
qj ` anhuej c _]npeh]ca+ Pqnce_]h ej panr aj pekj eo ]hs ]uo
namqena` bkn ^kpd ` a^ne` ai aj p ]j ` oq^oamqaj p na_kj opnq_*
pekj %. 6&+ > o s epd l ]npe]h*pde_gj aoo ej fqneao) ej epe]h abbknpo
_kj oeop kb pkl e_]h ]j pe^ekpe_o ]j ` pda ]r ke` ]j _a kb l naooqna+
Lj _a ep eo ar e` aj p pd]p ] bqhh*pde_gj aoo ej fqnu eo l naoaj p)
a]nhu kl an]per a ej panr aj pekj odkqh` ^a ej opepqpa` pk
l nar aj p bqnpdan ` aooe_]pekj ]j ` ` aopi _pekj kb pda a]n _] n*
peh]ca+ Qda kl pekj o l naoaj p ej pda oqnce_]h ]noaj ]h bkn _kr *
an]ca eo ` al aj ` ]j p kj pda oeva kb pda ` aba_p) pda l naoaj _a kb
ej ba_pekj ) ]j ` pda _kj ` epekj kb hk_]h peooqa ]r ]eh]^ha+ Cna*
mqaj phu) bqhh*pde_gj aoo ^qi o ej r ]` a pda ]qne_qh]n _]npeh]ca
s epd oq^oamqaj p peooqa hkoo+ Qda oql anbe_e]h pai l knkl ]nea*
p]h b]o_e]h bh]l %PQMC& bkn pda o]hr ]ca kb ` aj q` a` _]npeh]ca
ej ^qi l ]peaj po s ]o ej epe]hhu ` ao_ne^a` ^u Qacpi aean ]j `
Dkk` ej c %03& ej . 644 ]j ` bqnpdan ` ao_ne^a` ^u @kph]n
%04& ]j ` > _d]qan ap ]h+ %05& %Cec+ / / +2&+ Qda PQMC bh]l
na_aer ao epo ^hkk` oql l hu bnki pda oql anbe_e]h pai l kn]h
]npanu+ Aap]eho kb epo ahar ]pekj ej _hq` a pda e` aj pebe_]pekj
kb pda ]npanu ^u Akl l han at ]i + Fj _eoekj o _]j ^a ^]oa` kj
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Qda pul e_]h ` eopne^qpekj kb pda oql anbe_e]h pai *
l kn]h ]npanu eo odks j + > _qnr a` ej _eoekj eo ` aoecj a` ]bpan ] ` ki e*
j ]j p ]npane]h l a` e_ha d]o ^aaj i ]l l a` s epd pda Akl l han
opapdko_kl a+ > nah]per ahu oi ]hh bh]l eo odks j d]nr aopa` pk naoqn*
b]_a ` ]i ]ca` a]n _]npeh]ca+ Qda ` kj kn oepa eo _hkoa` ]j ` ] ogej
cn]bp l h]_a` kr an pda b]o_e]h bh]l ]j ` oqpqna` ej pk l h]_a+
XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki > _d] qan ap ]h+ %05&+Y
oqncakj îo l nabanaj _a+ E ks ar an) pda _qnr a` ]j ` V*ej _eoekj o
d]r a ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` + Lj _a pda ej _eoekj d]o ^aaj i ]` a) pda
bh]l eo ahar ]pa` ]j ` aepdan nkp]pa` kn bkh` a` kr an pda ` aba_p+
> o s epd ]j u bh]l ) _]na eo p]gaj j kp pk ` eonql p pda r ]o_qh]n
l a` e_ha+ Ckhhks ej c ahar ]pekj ]j ` ej oappej c kb pda bh]l ) ]
ol hep*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bp eo qoa` bkn _kr an]ca+ Fb pda bh]l
eo bkh` a` ) ] oa_kj ` l nk_a` qna i ]u ^a j a_aoo]nu bkn
` er eoekj kb pda l a` e_ha+ Fb namqena` ) pdeo l nk_a` qna _]j ^a
` kj a 4*. - ` ]uo ]bpan pda ej epe]h kl an]pekj + Eks ar an)
bqhh*pde_gj aoo ^qnj o pk pda pai l knkl ]neap]h nacekj i ]u
l na_hq` a pda qoa kb pdeo bh]l %05&+
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> o s epd ]j u ^qnj ) pdani ]h ej fqneao pk pda a]n ]na _d]n]_pan*
eva` ^u a` ai ]+ Qdeo eo aol a_e]hhu pnkq^hej c ^a_]qoa kb pda
]r ]o_qh]nepu kb epo qj ` anhuej c _]npeh]ca+ Pej _a pda _]npeh]ca
na_aer ao epo _deab i a]j o kb j qpnepekj r e] ` ebbqoekj bnki pda
ogej ) a` ai ] kb pda ogej s epd epo _kj _ki ep]j p _kj opne_pekj kb
pda ]npane]h oql l hu _]j d]r a ` eo]opnkqo _ki l he_]pekj o ` ks j
pda hej a+
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@dkj ` nepeo eo ]j ej ba_pekj pd]p d]o ej r ]` a` _]npeh]ca+ > _qpa
_dkj ` nepeo eo ] ` ar ]op]pej c h]pa _ki l he_]pekj pd]p i ]u ]neoa
bnki ^qnj o pk pda at panj ]h a]n+ Qul e_]hhu) ep l naoaj po 0*2
s aago ]bpan pda ej epe]h ^qnj %/ 2&+ Qda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb
_dkj ` nepeo eo ennahar ]j p pk pda ` al pd kb pda ej epe]h ^qi
%e+a+) oa_kj ` ro+ pden` & %/ 2&+ Qda bej ]h naoqhp eo kbpaj
oar ana ` eobecqnai aj p kn pkp]h hkoo kb pda a]n aepdan ^u
]i l qp]pekj kn ^u ]qpk_dkj ` na_pki u+ Fj epe]hhu) ep l naoaj po
s epd ` qhh l ]ej ^qp mqe_ghu i ]j ebaopo bar an) anupdai ])
a` ai ]) bhq_pq]j _a) ]j ` at mqeoepa paj ` anj aoo+ Qda ]qne_qhk*
_al d]he_ ]j cha eo ej _na]oa` s epd ] l nkj kqj _a` l nkpi oekj
kb pda a]n+ Qda dahet ]j ` ]j pedahet ]na pda l nei ]nu oepao
kb k__qnnaj _a+ Eks ar an) pda pn]cqo i ]u ^a pda kj hu oepa
kb ej r khr ai aj p+ Qda ej bh]i i ]pekj i ]u ol na]` pk pda
aj pena a]n pk aj _ki l ]oo qj ^qnj a` ]na]o kb _]npeh]ca %/ 3&+
L__]oekj ]hhu) pda bhq_pq]j _a i ]u ` eooel ]pa s epd ol kj *
p]j akqo ` n]ej ]ca kb pda l qnqhaj p i ]pane]h+ Qdeo eo kbpaj
]__ki l ]j ea` ^u ] ` a_na]oa ej l ]ej ]j ` naokhqpekj kb pda
bar an+ Eks ar an) s daj pdeo k__qno) j a_nkpe_ _]npeh]ca eo
qoq]hhu l naoaj p %/ 3)/ 5&+ > l l nkt ei ]pahu 5- *62" kb pdaoa
k__qnnaj _ao ]na ` qa pk EeWgVa_ a` Se SWdgY[` aeS %/ 2)06&+
Eks ar an) HfSbZk^aUaUUge SgdWge eo ]hok bkqj ` ej Z2- "
kb _qhpqna ol a_ei aj o %e+a+) i et a` bhkn]& %/ 2)/ 3)06&+ Edah[&
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: eUZWd[UZ[S Ua^[) ]j ` 8 S` V[VS S^T[US` e d]r a ]hok ^aaj
_epa` %/ 2)/ 3)06&+ @dkj ` nepeo d]o ] r anu opnkj c l na` e*
ha_pekj bkn na_qnnaj _a+ Eks ar an) epo ej _e` aj _a d]o ` ei ej *
eoda` oecj ebe_]j phu oej _a pda ]` r aj p kb i ]baj e` a ]_ap]pa
%Pqhb]i uhkj à & %/ 2&+ Mnaooqna kj pda a]no i qop ^a i ape*
_qhkqohu ]r ke` a` ]o eo_dai e] eo kbpaj pda _qhl nep bkn pda
ej epe]pekj kb _dkj ` nepeo+ Kar anpdahaoo) _dkj ` nepeo eo opehh
oaaj k__]oekj ]hhu ]j ` pna]pi aj p kl pekj o ]na haj cpdu+ Fj
]` ` epekj pk epo nkha ej pda l nar aj pekj kb _dkj ` nepeo) i ]ba*
j e` a ]_ap]pa eo kbpaj _kj pej qa` ]bpan pda kj oap kb _dkj ` nepeo+
Puopai e_ ]j pe^ekpe_o ]na caj an]hhu ej abba_per a ej pda pna] p*
i aj p kb _dkj ` nepeo ^a_]qoa kb pda ]r ]o_qh]nepu kb pda
]qne_qh]n _]npeh]ca ]j ` pda ej ]^ehepu kb pda ]j pei e_nk^e]h
pk na]_d pdan]l aqpe_ har aho ej pda p]ncap peooqa %1- *1/ &+
> ` ` epekj ]hhu) pda qoa kb ouopai e_ ]j pe^ekpe_o ]hhks o bkn
pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb naoeop]j _a+
Fj . 6- 5) I aAq_ ` ao_ne^a` ekj pkl dknaoeo %10&+ Qdeo s ]o
] j kr ah i apdk` bkn pda ` aher anu kb _dai e_]ho ej okhqpekj
]_nkoo ej p]_p ogej bkqj ` a` kj pda l nej _el ha pd]p ]j aha_pne_
l kpaj pe]h s ehh _]qoa ekj o ej okhqpekj pk i ecn]pa ^]oa` kj
pdaen naol a_per a _d]ncao %1/ &+ Qda qoa kb ekj pkl dknaoeo
dah` l nki eoa ej pda pna]pi aj p kb _dkj ` nepeo ]j ` s ]o
]` amq]pahu nal knpa` ej pda ^qnj hepan]pqna %1/ )11*15&+
Eks ar an) Aao]e ap ]h+ %1/ & ej ] ` q]h _hej e_]h ]j ` ]j ei ]h
opq` u bkqj ` pd]p pdana s ana j k ` ebbanaj _ao ej pda ej _e` aj _a
kb _dkj ` nepeo ej pdkoa l ]peaj po s dk na_aer a` ekj pkl dk*
naoeo r o+ pdkoa s dk na_aer a` nkqpej a _]na kj hu %1/ &+
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l dknaoeo ej pdaen opq` u ` ar ahkl a` caj p]i e_ej naoeop]j p
knc]j eoi o+ Qda ` ena_p ej opehh]pekj kb ]j pe^ekpe_o s epdkqp
pda qoa kb ekj pkl dknaoeo) k__]oekj ]hhu nabanna` pk ]o
ë` ]gej ev]pekj )í d]o ]hok ^aaj nal knpa` bkn pda pna]pi aj p
kb ]qne_qh]n _dkj ` nepeo %11)16*2. &+ Eks ar an) ^kpd ekj pk*
l dknaoeo ]j ` pda ` ena_p ej opehh]pekj kb ]j pe^ekpe_o ej pk pda
a] n d]r a b]hhaj ej pk ` eob]r kn ej i kop ^qi _aj pano+
Pqnce_]h ` a^ne` ai aj p ]hok nai ]ej o ] pna]pi aj p bkn
_dkj ` nepeo+ Ll an]per a ` a^ne` ai aj p i ]u ^a j a_aoo]nu+
? er ]hr ej c kb pda a]n ej r khr ao i ]gej c ]j ]j panekn ej _eoekj
]hkj c pda dahe_]h i ]ncej kb pda a]n s epd oq^oamqaj p ` a^ne*
` ai aj p kb pda j a_nkpe_ j kj r e]^ha _]npeh]ca %Cec+ / / +3&+
Lj _a da]hpdu s depa _]npeh]ca eo na]_da` ) pda ` a^ne` ai aj p
eo _kj _hq` a` + Cnamqaj phu) i qhpel ha al eok` ao kb kl an]per a
ej panr aj pekj ]na namqena` %06)2/ &+ Qda oamqah]a kb pdeo
l nk_a` qna kbpaj naoqhp ej oecj ebe_]j p ` abkni epeao kb pda a]n+
Pki a ^qnj oqncakj o ]` r k_]pa a]nhu ` a^ne` ai aj p kb
pden` *` acnaa ^qnj o pk pda a]n s epd ei i a` e]pa ]qpkcn]bpej c
ej kn` an pk l nar aj p _dkj ` nepeo %/ 2&+ Eks ar an) pdeo ]l l nk]_d
eo j kp qj ebkni hu ]__al pa` %/ 5&+ Cqnpdani kna) s epd a]nhu
ej panr aj pekj ) oki a da]hpdu peooqa eo ej ar ep]^hu hkop+
Fj _eoekj ]j ` ` n]ej ]ca eo caj an]hhu ej ]` amq]pa ej pda pna]p*
i aj p kb _dkj ` nepeo ]o pda ]^o_aoo _]r epu eo qj ]^ha pk _kj *
pn]_p ^a_]qoa kb pda oqnnkqj ` ej c nece` _]npeh]ca %/ 5&+
Lj _a _dkj ` nepeo d]o ^aaj ` k_qi aj pa` ) kl an]per a ` a^ne` a*
i aj p nai ]ej o pda i kop abba_per a s ]u kb ej epe]pej c ] _qna
%/ 5&+ L__]oekj ]hhu) ]j ]hhance_ na]_pekj pk i ]baj e` a
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_ki l he_]pekj eo j kp ]__ki l ]j ea` ^u bar an) bhq_pq]j _a) ]j `
l ]ej + @]na i qop ^a p]gaj pk ` e]cj koa pdeo l nk^hai at l a` e*
pekqohu ej kn` an pk l nar aj p qj j a_aoo]nu oqnce_]h ej panr aj *
pekj ]j ` oq^oamqaj p peooqa hkoo+ Eks ar an) ej ol epa kb kqn
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aua+ Qdeo eo pnqa ^kpd ej pda ]_qpa op]ca s daj a` ai ] ` eo*
pknpo pda j kni ]h _kj becqn]pekj kb pda a]n ]j ` l nk` q_ao ]j
ej _na]oa` ]qne_qhk_al d]he_ ]j cha ]o s ahh ]o ej pda l kop*
]_qpa l d]oa s daj pda a]n eo kbpaj ` abkni a` +
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l ]npe]h kn _ki l hapa hkoo kb pda dahe_]h nei ) ]j ` pkp]h a]n hkoo
%22&+ Cnamqaj phu) pda a]n ^qi eo j kp ]j eokh]pa` ej fqnu ]j `
eo oa_kj ` ]nu pk i kna ol a_ebe_ _kj _anj o kj pda b]_a %22&+ Fj
naopkn]pekj kb pda a]n) na_kj opnq_per a abbknpo i qop ^a
ol a_ebe_]hhu p]ehkna` pk ]_dear a ]j kl pei ]h kqp_ki a+
Qda oq__aoobqh na_kj opnq_pekj kb ]j a]n eo ` al aj ` aj p kj
pda ej pacnepu kb pda qj ` anhuej c bn]i as kng %. &+ Fj epe]h na_kj *
opnq_per a abbknpo _]j ^aop ^a opnq_pqna` ^u r eas ej c pda a]n
ej pdnaa ` eopej _p ]j ]pki e_ l ]npo %. 6&+ Qdaoa ]na pda dahet ,
hk^qha) pda ]j pedahet ,]j pepn]cqo) ]j ` pda _kj _d]+ Lj _a
pda nacekj o kb pda a]n pd]p s ehh namqena na_kj opnq_pekj ]na
` apani ej a` ) abbknpo odkqh` l nk_aa` ouopai ]pe_]hhu+ Fj pda
_kj pn]_pa` a]n) Bnegokj ]j ` S kcp %. 6& ]` r k_]pa na_kj opnq_*
pekj ej pdnaa opal o7 naha]oa kb o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao) ]ooaooi aj p
kb pda bn]i as kng ` aba_p ]j ` oq^oamqaj p na_kj opnq_pekj )
]j ` bej ]hhu _qp]j akqo _kr an]ca+ Fj _kj pn]op pk pda qoa kb
_kop]h _]npeh]ca cn]bpo ej pkp]h a]n hkoo) pda i ]fknepu kb
l ]npe]h a]n ` aba_po _]j ^a nal ]ena` s epd pda qoa kb hk_]h
bh]l o ]j ` ) eb j a_aoo]nu) _]npeh]ca d]nr aopa` bnki pda _kj *
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l koepekj bh]l + Qda _kj _d] eo i k^eheva` kj ]j ]j panekn l a` e_ha
]j ` pn]j ol koa` oql aneknhu pk naopkna pda ql l an pden` kb pda
a]n+ Qda n]s oqnb]_a kb pda _kj _d]h ` kj kn oepa eo _hkoa` s epd
] ol hep*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bp+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki
Akj ah]j %3. &+Y
pda ]` ` epekj kb _kj pn]h]pan]h _]npeh]ca s de_d eo ^ahear a` pk
ei l nkr a pda ar aj pq]h naopkn]pekj kb _kj pkqn ]o s ahh ]o
l nkr e` a ]` ` epekj ]h opnq_pqn]h oql l knp+ Cqnpdan nar eoekj eo
pdaj l anbkni a` h]pan ^u ahar ]pej c ] ^el a` e_ha` _dkj ` nk_q*
p]j akqo bh]l ` ao_ne^a` ^u Q]j van ]o ] ër ]heoa d]j ` haí ]j `
ogej cn]bpej c pda l kopanekn l knpekj %. 2)23&+ Aaba_po ej r khr *
ej c pda hk^a ]hkj a _]j bnamqaj phu ^a nal ]ena` s epd
na]nn]j cai aj p kb hk_]h peooqa+ Eks ar an) i kna ah]^kn]pa
i apdk` o kb hk^qha nal ]en d]r a ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` ^u > h]j eo
%41&) H]v]j fe]j ]j ` @kj r anoa %42&) ]j ` ? naj p %43&+
. '
I afS^ : Sd Aaee
Qkp]h a]n hkoo _]j k__qn ej oar ana ^qi o kb pda b]_a+ Fj ]
opq` u ^u Dkah ap ]h+ %/ 4& kb . -- l ]peaj po s epd . 33 ^qnj a`
a]no) ] pkp]h kb / / a]no ej . 2 l ]peaj po s ana _ki l hapahu
hkop+ Par aj kb pdaoa s ana oa_kj ` ]nu pk _dkj ` nepeo+ Pq__aoo*
bqh pkp]h a]n na_kj opi _pekj eo ` al aj ` aj p kj ^kpd ]__qn]pa
bn]i as kng b]^ne_]pekj ]j ` pda ]r ]eh]^ehepu kb okbp peooqa
_kr an]ca+ Qda i apdk` _qnnaj phu ej b]r kn eo ^]oa` kj pd]p
s de_d s ]o ` ao_ne^a` ^u Q]j van ej . 626 %. 2&+ Qda _kj *
opnq_p kb pda bn]i as kng qoej c _kop]h _]npeh]ca cn]bpo eo
pda o]i a ej ]hh l ]peaj po %44&+ Qda ` apani ej ]j p b]_pkn ej
oaha_pej c pda pul a kb na_kj opi _pekj eo pda nai ]ej ej c ogej
]j ` okbp peooqa %44&+ ? d]j ` ]ne %44& ` ao_ne^a` ] oaneao kb
43 pkp]h a]n na_kj opi _pekj o bkhhks ej c ^qi ej fqnu+ Ea
_h]ooebea` ]hh ^qi o naoqhpej c ej pkp]h a]n hkoo ej pk ber a
cnkql o ^]oa` kj okbp peooqa ]r ]eh]^ehepu ]j ` pda pul a kb _kr *
an]ca pdau s kqh` namqena+ Fj cnkql %. &) pda l ]peaj po d]`
da]hpdu) r e]^ha l ane]qne_qh]n ogej oqep]^ha bkn ] l k_gap+
Fj cnkql %/ &) pda ogej s ]o aepdan o_]nna` kn cn]bpa` ^qp ]o
ej cnkql %. &) s ]o oql l ha aj kqcd bkn _kr an]ca+ Fj cnkql
%0&) hk_]h b]o_e]h bh]l o s ana namqena` ) ]j ` ej cnkql %1&
/87<:6 %%!$%
%> & Qs ahr a*ua]n*kh` bai ]ha s epd pkp]h hkoo kb pda dahe_]h nei + %? & Lj a ua] n ]bpan na_kj opnq_pekj s epd ] oql anbe_e]h
pai l kn]h l ]neap]h b]o_e]h bh]l ]j ` PQPD+ %@& L ^hemqa r eas kb na_kj opnq_pa` a]n+
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U cWT 5 da] TS 8Pa
+) +
s dana b]o_e]h bh]l kl pekj o s ana j kj at eopaj p) bnaa i e_nkr ]o*
_qh]n peooqa pn]j oban s ]o j a_aoo]nu+ Fj cnkql %2&) a]n na_kj *
opnq_pekj s ]o ` apani ej a` pk ^a ei l kooe^ha ]j ` l nkopdaoao
s ana na_ki i aj ` a` +
Qda qj ` anp]gej c kb pkp]h a]n na_kj opnq_pekj ej ] ^qnj a`
l ]peaj p i qop ^acej s epd _]nabqh l nakl an]per a l h]j j ej c+
Fj epe]h abbknpo odkqh` bk_qo kj pda ]ooaooi aj p kb okbp
peooqa ]r ]eh]^ehepu ]j ` ]` amq]_u+ > pai l h]pa kb pda _kj pn]h*
]pan]h qj ^qi a` a]n) eb l naoaj p) eo qoa` bkn ` apani ej ]pekj kb
oeva ]j ` od]l a+ L neaj p]pekj kb pda a]n eo ^]oa` kj pda qj ]b*
ba_pa` a]n) kn . 2*/ - Ü r anpe_]h pk pda j ]o]h ]t eo %44&+
Cej ]hhu) pda oepa eo l h]j j a` ]nkqj ` pda at panj ]h ]q` epknu
i a]pqo s epd pda oql anekn hei ep har ah s epd pda aua^nks %44&+
Cn]i as kng b]^ne_]pekj eo ej epe]pa` s epd ] dknevkj p]h
ej _eoekj ohecdphu oql anekn pk pda _kop]h i ]ncej + > j at pn]*
l ane_dkj ` ne]h ` eooa_pekj eo pdaj _]nnea` kqp kj pda ouj _dkj *
` nkpe_ l knpekj kb pda oet pd ]j ` oar aj pd ne^o+ Qda _]npeh]ca
_kj opnq_p eo pdaj b]odekj a` qoej c pda l nar ekqohu i ]` a pai *
l h]pa+ J ]j u ]qpdkno %. 2)45& b]r kn _]npeh]ca d]nr aop bnki
pda _kj pn]h]pan]h oe` a kb pda a]n pk ^a na_kj opnq_pa` + > hpan*
j ]per ahu) ? d]j ` ]ne %44& ]hs ]uo d]nr aopo pda _]npeh]ca bnki
pda necdp oe` a ok ]o pk ]r ke` pda naoqhp]j p ` aba_p pd]p eo
_na]pa` s daj d]nr aopej c bqhh*pde_gj aoo _kop]h _]npeh]ca
cn]bpo qoej c at pn]l ane_dkj ` ne]h ` eooa_pekj bnki ^aej c
` ena_phu kr an pda da]np+
/87<:6 %%!$&
Qda l er kpej c dahet a]n bn]i as kng eo _ki l koa`
kb ps k oal ]n]pa _ki l kj aj po+ Qda dahe_]h nei eo i k^eha ]j ` bnaa
pk l er kp ]nkqj ` pda ^]oa ^hk_g+ Qda bn]i as kng _]j ^a i k` ebea`
^u da]pej c pda J a` l kn ej j kni ]h o]hej a ]j ` i kh` ej c ep ej pk epo
` aoena` od]l a+ Rl kj _kkhej c) pda ei l h]j p i ]ej p]ej o epo j as
od]l a ]j o nac]ej o epo l nar ekqo i a_d]j e_]h _d]n]_paneope_o+
XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki T ahheov %5- &+Y
8&
<\ _[P] cb
Qda qoa kb l nab]^ne_]pa` ei l h]j po bkn a]n na_kj opnq_pekj
d]o ] hkj c deopknu ej l h]ope_ oqncanu+ Eks ar an) nal knpa`
_ki l he_]pekj n]pao ]na decd %46&+ @ki i kj _ki l he_]pekj o
kb ouj pdape_ ei l h]j po ej _hq` a at pnqoekj ) ej ba_pekj ) ]j `
bknaecj ^k` u na]_pekj kb pda dkop %46&+ Puj pdape_ ei l h]j po
kbpaj cer a ] oql aneknhu l ha]oej c _koi ape_ naoqhp+ Eks ar an)
]p l naoaj p pdana nai ]ej o j k bknaecj oq^op]j _a pd]p s ehh
^ad]r a ]o j ]per a peooqa+
*'
B WVbadp >_ b^S` fe "Eadage Ea^kWfZk^W` W#
J a` l kn) l knkqo l khuapduhaj a) eo ] nah]per ahu j as kl pekj
bkn bn]i as kng na_kj opnq_pekj ej ^qnj a` l ]peaj po ]j ` d]o
^aaj pkqpa` ]o ]j abba_per a ]hpanj ]per a pk ]qpkhkckqo ne^
_]npeh]ca cn]bpo %5- &+ Fp eo _ki l koa` kb ]j ej anp i ]pane]h
pd]p aj p]eho ^kpd ] bhat e^ha kqpan nei ]o s ahh ]o ] ^]oa
bkn pda _aj pn]h ]qne_ha %Cec+ / / +. 0&+ P]heaj p ba]pqnao
ej _hq` a epo opnaj cpd) ` qn]^ehepu) ]j ` bhat e^ehepu+ Qda
dahe_]h nei i kr ao ej ` al aj ` aj phu bnki pda ^]oa ]j ` eo
_ki l naooe^ha+ Qda ]` r ]j p]cao kb J a` l kn ]na oei eh]n pk
pdkoa s de_d ]na oaaj s epd ei l h]j po pd]p s ana l nar ekqohu
qoa` ej ]qne_qh]n na_kj opnq_pekj + Fpo qoa ahei ej ]pao pda
j a_aooepu kb d]nr aopej c ]qpkhkckqo ne^ _]npeh]ca ]j ` ahei *
ej ]pao pda i kn^e` epu ]ook_e]pa` s epd pdeo l nk_a` qna+ Fj
]` ` epekj ) kl an]per a ogehh pd]p eo namqena` bkn _]nr ej c ]j
]qne_qh]n _kj opnq_p eo ahei ej ]pa` + Aeo]` r ]j p]cao kb
J a` l kn ]na ] decd n]pa kb ei l h]j p at l koqna) ]hkl a_e])
l kkn ogej cn]bp da]hej c) ]j ` pda ej pnk` q_pekj kb ] bknaecj
^k` u %46&+ > ` ` epekj ]hhu) ] PQMC bh]l eo namqena` bkn okbp
peooqa _kr an]ca+ ? a_]qoa kb epo l knkqo j ]pqna) ep
aj _kqn]cao ^kpd r ]o_qh]n ]j ` okbp peooqa ej cnks pd ]o
s ahh ]o pda ` al koepekj kb _]npeh]ca %5- &+ Qda bn]i as kng
_kj opnq_p eo b]odekj a` oei eh]nhu ]o pd]p s de_d eo ` kj a
s epd ]qpkhkckqo ne^ _]npeh]ca+ T ahheov l q^heoda` ] oaneao
kb / 3 a]n na_kj opnq_pekj o ej . 5 l ]peaj po qoej c J a` l kn+
Qda naoqhpo s ana nal knpa` pk ^a ` qn]^ha kr an pei a+ Ea
op]pa` pd]p J a` l kn i ]u ^a i kna abba_per a bkn bn]i as kng
na_kj opnq_pekj ej ]` qhpo ^a_]qoa kb pda _]h_ebe_]pekj kb ne^
_]npeh]ca pd]p kbpaj eo oaaj s epd ]cej c+ Fj deo opq` u) ps k
_]oao kb at pnqoekj s ana oaaj ) j aepdan kb s de_d namqena`
at pn]_pekj kb pda ei l h]j p %5- &+ E ks ar an) pda ]r an]ca
bkhhks *ql ej pdeo oaneao s ]o kj hu paj i kj pdo ]j ` hkj c*
pani ` ]p] bkn kqp_ki ao s ana j kp ]r ]eh]^ha+ Cqnpdan ` ]p]
s ]o l naoaj pa` ^u T ]j c %46& kj . - l ]peaj po s dk
qj ` ans aj p a]n na_kj opnq_pekj qoej c J a` l kn ei l h]j p+
Eks ar an) pdaoa l ]peaj po aepdan d]` i e_nkpe] kn d]` oqb*
bana` j kj *^qi nah]pa` pn]qi ]+ Fj deo opq` u) pdana s ana
ps k _]oao kb at pi oekj ]j ` l kkn ]qne_qh]n ` ap]eh ej bkqn
l ]peaj po+ Qdqo) _ki l he_]pekj n]pao _]j ^a decd+ Oaej eod
%5. & nal knpa` ] r anu hks _ki l he_]pekj n]pa qoej c
J a` l kn+ Fj ] oaneao kb . -0 l ]peaj po s epd i e_nkpe]) deo
at l koqna n]pa ` a_na]oa` bnki 11" pk 4+0" kr an ps k oal *
]n]pa pei a l anek` o+ Eks ar an) pdeo oaneao ` e` j kp _kj p]ej a]n
na_kj opnq_pekj s epd J a` l kn ej ^qi l ]peaj po+ Cqnpdan
+) ,
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
ar ]hq]pekj kb hkj c*pani kqp_ki ao kb ]qne_qh]n na_kj opnq_*
pekj o qoej c J a` l kn i qop ^a ej r aopec]pa` ^abkna ] ` abej e*
per a ]ooaooi aj p _]j ^a ` apani ej a` + Fp i ]u ^a pd]p
J a` l knà eo ]j kl pei ]h _dke_a bkn ]qne_qh]n na_kj opnq_pekj
ej oaha_p l ]peaj po+ > hpanj ]per ahu) ep i ]u bkhhks ] dkop kb
kpdan kj a*pei a l nki eoej c ei l h]j po pd]p d]r a b]hhaj ej pk
` eob]r kn oa_kj ` ]nu pk decd _ki l he_]pekj n]pao ]j ` oq^*
kl pei ]h naoqhpo+
/ +
DeeWa[` fWYdSf[a`
? a_]qoa kb pda ej pne_]pa ]n_depa_pqna kb pda a]n) ]j ]__q*
n]pa na_kj opnq_pekj eo ` ebbe_qhp ]p ^aop+ Ckn pdeo na]okj )
i ]j u l ]peaj po kl p bkn ] l nkopdape_ a]n+ @kj oeopaj p
]pp]_di aj p kb pda l nkopdaoeo pk pda ogej d]o ^aaj l nk^ha*
i ]pe_ %. 6)5/ &+ ? knnks ej c bnki pda pa_dj emqa kb ` aj p]h
ei l h]j po) pda ej pnk` q_pekj kb kooakej pacn]pekj bkn a]n
na_kj opnq_pekj d]o ]hhks a` aj d]j _a` l nkopdape_ ]pp]_d*
i aj p+ Qda l nk_a` qna ej r khr ao pda ej oanpekj kb pep]j eqi
ei l h]j po ej pk pda pai l kn]h ^kj a ]nkqj ` pda at panj ]h
]_kqope_ i a]pqo+ > bh]l eo ahar ]pa` ]j ` pdaj pdej j a`
kr an pda ei l h]j po+ > 0 *1 i kj pd s ej ` ks eo pdaj k^oanr a`
pk ]hhks bkn ^kj u ej cnks pd ej pk pda pep]j eqi ei l h]j po+
Pkbp peooqa ej r ]oekj ej pk pda ei l h]j po eo l nar aj pa` ^u ]
pai l kn]nu l hqc+ > p pda ` abej eper a l nk_a` qna) pda ogej
kr anhuej c pda ei l h]j po eo l qj _da` kqp) ]j ` ] i ap]hhe_
%pep]j eqi & ^]n eo l h]_a` ej pda ei l h]j p) s de_d s ehh ]hhks
bkn _kj j a_pekj pk pda l nkopdaoeo %Cec+ / / +. 1&+ Qda
9XVdaT **&) ,
%>& Pqncanu bkn pda ^kj a*]j _dkna` ]qne_qh]n l nkopdaoeo ogej ej _eoekj + %? & Mnal ]n]pekj ]j ` pdna]` ej c kb dkhao ej pda
i ]opke` ]na] ]j ` ej oanpekj kb pda bet pqnao+ %@& Fj _eoekj eo _hkoa` ]j ` pda ei l h]j po habp qj hk]` a` bkn 0 *1 i kj pdo+ %A& Bt l koqna kb pda
ei l h]j po ]j ` ] na` q_pekj ej oq^_qp]j akqo peooqa+ %B& Pqpqnej c kb pda pdej j a` ogej bh]l ej l h]_a ]j ` l qj _dej c kb dkhao kr an pda bet pqnao+
Pa_qnej c kb _uhej ` ano ]j ` ]pp]_di aj p kb da]hej c _]l o+ %C& @kj opnq_pekj kb ] ^]n bkn napaj pekj kb pda l nkopdaoeo+ %D& Qda ]qne_qh]n oehe_kj a
l nkopdaoeo ej l h]_a+
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/87<:6 %%!$( %>) ? & Qaj *ua]n*kh` i ]ha s epd pkp]h ]qne_qh]n hkoo ]j ` ogej cn]bpo l h]_a` kj pk l anekopaqi kj pda necdp oe` a+ %@& > l l a] n*
]j _a ]bpan l h]_ai aj p kb pep]j eqi ei l h]j po ej pda i ]opke` nacekj ej l nal ]n]pekj bkn pda at panj ]h ^]n bkn napaj pekj kb pda l nkopdaoeo+ %A*C&
> l l a]n]j _a) ]p kj a ua]n ]bpan l h]_ai aj p kb kooakej pacn]pa` a]n kj necdp oe` a+
l nkopdape_ eo ]pp]_da` pk pda i ]opke` nacekj r e] _hel o kn
i ]cj apo+ Fj epe]hhu) pdeo s ]o l anbkni a` ]o ] i qhpeop]ca`
l nk_a` qna %Ceco+ / / +. 1 ]j ` / / +. 2&+ Eks ar an) Qfahhopnki
]j ` Dn]j opnki %50& d]r a l anbkni a` pda l nk_a` qna ej
kj a op]ca+ Mnk^hai o ]j ` _ki l he_]pekj o s epd ei l h]j po
ej _hq` a pda bkhhks ej c7 %. & ei l h]j po ]na pai l kn]nu ]j `
i qop ^a nal h]_a` ]bpan ] bas ua]no+ Fj _deh` naj ) nal h]_a*
i aj p i ]u k__qn i kna bnamqaj phu) %/ & pda ]j panekn ^kn` an
s dana pda l nkopdaoeo eo ]pp]_da` pk pda ogej _]j ^a
k^oanr a` ) %0& pdana eo kbpaj ] ogej ,l nkopdaoeo _khkn i eo*
i ]p_d ol a_ebe_]hhu s daj pda l ]peaj po b]_e]h _khkn
na` ` aj o bnki _kh` kn s daj ` eol h]uej c ai kpekj ) %1& pda
peooqa oqnnkqj ` ej c pda ei l h]j po i ]u ^a_ki a ej ba_pa` )
]j ` %2& pdana _]j ^a ] h]_g kb ^kj u ej cnks pd s epd pda
ei l h]j p+ Kaa` haoo pk o]u) hkj c*pani _kopo ]na decdan oa_*
kj ` ]nu pk pda na_qnnej c j aa` bkn ei l h]j p nal h]_ai aj p+
6 BA6 ? HF
` eobecqnai aj p+ Qk i ej ei eva ]qne_qh]n ` abkni epu) pdan]l u
i qop ^acej l nki l phu s epd i ape_qhkqo _ha]j oej c ]j `
s kqj ` _]na+ Fj epe]h k^fa_per ao ej _hq` a pda l naoanr ]pekj kb
r e]^ha peooqa ]j ` l nar aj pekj kb ej ba_pekj + Lj _a pda at paj p
kb pda ej fqnu d]o ^aaj ` apani ej a` ) ej epe]h l h]j j ej c bkn oqn*
ce_]h ej panr aj pekj _]j l nk_aa` eb j a_aoo]nu+ I k_]h bh]l o
odkqh` ^a qpeheva` s daj ar an l kooe^ha bkn _hkoqna kb
` aba_po+ Pi ]hh pk i a` eqi oeva ` aba_po i ]u namqena hk_]h
_]npeh]ca cn]bpo+ I ]nca dahe_]h nei ` aba_po s ehh namqena ne^
_]npeh]ca cn]bpo+ Fj aepdan _]oa) r ]o_qh]neva` okbp*peooqa
_kr an]ca eo namqena` + Qda pul a kb r ]o_qh]neva` _kr an]ca
j aa` a` eo ] bqj _pekj kb pda oeva kb pda ` aba_p ]j ` op]pqo
kb pda oqnnkqj ` ej c peooqa+ Qda at panj ]h a]n eo ]j ei l knp]j p
+) .
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
l ]np kb pda b]_e]h ]j ]pki u s epd ol a_ebe_ ]aopdape_ ]j ` bqj _*
pekj ]h _knnah]pekj o+ Fpo hkoo _]j naoqhp ej pda _ki l nki eoa kb
kr an]hh b]_e]h ]aopdape_o+ C]ehqna pk _knna_p kn nal h]_a
` ]i ]ca` a]no ej pda pdani ]hhu ej fqna` l ]peaj p i ]u ]hok
naoqhp ej ` a_na]oa` oahb*aopaai +
E8 98 E8 A6 8 F
. +
? naj p ? + Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb a]n) aua^nks ) ]j ` oe` a^qnj ej
pda ^qnj a` l ]peaj p+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6428 2270. / *0. 4+
/ +
Gkj ao @B) T ahheov Q+ Bt panj ]h a] n na_kj opnq_pekj + Roa kb ]
l er kpej c dahet ) l knkqo l khuapduhaj a ei l h]j p+ > L OK G . 6618
2671. . *1. 2)1. 5*1/ / +
0+ E ]q^aj AG+ Pqodnqp] P]i dep] %Pqodnqp]îo @khha_pekj &
%5- - *3- - ? @<&+ Mekj aano kb l h]ope_ oqncanu+ > _p] @den
Mh]op . 6518 / 3732*35+
1+ @kj r anoa GJ + Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ]qne_ha+ F+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6258 / / 7. 2- *. 30+
2+
Pqodnqp] P+ Qda _h]ooe_ nal nej p+ B]nhk^a kl an]pekj o+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6368 1072. 2*2/ / +
3+ P_d]j v
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T ea` ano]pv
aej an
r anhknaj
cac]j caj aj
L dni qo_dah7 Hknnaol kj ` aj v*? h]ppan ` ao ]hhcai > nvph
S anaej o r kj QdÖnej caj + . 56- 8 . 67/ 55*/ 60+
4+ ? ancd]qo > ) Qkl h]g C+ Pqnce_]h _kj _al po bkn na_kj *
opnq_pekj kb pda ]qne_ha+ E eopknu ]j ` _qnnaj p op]pa kb pda
]np+ > n_d Lpkh]nuj ckh E a]` Ka_g Pqnc . 6538 . . / 7055*064+
5+
O]j ` ]hh ? > + > j ]ppai l p pk nal h]_a ]j ]qne_ha ^eppaj kbb ej
_deh` dkk` + > n_d L pkh . 5608 / / 7. 30*. 32+
6+
HÉnpa T + C]hh r kj L dnaj l h]opeg+ Pepvqj c ]i Kkr . 0) . 6- 2+
S and Cn S anaej @den ? anhej o . 6- 28 . 576. *6/ +
. -+
? a_g G@+ Qda ]j ]pki u) l ou_dkhkcu) ` e]cj koeo) ]j ` pna] p*
i aj p kb _kj caj ep]h i ]hbkni ]pekj ]j ` ]^oaj _a kb pda a]n+
I ]nuj cko_kl a . 6/ 28 0275. 0*50/ +
. . + Aa Oer an MG+ Oaopkn]pekj kb pda ]qne_ha+ @] heb T aop J a`
. 6/ 48 / 37321*323+
. / +
P]nec > ) ? aj *? ]oo]p E) Q]q^a B ap ]h+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda
]qne_ha ej i e_nkpe] ^u ^el a` e_ha` l kop]qne_qh]n pq^a` bh]l +
> j j Mh]op Pqnc . 65/ 8 57/ / . */ / 0+
. 0+ P_di ea` aj S+ Aan l h]opeo_da Bno]pv r kj pn]qi ]peo_daj
Aabagpaj ` an L dni qo_dah+ ? anh Hhej T k_daj o_dn . 6-58
0. 7. 100*. 102+
. 1+ Dehheao EA) a` + Mh]ope_ Pqncanu kb pda C]_a+ I kj ` kj 7 Lt bkn`
Rj er anoepu Mnaoo) . 6/ - 705. *054+
. 2+ Q| j van O@+ Qkp]h na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda at panj ]h a]n+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6268 / 07. *. 2+
. 3+ Waeo B) a` + E ]j ` ^q_d ` an l h] opeo_daj @denqncea+ ? anhej 7
D Oaei an) . 5057131*135+
. 4+ Pqn]_e > G+ Mh]ope_ na_kj opnq_pekj kb ]_mqena` ` aba_po kb pda
a]n+ > i G Pqnc . 6118 337. 63*/ - / +
. 5+ > hheokj DO+ > j ]pki u kb pda ]qne_ha+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 66- 8
. 47/ - 6*/ . / +
. 6+ Bnegookj B) S kcp MJ + B]n na_kj opnq_pekj + @hej Mh]op Pqnc
. 66/ 8 . 67304*310+
/ - + > hheokj DO+ > j ]pki u kb pda at panj ]h a]n+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc
. 6458 271. 6*1/ / +
/ . + J kkna HI +
@hej e_]hhu L neaj pa` > j ]pki u+
0n` a` +
? ]hpei kna7 T ehhe]i o ]j ` T ehgej o) . 66/ 7430+
/ / +
M]ng @) I ej a]s a]r an T @) Oqi hu QL) ? qj _ga EG+ > npane]h
oql l hu kb pda ]j panekn a]n+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 66/ 8
6- 705*11+
/ 0+
Ka]ha ET ) ? ehhi ena A> ) @]nau G+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj bkhhks ej c
da]` ]j ` j a_g ^qi o+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 6538 . 07. . 6*. 03+
/ 1+
Dkj v]hav*Rhhk] J + Oaopkn]pekj kb pda b]_a _kr anej c ^u
i a]j o kb oaha_pa` ogej kb nacekj ]h ]aopdape_ qj epo+ ? n G
Mh]op Pqnc . 6238 67/ . / */ / . +
/ 2+
Aks hej c G> ) Ckhau CA) J kj _neab G> + @dkj ` nepeo ej pda
^qnj a` a]n+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6358 1/ %/ &7 . . 2*. / / +
/ 3+
Pga` nko AD) Dkh` b]n^ FT ) Ph]pan E) Ok__k G+ @dkj ` nepeo
kb pda ^qnj a` a]n7 ] nar eas + B]n Kkoa Qdnk]p G . 66/ 8
4. 7026*03/ +
/ 4+
Dkah QH) I ]s BG) J ]_J ehh]j ? D+ J ]j ]cai aj p kb pda
]_qpahu ^qnj a` a]n+ ? qi o Fj _h Qdani Fj f . 6508 67/ . 5*/ / . +
/ 5+
Dn]j p A> + P]r ej c pda ^qnj a` a]n+ Qat ]o J a` . 6348
30725*3- +
/ 6+
J kj _neab G) I ej ` ^anc O) Ps epvan T ap ]h+ Roa kb pkl e_]h
]j pe^]_pane]h pdan]l u ej pda pna]pi aj p kb pda ^qi s kqj ` +
> n_d Pqnc . 6338 6/ 7225*232+
0- +
E ]nneokj EK) Pdq_g GK) @]h` s ahh B+ Ppq` eao kb pda l ]ej
l nk` q_a` ^u i ]baj e` a ]_ap]pa l nal ]n]pekj o ej ^qi o+ > n_d
Pqnc . 6428 . . - 7. 113*. 116+
0. +
Hq_]j GL) Pi kkp B@+ Cer a l an_aj p i ]baj e` a ]_ap]pa
okhqpekj ej pda pna]pi aj p kb pdani ]h ej fqneao+ G ? qi @]na
Oad]^eh . 6608 . 17. 25*. 30+
0/ +
Gkn` ]j J E) D]hh]cdan GJ ) > hhahu OO) I ai ]j @G+ > l naoo*
qna l nar aj pekj ` ar e_a bkn ^qnj a` a]no+ G ? qi @]na Oad]^eh
. 66/ 8 . 07340*344+
00+
E ]nneao @> ) Macc PM+ Ck]i a] n l nkpa_pkno bkn ^qnj p a]no+
G ? qi @]na Oad]^eh . 6568 . - 7. 50*. 51+
01+ @]l h]j >I @]npeh]ca+ P_e > i . 6518 / 2. 751*54) 6- *61+
02+ Okoaj pd]h GP+ Qda pdani ]hhu ej fqna` a]n7 ] ouopai ]pe_
]l l nk]_d pk na_kj opi _pekj +
@hej Mh]op Pqnc
. 66/ 8
. 67312*33. +
03+ Qacpi aean OB) Dkk` ej c O> + Qda qoa kb b]o_e]h bh]l ej a]n
na_kj opi _pekj + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6448 3- 71- 3*1. . +
04+ @kph]n P+ Oa_kj opi _pekj kb pda ^qnj a` a]n qoej c ] pai l k*
n]heo b]o_e]h bh]l + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6508 4. 712*15+
05+
> _d]qan ? J ) T epp MA) I ]i ^ O+ P]hr ]ca kb a] n _]npeh]ca ej
l ]peaj po s epd ]_qpa bqhh*pde_gj aoo ^qi o+ G ? qnj @]na
Oad]^eh . 66. 8 . / 7006*010+
06+ J ehho A@) Ok^ano I T ) J ]okj > A Gn) J _J ]j qo T C)
Mi epp ? > Gn+ Pql l qn]per a _dkj ` nepeo7 epo ej _e` aj _a) l nar aj *
pekj ) ]j ` pna]pi aj p ej ^qnj l ]peaj po+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6558 5/ %/ &7/ 34*/ 43+
1- + Ppnkq` J E+ > oei l ha pna]pi aj p bkn oql l qn]per a l ane_dkj *
` nepeo+ I ]nuj cko_kl a . 6308 407223*230+
1. + Ppnkq` J E+ Qna]pi aj p kb oql l qn]per a l ane_dkj ` nepeo+
I ]nuj cko_kl a . 6458 557. 43*. 45+
1/ + Aao]e J E) Oqp]j OI ) Eaccano GM) > hr ]n]` k J F)
J _Bhnku H) E ai ` kj AK+ Qda nkha kb caj p]i e_ej ekj pk*
l dknaoeo ej pda pna]pi aj p kb ^qnj a` a]no+ G ? qi @]na
Oad]^eh . 66. 8 . / 72/ . *2/ 1+
10+ I aAq_ P+ Bha_pnkj e_ ekj o ]j ` pdaen qoa ej i a` e_ej a+
I kj ` kj 7 Oa^i ]j I p` ) . 6- 5+
11+ > l bah^anc A? ) T ]eo^naj ? > ) J ]opano CT ap ]h+ Qna]pi aj p
kb _dkj ` nepeo ej pda ^qnj a` a]n ^u pda hk_]h ej opehh]pekj kb
]j pe^ekpe_o+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6418 207. 46*. 50+
ETR^ ] bcadRcX^] ^U cWT 5 da] TS 8Pa
+) /
12+
Dnai ej can OC) Bhhekpp O> ) O]l l anl knp > + > j pe^ekpe_ ekj *
pkl dknaoeo bkn pda i ]j ]cai aj p kb ^qnj a` a] n _dkj ` nepeo+
Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 65- 8 33%0&7023*03- +
13+
J ]_]hqok O> ) Haj j a` u QI + > j pe^ekpe_ ekj pkl dknaoeo ej
pda pna]pi aj p kb ^qi l ane_dkj ` nepeo kb pda n]^^ep a]n+
L pkh]nuj ckh E a]` Ka_g Pqnc . 6568 . - - %3&7235*24/ +
14+
Oec]j k T ) V]j eg J ) ? ]nkj a C> ) ? ]e^]g D) @eohk @+
> j pe^ekpe_ ekj pkl dknaoeo ej pda i ]j ]cai aj p kb ^qnj a`
a]no+ G ? qi @]na Oad]^eh . 66/ 8 . 0%1&71- 4*1- 6+
15+ H]s aoge P) ? ]h` s ej O@) T kj c OH) J ]j ` ano BH+
Aebbqoekj r anoqo ekj pkl dknaoeo ej pda pn]j ol knp kb caj p]*
i e_ej ej pda ^qnj a` n]^^ep a]n i k` ah+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6608 6/ %4&7 . 01/ *. 016+
16+
Ppar aj okj BT + ? ]_ehhqo l uk_u]j aqo l ane_dkj ` nepeo kb pda
a]n+ I ]nuj cko_kl a . 6318 417/ 22*/ 26+
2- +
@khhaj pej a D) T ]eo^naj ? > ) J ahhaj ` an G+ Qna]pi aj p kb
^qi o s epd ej paj oer a ]j pe^ekpe_ pdan]l u ]j ` at l koqna+
G > i J a` > ook_ . 6348 / - - 7606*61/ +
2. + T ]j ]i ]gan EE+
Pql l qn]per a l ane_dkj ` nepeo
kb pda
]qne_ha+ Qn]j o > i > _]` L l ]pd]hi kh L pkh]nuj ckh . 64/ 8
437. / 56*. / 6. +
2/ +
Me_gqo BG) I ekj ahhe DQ) T kk` ]hh @B) Hknaj p]can O> +
J ]baj e` a ]_ap]pa ]hhancu l naoaj pej c ]o na_qnnaj p _dkj ` nepeo+
> j j Mh]op Pqnc / - - / 8 157/ - / */ - 1+
20+
Hnkhh PP) Danks CG7 Pqhb]i uhkj ]hhancu oei qh]pej c _dkj *
` nepeo+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6548 5- %/ &7/ 65*/ 66+
21+ Mannu > T ) Dkpphea^ I G) Hnevag QG) M]nokj o OT )
Dkk` s ej @T ) Cej gahopaej GI ) J ]` ` aj J O+ J ]baj e` a
ej ` q_a` l oaq` k_dkj ` nepeo+ G ? qnj @]na Oad]^eh . 6558
6%/ &7 . 12*. 14+
22+ P]heo^qnu OB) ? ar ej > D+ > ph]o kb na_kj opnq_per a ^qi
oqncanu+ Mdeh]` ahl de]7 T +? + P]qj ` ano) . 65. 7/ 2*0. +
23+ ? naj p ? + Qda ]_mqena` ]qne_qh]n ` abkni epu+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6448 267142*152+
24+ I ]s naj _a T Q+ Fj oa]n_d kb pda kl pei ]h pna]pi aj p kb
gahke` o7 nal knp kb ] oaneao ]j ` nar eas kb pda hepan]pqna+
> j j Mh]op Pqnc . 66. 8 / 47. 31*. 45+
25+ T ]ui ]_g GM) Mnqepp ? > + ? qnj s kqj ` _]na+ > ` r Pqnc . 66- 8
/ 07/ 3. */ 6- +
26+ > ` ]i o T J + @kj opnq_pekj kb pda ql l an d] hb kb ]qne_ha qpehev*
ej c _ki l koepa _kj _d] _]npeh]ca cn]bp s epd l ane_dkj ` neqi
]pp]_da` kj ^kpd oe` ao+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6228 . 3755*63+
3- + > j pe] KE) ? q_d S F+ @dkj ` nk_qp]j akqo ]` r ]j _ai aj p bh]l
bkn pda i ]ncej ]h ` aba_p kb pda a]n+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6348 06714/ *144+
3. + Akj ah]j J ? + @kj _d]h Qn]j ol koepekj bh]l bkn l kop^qi a]n
` abkni epeao+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6568 50731. *32/ +
3/ + @kop] E) @qj d] @) Dqei ]n]ao F) @ki ^] P) J ]hp] >)
I kl ao >+ Mnab]^ne_]pa` bh]l o bkn pda da]` ]j ` j a_g7 ] l na*
hei ej ]nu nal knp+ ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 6608 137/ / 0*/ / 4+
30+ Wdkq D) Qaj c I ) @d]j c EJ ) Gej c T J ) Uq G) I e PH)
Wdq]j c EU+ Cnaa l nal ]na` _ki l koepa bkna]ni bh]l pn]j oban
bkn a]n na_kj opnq_pekj 7 pdnaa _]oa nal knpo+ J e_koqncanu
. 6618 . 2733- *33/ +
31+
Cqnqp] P) Kkcq_de J ) Q]g]ce K+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb opaj kpe_
at panj ]h ]q` epknu _]j ]h s epd ] l kop] qne_qh]n _dkj ` nk*
_qp]j akqo bh]l + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6618 6174- - *4- 1+
32+
P]n]eu] E> + > j a]n _hkoa` ^kkg _kj pn]_pqna kb pda a]n7 ]
_]oa nal knp+ ? qnj o / - - - 8 / 3716- *16/ +
33+
Hqi ]n M) Pd]d M+ Mna]qne_qh]n bh]l bkn l kop ^qi a]n hk^a
na_kj opnq_pekj ê ] _]oa nal knp+ ? qnj o / - - - 8 / 3724. *241+
34+
> gej P+ ? qnj a` a]n na_kj opnq_pekj qoej c ] l nab]^ne_]pa`
bnaa n]` e]h bkna]ni bh]l + G Oa_kj opn J e_nkoqnc / - - . 8
. 47/ 00*/ 03+
35+ Bhh]^]j J D) J ]]i kqj J F) Bhod]ng]s e J + Qda ^e*l a` e_ha
l kop*]qne_qh]n pq^a bh]l bkn na_kj opnq_pekj kb l ]npe]h a]n
` aba_po+ ? n G Mh]op Pqnc / - - 08 237260*265+
36+
Ppab]j kbb AK+ > qne_qhk*i ]opke` pq^a l a` e_ha bkn kpkl h]opu+
Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6158 07015+
4-+
A]r eo G+ Fj 7 Pui l koeqi kj Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda > qne_ha+
Pp+ I kqeo7 @+ J ko^u @k+) . 6417/ 14+
4. + Dki au J ) J qnl du P) C]h_ao B+ Pl he_a` ]qpkcaj kqo
_kj _d]h _]npeh]ca ej oa_kj ` ]nu a]n na_kj opnq_pekj + Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 64. 8 14710/ *104+
4/ +
@negah]en DC+ > i apdk` kb l ]npe]h a]n na_kj opi _pekj bkn
]r qhoekj kb pda ql l an l knpekj kb pda a]n+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6238 . 47105*110+
40+
Mna]qt G+ Rj l nk_a` aî oei l ha ` a na_kj opi _pekj ` a h] l ]npea
ej baneaqna ` q l ]r ehekj ` a hîknaehha+ > j j @den Mh]op . 64. 8
. 373- *3/ +
41+
> h]j eo PW+ > j as i apdk` bkn a]nhk^a na_kj opi _pekj + Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 64- 8 127/ 21*/ 24+
42+ H]v]j fe]j S E) @kj r anoa GJ + Qda oqnce_]h Qna]pi aj p kb
C]_e]h Fj fqneao+ 0n` a`+ ? ]hpei kna7 T ehhe]i o ]j ` T ehgej o
@k+) . 6417. 001+
43+ ? naj p ? + B]nhk^a _kj opnq_pekj s epd ]j ]qne_qhk*i ]opke`
bh]l + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6438 247056*06. +
44+ ? d]j ` ]ne MP+ Qkp]h a]n na_kj opi _pekj ej l kop ^qnj ` abkni *
epu+ ? qi o . 6658 / 1733. *34- +
45+ ? naj p ? + Qda _knna_pekj kb i e_nkpe] s epd ]qpkcaj kqo _] npe*
h] ca cn]bpo7 F+ Qda _h]ooe_ ` abkni epu+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 65- 8 337. *. / +
46+ T ]j c MQE+ B]n na_kj opi _pekj qoej c J a` l knà + Mnk_ Qat ]o
Pk_ kb Mh]op Pqnc Pal pai ^an) / - - / +
5-+ T ahheov Q+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ^qnj a` at panj ]h a]n qoej c ]
J a` l knà l knkqo l khuapduhaj a l er kpej c dahet bn]i as kng+
Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6608 6. 75. . *5. 5+
5. + Oaej eod+ Mnk_ > i > ook_ Mh]op Pqnc / - - 18 50723+
5/ + Qfahhopnki >+ L ooakej pacn]pa` ouopai o ]j ` pdaen ]l l he*
_]pekj o ej pda da]` ]j ` j a_g+ > ` r L pkh]nuj ckh E a]`
Ka_g Pqnc . 6568 0706*4- +
50+ Qfahhopnki > ) Dn]j opnki D+ L j a*op] ca l nk_a` qna pk aop]^*
heod kooakej pacn]pekj 7 ] vank pk ber a ua]no bkhhks *ql nal knp+
G I ]nuj ckh L pkh . 6628 . - 67260*265+
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h]pan]h oq^qj ep eo ^kn` ana` oql aneknhu ^u pda ]h]n ^]oa
]j ` pda j kopneh oehh) i a` e]hhu ^u pda l dehpnqi ) ]j ` h]pan]hhu
^u pda j ]okh]^e]h _na]oa %Cec+ / 0+/ &+ Qda ej panh]^e]h c]l
^kn` ano pda ql l an hel *j ]o]h qj ep ej baneknhu+ Fp d]o ps k
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U H__Ta ?X_ P] S 6 ^\ \ XbbdaT
+*)
/87<:6 %&!%
Pq^qj ep l nej _el ha kb pda ql l an hel j ]o]h qj ep+
XCnki ? qncap ]j ` J aj e_g %/ &+Y
]j ]pki e_ _ki l kj aj po kb ` ebbanaj p _khkn7 pda r ani ehhekj )
s de_d d]o h]pan]h ahai aj po ]j ` ] _aj pn]h pq^an_ha) ]j `
pda ogej *_kr ana` hel ) s de_d _kj oeopo kb pda h]pan]h ahai aj po
]j ` ] _aj pn]h l dehpnqi + Fp eo _qnnaj phu ^ahear a` pd]p s daj ]
h]nca l ]np kb pda oq^qj ep eo ` aopnkua` ) pkp]h nal h]_ai aj p eo
s ]nn]j pa` + > hpdkqcd pdaoa l nej _el hao s ana j kp _kj _al pq]h*
eva` s epd ^qi l ]peaj po ej i ej ` ) pdau oanr a ]o cqe` ej c
l kej po ej kqn abbknpo pk ]aopdape_]hhu na_kj opnq_p pdai +
6 &
9d] RcX^ ] P[ 4 ] Pc^ \ h
Rj ` anop]j ` ej c pda bqj _pekj ]h ]j ]pki u kb pda ^hkk` oql l hu)
i qo_ha) ]j ` j anr ao ej pda ^q__kh]^e]h eo ei l knp]j p bkn kqn
qj ` anop]j ` ej c kb s d]p k__qno ej ^qi l ]peaj po s epd oq^*
oamqaj p ` abkni epeao %Cec+ / 0+0&+ Qdana ]na ] j qi ^an kb
i qo_ha cnkql o pd]p ej pan_kj j a_p s epd a]_d kpdan ]j `
d]r a ]pp]_di aj po pk pda ogej ]j ` i q_kqo i ai ^n]j ao+
Qda kn^e_qh]neo kneo i qo_ha ej a]_d hel knecej ]pao ej
bkqn mq]` n]j po bnki ] i k` ekhqo ]p pda _ki ano kb pda kn]h
beooqna _kj oeopej c kb ] l ]no l anel dan]heo ]j ` ] l ]no i ]ncej *
]heo %1*5&+ Qda l ]no l anel dan]heo eo ` aal an ]j ` heao ej pda
]na] qj ` an pda hel ogej s dana]o pda l ]no i ]ncej ]heo eo
i kna oql anbe_e]h ]j ` eo _kj bej a` pk pda ]na] qj ` an pda r an*
i ehhekj %1)3)5&+ Qdau i aap ]p pda i q_k_qp]j akqo fqj _pekj
%1&+ Qda ` aal an h]uan kb pda kn^e_qh]neo kneo eo _kj pej qkqo
s epd pda ^q__ej ]pkn ]j ` pda oql anbe_e]h h]uan eo _kj pej qkqo
s epd pda b]_e]h i qo_hao aj panej c ]j ` ha]r ej c pdnkqcd pda
i k` ekhqo ]p pda kn]h _ki i eooqna %5&+ Fj pda i e` hej a) pda
` aal an h]uan kb kn^e_qh]neo kneo eo _kj pej qkqo s epd pda
i qo_ha kj pda kl l koepa oe` a+ Qda oql anbe_e]h h]uan kb kn^e*
_qh]neo ej pan` ecep]pao s epd epo _kj pn]h]pan]h oe` a ]j ` ej oanpo
ej pk pda ` ani eo kb pda h]pan]h ]ol a_p kb pda kl l koepa l dehpn]h
_khqi j %5&+ Fj ^qnj l ]peaj po s epd i e_nkopki e]) aol a_e]hhu
pdkoa s dk d]r a oqop]ej a` aha_pne_]h ej fqneao) pda kn^e_qh]neo
i qo_ha i ]u ^a l ]npe]hhu ` aopnkua` ` qnej c pda ej fqnu kn
l qhha` i a` e_]hhu ]o ] naoqhp kb _kj pn]_pekj +
Qn]_pkno kb pda hel ]bba_p pda ]_pekj kb pda _en_qi kn]h
i qo_qh]pqna+ Qdau ]na n]` e]hhu ]nn]j ca` ]o oql anbe_e]h
]j ` ` aal i qo_hao ]j ` i kop d]r a ]j ]pp]_di aj p pk pda
i k` ekhqo ]p pda _knj ano kb pda i kqpd %1)3&+ Aena_p pn]_pkno
ej oanp ` ena_phu ej pk pda peooqao kb pda hel s epdkqp ej panr aj *
pekj kb pda i k` ekhqo %1&+ Qda bkn_a kb _kj pn]_pekj eo ]p
necdp ]j chao pk pda kn]h beooqna oanr ej c pk ahar ]pa ] j ` ,kn
ar anp pda s dkha kn l ]np kb pda ql l an hel + Qdaoa i qo_hao
]hok ` al naoo ] j ` ,kn ar anp pda s dkha kn l ]np kb pda hks an
hel + Fj ^qnj l ]peaj po s epd a_pnkl ekj o) pdaoa i qo_hao i ]u
^a ]bba_pa` + Qda ql l an hel pn]_pkno bnki i a` e]h pk h]pan]h
]na pda h]^e]h l ]np kb pda har ]pkn h]^ee oql anekneo) ]h]amqa
j ]oe) har ]pkn oql anekneo) ]j ` vucki ]pe_qo i ej kn+ Qdau
^haj ` ej pk ] _kj pej qkqo odaap pd]p ej oanpo ej pk pda hel )
]j panekn pk pda l ]no l anel dan]heo+ Qda hks an hel pn]_pkno
]na pda ` al naookn h]^ee ej banekneo i a` e]hhu ]j ` pda l h]puoi ]
h]pan]hhu %1&+ Fj l ]peaj po s epd _anr e_]h _kj pn]_pqnao) pda l qhh
kb pda l h]puoi ] i qo_ha ej epe]hhu i ]u ]__aj pq]pa hks an hel
a_pnkl ekj + > c]ej ) pdau l ]oo r aj pn]h pk pda l ]no l anel dan]heo
ej _knkj ]h odaapo+
Qda i k` ekh]n i qo_hao ]na _h]ooebea` ej pani o kb pdaen
caj an]h caki apne_ nah]pekj pk pda i k` ekhqo ]o _nq_e]pa) kn
pn]j or anoa %1&+ Qda _i _e]pa i qo_hao ]na pda vucki ]pe_qo
9XVdaT *+&+
= _] M_VK\ KXK^YWc YP ^RO _ZZO\ VSZ XK]KV _XS^$
+**
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
i ]fkn) har ]pkn ]j cqhe kneo) ` al naookn ]j cqhe kneo) ]j ` l h]*
puoi ]+ Qda pn]j or anoa i qo_hao ]na pda ^q__ej ]pkn) neokneqo)
]j ` ej _eoer qo oql anekn ]j ` ej banekn+
Qda _ki l hat pdnaa*` ei aj oekj ]h i k^ehepu kb pda i k` ekhe
aj ]^hao pdai pk l nkr e` a bqj _pekj ]h hk_e bkn ej pacn]pa`
]_per epeao kb pda _daago) hel o ]j ` kn]h beooqna) kn]h r aope^qha)
]j ` pda f]s o ^a]nej c paapd %1&+ Qdaoa ]_per epeao ej _hq` a
^epej c) _das ej c) ` nej gej c) oq_gej c) os ]hhks ej c) _d]j cao
ej r aope^qh]n _kj paj po ]j ` l naooqna) r ]ne]pekj o ej ol aa_d)
i k` qh]pekj o ej i qoe_ pkj a) d]nodan okqj ` o ej odkqpej c
]j ` o_na]i ej c) _nuej c) ]j ` l ani qp]pekj o kb _d]j cao ej
b]_e]h at l naooekj + Pki a oqncakj o baah pd]p oar ana aha_pne_]h
^qnj o pk kn]h _ki i eoqnao _]j ]bba_p pda ej pacnepu kb pda
i k` ekhqo ]j ` na_kj opnq_pekj i ]u ^a ej ` e_]pa` + Qda k^e_q*
h]neo kneo d]o ] ol dej _pan pul a i a_d]j eoi + Fpo ]pp]_di aj po
]na pk pda i k` ekhe h]pan]hhu oqnnkqj ` ej c i ]o_qh]pqna ]j `
` ani eo+ ? u epoahb) ep d]o j k ^kj u ]pp]_di aj p+ Qdeo i ]u
at l h]ej s du ep eo r anu oqo_al pe^ha pk ` abkni epu bkn_ao
bnki _en_qi kn]h dul anpnkl de_ o_]nnej c+ > hok) s epd pda
]pp]_di aj p kb pda l h]puoi ] pk pda i k` ekhqo) _anr e_]h _kj *
pn]_pqnao oa_kj ` ]nu pk ^qnj o_]nnej c i ]u l qhh pda i k` ekhqo
]j ` _ki ano kb pda i kqpd ej ]j ej banekn ` ena_pekj + Fj _kn*
na_pej c i e_nkopki e]) pda bnaaej c kb pdaoa i qo_hao i ]u ^a
j a_aoo]nu pk napqnj pda i k` ekhe pk epo knecej ]h l koepekj +
7 &
9d] RcX^ ]
M]ca ]j ` Ppn]j _ %6& na_kcj eva` pda j aa` pk mq]j pep]pa pda
j kni ]h bqj _pekj kb pda hel + Fj ]j u l kopkl an]per a hel na_kj *
opnq_pekj ) ]l l a]n]j _a ]j ` bqj _pekj ]na kb l ]n]i kqj p
ei l knp]j _a+ Eks ar an) ej ^qnj l ]peaj po) heppha kl l knpqj epu
at eopo pk ]ooaoo dks pda oar anepu kb pda ]_qpa ej fqnu
]bba_po bqj _pekj + Fj i kop _]oao) pnuej c pk ` apani ej a pda
` al pd kb ej fqnu ]j ` epo oq^oamqaj p i ]j ]cai aj p eo kb
i ]fkn _kj _anj + Fj l ]peaj po nabanna` bkn na_kj opnq_pekj ) ]ao*
pdape_ _kj _anj o ]j ` bqj _pekj ]h ei l ]eni aj po ]na ar e` aj p+
Aa_na]oa` ej pn]kn]h at _qnoekj eo oaaj ej l ]peaj po s epd
i e_nkopki e] ]j ` kn]h ej _ki l apaj _a s epd cqi at l koqna
eo oaaj ej l ]peaj po s epd oar ana hks an hel a_pnkl ekj o
%Ceco+ / 0+0 ]j ` / 0+1&+
M]ca %6& nar eas a` pda l ]n]i apano kb j kni ]h hel bqj _pekj
ej ]` qhp l ]peaj po+ Ckqn i a]oqnai aj po s ana ]ooaooa` + Qda
ej pan_ki i eooqn]h ` eop]j _a %F@A& s ]o i a]oqna` bnki kj a
i q_k_qp]j akqo fqj _pekj kb _ki i eooqna pk pda kpdan+
Eana) ps k oapo kb na]` ej co s ana i ]` a+ Lj a oap kb i a]oqna*
i aj po k__qnna` ej nal koa8 pda oa_kj ` oap s ]o p]gaj s epd
pda ^nk]` aop l kooe^ha oi eha+ T epd i ]t ei qi kl aj ej c)
okbp*peooqa c]l a %PQD& s ]o i a]oqna` bnki pda i e` l kej p
kb pda ql l an hel pk ] oei eh]n l kej p kj pda hks an hel + > o ]j
at l naooekj kb pda ah]ope_epu kb pda _en_qi kn]h peooqao) ]
hel ej ` at %I F& s ]o ` ar eoa` %Cec+ / 0+2&+ Qda r ]hqa k^p]ej a`
s ]o amq]h pk pda oeva kb pda kn]h ]l anpqna l hqo epo oqnnkqj ` *
ej c r ani ehhekj + I ]op) pda ` al pd kb pda ej pn]kn]h oqh_qo %PA&
s ]o i a]oqna` bnki ] _aj pn]h i e` l kej p+ J ]t ei ]h ol dej _pan
/87<:6 %&!' Qdnaa*ua]n*kh` bai ]ha s epd ]j aha_pne_]h ^qnj pk
pda necdp kn]h _ki i eoqna s epd oar ana i e_nkopki e]+
l ks an caj an]pa` ^u pda hel i qo_hao s ]o i a]oqna` qoej c ]
l ki i apan+ > hpdkqcd pdaoa i a]oqnai aj po s ana kj hu i ]` a
ej s depa ]` qhpo) ep ` kao bkni ] ^]oeo ^u s de_d bqpqna opq` eao
ej _deh` naj ]j ` j kj s depa n]_ao _]j ^a _aj pana` + I ]pan)
/87<:6 %&!(
J a]oqnai aj po kb hel bqj _pekj + %> & Fj pan_ki i eo*
oqn]h ` eop]j _a+ %? & Pkbp peooqa c]l + %@& I el ej ` at ]j ` bkni qh]+
%A& Pqh_qo ` al pd+ XCnki M]ca ]j ` Ppn]j _ %6&+Y+
ETR^ ] bcadRcX^] ^U H__Ta ?X_ P] S 6 ^\ \ XbbdaT
+*+
Ppn]j _ ap ]h+ %. - & nar eas a` pda bqj _pekj ]h ]ol a_po kb pda
na_kj opnq_pa` hel ej ] j qi ^an kb l ]peaj po s dk d]` l na*
r ekqohu qj ` anckj a hel na_kj opnq_pekj + Fj _hq` a` ej pdeo
opq` u s ]o ] cnkql kb ^qi l ]peaj po s dk oqop]ej a` oar ana
l anekn]h ^qnj o s de_d namqena` at _eoekj kb pda ^qnj
s kqj ` ]j ` naoqnb]_ej c s epd ogej cn]bpo+ B]_d l ]peaj p
qj ` ans aj p i a]oqnai aj po kb F@A) PQD) I F) PA) ]j `
l ki i apan na]` ej co+ Fj ]` ` epekj ) ps k*l kej p ` eo_nei ej ]pekj )
oaj o]pekj ) ` ne^^hej c) kn]h ]__aoo) ` aj p]h op]pqo) ]j ` kn]h
duceaj a ]hkj c s epd ol aa_d ]j ` BJ D opq` eao s ana ` k_q*
i aj pa` + Fj Ppn]j _ ap ]h+ %. - & ]ooaooi aj p) ` ne^^hej c s ]o
]ook_e]pa` s epd ] od]hhks oqh_qo) ` a_na]oa` oaj o]pekj )
hei epa` ej pn]kn]h ]__aoo) ]j ` ` a_na]oa` i qo_ha l ks an+
M]peaj po s epd i k` aop ` ne^^hej c s ana j kpa` pk d]r a
]p ha]op ps k kb pdaoa bkqn l ]n]i apano l naoaj p+ L b pda
r ]nekqo pul ao kb hel nal ]en j kpa` ) kj hu pda H]n]l ]j ` ve_
bh]l ) ]o at l a_pa` ) naopkna` kn^e_qh]neo ]hecj i aj p) ^qp ]p
pda at l aj oa kb l ]npe]h ` aj anr ]pekj + Fj caj an]h) ^qnj
l ]peaj po s dk qj ` ans aj p _knna_pekj kb ` aal l anekn]h ^qnj
s epd ogej cn]bpo d]` haoo F@A ]p naop ]j ` oi ehej c) ]
` a_na]oa` I F) hks an l ki i apan na]` ej co) ]j ` naopne_pa`
ej pn]kn]h ]__aoo+
8&
4 RdcT 5 da] 6 PaT
Fj pda l ]op) b]_e]h ^qnj o d]r a ^aaj caj an]hhu pna]pa` _kj *
oanr ]per ahu+ Qda qoa kb pkl e_]h kej pi aj po ]j ` ]hhks ej c ]
oql anbe_e]h kn ` aal l ]npe]h pde_gaj ej c s kqj ` pk da]h oa_*
kj ` ]nu d]` ^aaj pda i ]ej op]u kb pna]pi aj p+ I ]pan) pda
qoa kb l naooqna c]ni aj po ]j ` ol hej pej c _kj pnkhha` pda
dul anpnkl de_ o_]no ]j ` _kj pn]_pqna qj peh pda o_]no
i ]pqna` + Fp d]o ^aaj odks j pd]p s kqj ` o pd]p da]h ol kj *
p]j akqohu s epdej . 1 ` ]uo s ehh da]h s epdkqp ` eobecqnai aj p+
Eks ar an) s kqj ` o pd]p da]h ]bpan . 5*/ . ` ]uo) s dapdan
]hhks a` pk da]h oa_kj ` ]nu kn s epd ogej cn]bpo) odks ]
cna]pan paj ` aj _u bkn o_]nnej c ]j ` oa_kj ` ]nu na_kj opnq_*
pekj + Eks ar an) i kna na_aj phu) ]_qpa ^qnj o pk pda b]_a
d]r a ^aaj pna]pa` i kna ]ccnaooer ahu s epd a]nhu oqnce_]h
at _eoekj ]j ` naoqnb]_ej c kb pda ` aba_p s epd ogej cn]bpo
%. . *. 3&+ Eks ar an) nac]n` haoo kb dks a]nhu at _eoekj eo
` abej a` s daj _ki l ]na` pk h]pan at _eoekj o) ` a_na]oa`
dkol ep]h op]u) ` a_na]oa` o_]nnej c) ei l nkr a` ]aopdape_
naoqhpo) ]j ` ` a_na]oa ej oq^oamqaj p na_kj opnq_per a l nk*
_a` qnao d]r a ^aaj pkqpa` ]o ]` r ]j p]cakqo+ Qda hel o ]na
l ]npe_qh]nhu r qhj an]^ha pk ] j qi ^an kb ` abkni epeao bkn
oar an]h na]okj o+ Cenop) _ki l naooer a c]ni aj po ]na ej abba_*
per a ej pdeo nacekj + Pa_kj ` ) ej i aj ) da]hej c ej pda i qop]_da
]j ` ^a]n` a` nacekj o eo l nkpn]_pa` ]j ` l ]npe_qh]nhu l nkj a pk
bkhhe_qhepeo) ha]` ej c pk ar aj i kna l nk^hai o s epd ` ah]ua`
s kqj ` da]hej c %. 4&+ Qda naoqhpo kb oq_d ` ah]ua` da]hej c
]na dul anpnkl de_ o_]n bkni ]pekj ]j ` ^qnj o_]n _kj pn]_*
pqnao+ Fj _deh` naj ) pda bkn_ao kb _kj pn]_pekj bnki ^qnj
o_]no ] j ` ,kn oq^oamqaj p _ki l naooekj s epd l naooqna c]n*
i aj po d]r a ^aaj ei l he_]pa` ej nap]n` ej c pda cnks pd kb
pda i ]j ` e^ha ]j ` ^aej c ] b]_pkn ej pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb
i ]hk__hqoekj %. 5). 6&+ Fj _deh` naj s epd _ki i eooqna ej fq*
neao) pda qoa kb ol hej po d]o ^aaj na_ki i aj ` a` + Vap) _ki *
l he]j _a eooqao _]j oecj ebe_]j phu _ki l nki eoa pda qhpei ]pa
kqp_ki a+ Fj ol epa kb pdaoa l nk^hai o) pda naoqnb]_ej c kb
pda ql l an hel *j ]o]h qj ep bnki ` aal oa_kj ` *` acnaa ^qi o
kn pden` *` acnaa ^qnj o eo ^aop ]__ki l heoda` s epd ogej
cn]bpo pd]p naol a_p pda ]j ]pki e_ qj epo ]o kqphej a` ^u
Dkj v]hao*Rhhk]+ Pa_kj ` ]nu na_kj opi _pekj bkn ^qnj o_]n
_kj pn]_pqnao odkqh` ]hok ]l l nkt ei ]pa pdaoa ck]ho+
9&
ETR^ ] bcadRcX^ ]
Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ql l an hel *j ]o]h qj ep eo s ahh ` ao_ne^a`
bkn j kj ^qi ej fqneao+ Qda na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda naoqhpej c
` aba_po eo ] bqj _pekj kb oeva) hk_]pekj ) ]j ` pda ej r khr ai aj p
kb kpdan oqnnkqj ` ej c opnq_pqnao oq_d ]o pda ql l an hel ) _khq*
i ahh]) j ]o]h r aope^qha) _daag) ]j ` j koa %. 4&+
4+
J bbWd A[b 9 WXWUfe L [fZagf >` ha^hW_ W` f a X
fZW KWd_ [^^[a`
> ooaooi aj p kb ^qnj o_]no pk pda ql l an hel ej _hq` ao j kp kj hu
] nar eas kb pda okbp peooqa ` abe_ep) ^qp ]hok ]j ]ooaooi aj p kb
ej r khr ai aj p kb pda r ani ehhekj + Aeopknpekj ^aukj ` pd]p kb
]j ql l an hel a_pnkl ekj ]j ` ` aopnq_pekj kb @ql e` îo ^ks
]na ]hok ei l knp]j p pk j kpa+ Fj ]` ` epekj ) ` apani ej ej c pda
at paj p kb pda ej fqnu s ehh ` apani ej a eb pda l dehpi i ) pda
j ]o]h oehh) kn pda j ]okh]^e]h bkh` o ]na ej r khr a` + L qphej ej c
pda ` abe_epo kb pda h]pan]h ] j ` ,kn i a` e]h oaci aj po kb pda
ql l an hel s ehh ]hhks qo pk ` apani ej a pda at paj p kb pda
oqnb]_a okbp peooqa ` aba_p %0&+ Cqj _pekj ]h ]ooaooi aj p eo
]hok j kpa` + Fj pn]kn]h at _qnoekj eo j kp kj hu ] bqj _pekj kb
pda kn^e_qh]neo i qo_ha ^qp ]hok ]j ej ` e_]pekj kb pda l he]*
^ehepu kb pda oqnnkqj ` ej c peooqao+ Qda _kj pne^qpekj o kb
oqnnkqj ` ej c ]aopdape_ qj epo pk pda _kj pn]_pqna) ej l ]npe*
_qh]n) i qop ^a ]ooaooa` + Qda l naoaj _a kn ]^oaj _a kb ]
l dehpi i eo _nq_e]h ej ` ar eoej c ] oqnce_]h l h]j +
Fb pda l dehpi i eo l naoaj p ]j ` pda _kj pn]_pqnao ]na ^eh] p*
an]h) at _eoekj kb pda h]pan]h oq^qj epo kb pda ql l an hel ]j `
naoqnb]_ej c s epd ogej cn]bpo ]na na]okj ]^ha kl pekj o+ Qea*
kr an ^khopan ` naooej co ]na qoa` ]j ` l ]peaj po ]na cer aj
bqhh hemqe` o ej pda a]nhu l kopkl an]per a l anek` + ? khopan p]ga*
` ks j eo _]nnea` Lqp kj l kopkl an]per a ` ]uo 2 *4 pk ej oqna
cn]bp p]ga+ Qda qoa kb ] _ha]n R*r at i ]og eo ` aoena` pk
dahl l nar aj p cn]bp _kj pn]_pekj + Kar anpdahaoo) ej l ]peaj po
kb _khkn) dul anl eci aj p]pekj kb pda cn]bpo i ]u _ki l nki eoa
pda ]aopdape_ naoqhpo %Cec+ / 0+3&+
Oa_kj opnq_pekj s epdkqp pda l naoaj _a kb ] l dehpnqi eo
i kna ` ebbe_qhp+ Rj bknpqj ]pahu) i kop kb kqn hepan]pqna kj
na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda l dehpnqi _ki ao bnki _knna_pekj kb
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pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb ] oa_kj ` ]nu ` abkni epu+ Fj pdaoa
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` abe_ep) ]j ` pda at paj p kb ` aba_p+ Lj a l nk_a` qna ` kao j kp
bep ]hh l ]peaj po+ Akj ah]j %20& nar eas a` . 02 _]oao kb
> hpdkqcd pdana ]na ] l hapdkn] kb pa_dj emqao ` ao_ne^a` bkn
na*_na]pekj kb ] j kni ]h _ki i eooqna) pdaen qoa i ]u ^a
ol a_ebe_ bkn pda at paj p kb pda ` aba_p pk ^a na_kj opnq_pa`
%20*30&+ Roej c pda _h]ooebe_]pekj o_dai a ` ar eoa` ^u Mep]j *
mqu %2. &) i eh` ` abe_epo pd]p ]na j kpa` pk k__qn ql pk kj a*
oet pd kb ^kpd hel o i ]u ^a i ]j ]ca` ej ` ebbanaj p b]odekj o+
Fb i qo_ha hkoo eo j kp ]j eooqa) i q_ko]h ]` r ]j _ai aj p i ]u
^a ]` amq]pa pk naopkna pda j kni ]h _kj pkqn kb pda ql l an
]j ` hks an hel o ]o s ahh ]o pda _ki i eooqna+ Qda pa_dj emqa
kb i q_ko]h ]` r ]j _ai aj p s ]o nal knpa` ^u H]v]j ce]j
ap ]h+ %22& s epd r ]ne]pekj o ej ` aoecj nal knpa` ^u Dehhao
]j ` J ehh]n` %23&+ > hpanj ]per ahu) eb i qo_ha hkoo d]o
k__qnna` ) pda nkp]pekj ]` r ]j _ai aj p bh]l s epd ]pp]_da`
i qo_ha ]o ` ao_ne^a` ^u ? ]n]_d %1/ & ]j ` l kl qh]neva` ^u
/87<:6 %&!$%
Oaopkn]pekj kb pda i k` ekhqo+ %> & Qda l koepekj kb pda j as i k` ekhqo eo aop]^heoda` s epd ` eop]j _a bnki pda qj ^qi a` _ki *
i eooqna pk pda ej pan` aj p]h ol ]_a ^aps aaj pda i ]t ehh]nu _aj pn] ej _eokno ]o ] cqe` a+ %? & > na] kb o_]n at _eoekj bnki hks an hel pk ` eop]j _a
_ki l ]n]^ha pk pda qj ^qi a` i k` ekhqo+ %@& Qda kn^e_qh]neo kneo i qo_ha eo ]` r ]j _a` h]pan]hhu+ %A& Qda kn^e_qh]neo kneo i qo_ha bnki pda
ql l an ]j ` hks an hel eo ]` r ]j _a` h]pan]hhu pk pda hk_]pekj kb pda j as i k` ekhqo+ XCnki Maj ohan ]j ` Okoaj pd]h %21&+Y
ETR^ ] bcadRcX^] ^U H__Ta ?X_ P] S 6 ^\ \ XbbdaT
+*1
@]j ]` u %24& eo qoabqh+ > o ] r ]ne]pekj kb i q_ko]h ]` r ]j _a*
i aj p bh]l ) pda pne]j cqh]n l a` e_ha ej pn]kn]h bh]l ]o ` ao_ne^a`
^u Gkdj o %25& i ]u ^a ]l l nkl ne]pa+
> hpdkqcd l kl qh]neva` ej ]_qpa na_kj opnq_pekj kb _ki *
i eooqna ^qi o) pda pkj cqa bh]l ]o i k` ebea` ^u Akj ah]j
%20& d]o ^aaj qoa` ej oi ]hhan ` aba_po ^a_]qoa kb epo r ano]*
pehepu ]j ` nal knpa` hu oql anekn ]aopdape_ naoqhpo %2/ &+
J a` eqi *oeva` ` aba_po) pdkoa s de_d ej r khr a ql pk ]
pden` kb pda ql l an ]j ` hks an hel o ]j ` _ki i eooqna) i ]u
namqena i kna at paj oer a ]l l nk]_dao bkn _ki i eooqna ]j `
hel naopkn]pekj + > hpdkqcd pda pkj cqa bh]l ]j ` pda nkp]pekj
]` r ]j _ai aj p i q_ko]h bh]l o i ]u opehh ^a qoabqh) kpdan ej j k*
r ]per a pa_dj emqao d]r a ^aaj nal knpa` %26*3. &+ Fb pda _ki *
i eooqna eo j kp ej r khr a` ) pda _nkoo*hel l a` e_ha bh]l eo ]j
]hpanj ]per a _dke_a+ Fj ]` ` epekj ) E]c]j %3/ & nal knpa` pda
qoa kb pda j ]okh]^e]h i qo_qhk_qp]j akqo bh]l bkn _knna_pekj
kb i a` eqi *oeva` ` aba_po+
J kna oar ana ` aba_po) pdkoa cna]pan pd]j kj a*pden` kb pda
hel ) ]na ]` ` a` _d]hhaj cao pk pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb pdaoa
` aba_po+ Qda ]r ]eh]^ehepu kb hk_]h peooqa h]nca aj kqcd bkn
na_kj opi _pekj s ehh oqnahu hei ep kqn _dke_ao+ Qda qoa kb
` eop]j p peooqao) ]hpdkqcd ]` amq]pa) i ]u _ki l nki eoa ]ao*
pdape_o+ > c]ej ) pda pkj cqa bh]l ]l l a]no pk ^a ]^ha pk l nkr e` a
]` amq]pa peooqa bkn _ki i eooqna na_kj opi _pekj ]j ` i ]u ^a
pda s kng*dknoa qj ` an pdaoa _kj ` epekj o+ Lpdan qoao kb
nacekj ]h peooqa ej _hq` a pda qoa kb pda eoh]j ` oq^i aj p]h bh]l
ej _ki ^ej ]pekj s epd ] j ]okh]^e]h bh]l %30&+ > hpdkqcd bqj _*
pekj eo i ]ej p]ej a` ) pda ]aopdape_ naoqhpo ]na haoo pd]j kl pei ]h+
<<<& 6 BA6 ? HF
ql l an hel ]j ` _ki i eooqnao _kj pej qao pk ahq` a qo+ Qda mqao*
pekj kb s dapdan pk kl an]pa kn j kp kl an]pa opehh naoqnb]_ao+
Qda qoa kn j kj qoa kb ol hej po) ej panaopej chu aj kqcd) i ]u
_kj pej qa pk ^a _kj pnkr anoe]h+ Qda oaha_pekj kb pda pul a kb
kl an]pekj pk l anbkni kj pdaoa l ]peaj po eo ^]oa` kj ] i qhpe*
pq` a kb b]_pkno+ Eks ar an) eooqao nah]pa` pk pda at paj p kb pda
` aba_po) pda bqj _pekj ]h ei l ]eni aj p) ]j ` pda ^aop kl an]pekj
bkn ]aopdape_ na_kj opnq_pekj s ehh ]hs ]uo cqe` a kqn ` a_eoekj
]o pk s de_d kl an]pekj pk _dkkoa+ Oa]heope_ at l a_p]pekj o kj
pda l ]np kb kqn l ]peaj po) pdaen b]i eheao) ]j ` kqnoahr ao _]j
l nal ]na qo ]hh bkn pda oki apei ao haoo pd]j e` a]h naoqhpo
oaaj ej pda na_kj opnq_pekj kb r anu h]nca ` aba_po+ Kar anpda*
haoo) ]o na_kj opnq_per a oqncakj o) kqn ck]h eo pk _kj pej qa pk
l qnoqa pdaoa ` ebbe_qhp na_kj opi _pekj o s epd nabej ai aj po
]j ` j as ej j kr ]per a pa_dj emqao ej kn` an pk k^p]ej b]_e]h
d]ni kj u ]j ` ]aopdape_ ^]h]j _a+
E8 98 E8 A6 8 F
.+
Dkj v]hav*Rhhk] J ) @]opehhk > ) Ppar aj o B) > hr ]nav*Cqanpao
D) I akj ahhe C) R^]h` k C+ Mnahei ej ]nu opq` u kb pkp]h
naopkn]pekj kb pda b]_e]h ogej + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6218
. / 7. 2. *. 3. +
/ +
? Öncap D@) J aj e_g CG) > aopdape_ naopkn]pekj kb kj a d] hb pda
ql l an hel + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6538 457250*260+
0+
J ]ehh]n` DC) J kj p]j ` kj A+ Oa_kj opnq_per a oqncanu kb ` aal
^qi pk pda hel o+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 6518 . . 7322*335+
1+ T ehhe]i o M) T ] ns e_g O) Auokj J ) ? ]j j eopan I ) a` o+ Dn] uîo
> j ]pki u+
04pd a` + I kj ` kj 7
@dqn_dehh I er ej copkj a)
. 656724- *25- +
2+
Qdknag M) a` + > j ]pki u ej Pqncanu+ / j ` a` + Mdeh]` ahl de]7
I el l ej _kpp) . 63/ 7. . - *. 21+
3+
J ehh]n` AO) a` + @habp @n]bp %Qda Br khqpekj kb Fpo Pqncanu&+
. op a` + I eppha ? nks j # @k+) . 6437. 6*1- +
4+
Canj ]j ` av*S ehhkne] GJ + > opq` u kb pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb pda
kn^e_qh]neo kneo i qo_ha+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6428
22%/ &7/ - 2*/ . 0+
5+ ? nea` eo G) G]_gokj FQ+ Qda ]j ]pki u kb pda l dehpi i 7 k^oan*
r ]pekj o i ]` a kj ` eooa_pekj o ej pda j kni ]h hel + ? n G Mh]op
Pqnc . 65. 8 01%/ &7 . / 5*. 0/ +
6+
M]ca OB) Ppn]j _ J C+ Kkni ]h hel bqj _pekj ej ]` qhpo+ > j j
Mh]op Pqnc . 65/ 8 672- / *2- 2+
. -+
Ppn]j _ J C) M]ca OB+ Cqj _pekj ]h ]ol a_po kb pda na_kj *
opnq_pa` hel + > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 6508 . - 7. - 0*. . . +
. . +
E qj p GI ) Mqn` qa DC) Pl e_an Q) ? aj ej c ED) O]j ca P+ C]_e]h
^qi na_kj opnq_pekj 7 ` kao a]nhu at _eoekj ]j ` ]qpkcn]bpej c
ei l nkr a naoqhpo< ? qnj o . 6548 . 0706*11+
. / +
Gkj ookj @B) A]hoc]] n` @G+ B]nhu at _eoekj ]j ` cn]bpej c kb
oaha_pa` ^qnj o kb pda b]_a ]j ` j a_g+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 66. 8 55750*61+
. 0+
Cn]qhej CLD) I ehi ]uan PG) Qna` cap BB+ > ooaooi aj p kb
_koi ape_ ]j ` bqj _pekj ]h naoqhpo kb _kj oanr ]per a r o+ oqnce_]h
i ]j ]cai aj p kb b]_e]h ^qnj o+ G ? qi @]na Oad]^ . 6638
. 47. 6*/ 6+
. 1+ S kej _dap
S )
? ]n` kp
G)
B_dej ]n`
@)
> q^anp
GM)
J ]c]hkq B+ > ` r ]j p]cao kb a]nhu ^qnj at _eoekj ]j ` cn]bpej c
kb ^qnj o pk pda ]j panekn _anr e_]h nacekj + ? qnj o . 6628
/ . 7. 10*. 13+
. 2+
Gkqc]n` GM) B_dej ]n` @) @]nhej D) J ]j ahhe @) M]hunap A+
Par anepu ]j ` l nkcj koeo ]bpan a]nhu at _eoekj bnki kj a pk
ps aj pu kj a l an_aj p kb pda ^k` u oqnb]_a ]na]+ P_]j ` G
Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 64/ 8 . / 7. / . *. / 2+
. 3+ Bj cn]r I E) E aei ^]_d AJ ) T ]hgej od]s J A) J ]nr ej G> +
Bt _eoekj kb ^qnj o kb pda b]_a+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6538
447411*416+
. 4+ T aan` ] E) Peacanp O+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ql l an hel +
C]_e]h Mh]op Pqnc . 66- 8 474/ *50+
. 5+ Okpdi ]j AI + Ma` e]pne_ knkb]_e]h ej fqneao+ Ma` e]pne_o . 6638
1704*1/ +
. 6+ Cne_ga K? ) L i j ahh J I ) Aqp_dan HA) E khhaj ` an I D)
Bj cn]r I E+ Pgahap]h ]j ` ` aj p]h ` eopqn^]j _ao ]bpan b]_e]h
^qnj o ]j ` l naooqna c]ni aj po+ G ? qnj @]na Oad]^ . 6638
. 47005*012+
/ - + L j evqg] Q) > g]c] s ] Q) Qkgqj ]c] P+ > j as i apdk` pk
_na]pa ] l dehpnqi ej oa_kj ` ]nu _habp hel nal ]eno+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6458 3/ 751/ *514+
/ . + L j evqg] Q+ Mdehpnqi bkni ]pekj ej pda oa_kj ` ]nu _habp hel
nal ]en+ Mh]op Oa_kj op Pqnc . 6428 2372/ / *2/ 3+
/ / + Oae_danp E+ Mdehpnqi bkni ]pekj ej _habp hel oqncanu+ > j j
> _]` J a` . 6508 %oql l h / &7004*01- +
++(
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
/ 0+
K]i j kqi GA) E eohau H@) Dn]al ah P) Eqp_dej o DK) S ]j ` an
Hkhg @> + Qdnaa*` ei aj oekj ]h na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda dqi ]j
bap] h l dehpnqi + > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 6648 057/ - / */ - 5+
/ 1+
Q]j ca F+ Qda h]i ^` ] bh]l bkn oa_kj ` ]nu _habp hel nal ]en+
@habp M]h] pa @n]j ekb]_ G . 6648 017024*03. +
/ 2+
Hej j a^nas J @+ Roa kb pda > ^^a bh]l ej nar eoekj kb pda
^eh]pan]h _habp hel *j koa ` abkni epu+ Ln]h Pqnc Ln]h J a`
Ln]h M]pdkh . 6508 237. / *. 6+
/ 3+
P]` kr a > J ) Bl l hau ? I + @knna_pekj kb oa_kj ` ]nu _habp hel
]j ` j ]o]h ` abkni epeao+ @hej e_o Mh]op Pqnc . 6608 / - 7460*5- . +
/ 4+
Pqvqge P+ M]n]*]h]n _nao_aj pne_ oq^_qp]j akqo l a` e_ha bh]l
bkn nal ]en kb ogej ` aba_po ej pda l dehpnqi + > j j Mh]op Pqnc
. 6568 / 0711/ *113+
/ 5+
S ah]o_k S P) J ]npej av P> ) Aeav J B) Maj ] A> + Eai e*
l dehpnqi nkp]pa` bh]l + > j j Mh]op Pqnc / - - 08 2- 715- *150+
/ 6+
Gqngeas e_v J G) Hnea_g QG) J ]pdao PG) > neu]j + Mh]ope_
Pqncanu7 Mnej _el hao ]j ` Mn]_pe_a+ Pp+ I kqeo7 @r J ko^u
@k+) . 66- 71. 6*106+
0- +
J _@]npdu GD) J ]u GT ) I eppha T G+ Mh]ope_ Pqncanu+ I kj ` kj 7
T +? + P]qj ` ano) . 66- 73. 1*3/ / +
0. +
Kas D? + Pe_gha bh]l bkn j ]o]h na_kj opnq_pekj + Pqnc Duj _kh
L ^opap . 6128 6- 7164+
0/ +
H]v]j fe]j S E) @kj r anoa GJ + Qda Pqnce_]h Qna]pi aj p kb
C]_e]h Fj fqneao+ 0n` a` + ? ]hpei kna) J A7 T ehhe]i o ]j `
T ehgej o @k+) . 641+
00+
Hei G@) E]` hk_g Q) S ]nr ]nao J > ) @daj au J I + E]en*^a]nej c
pai l knkl ]neap]h b]_e]h bh]l na_kj opnq_pekj kb ql l an hel ]j `
o_]hl ` aba_po+ > n_d C]_e]h Mh]op Pqnc / - - . 8 07. 4- *. 44+
01+ A]pq^k*? nks j AA) Hd]he` HK) I ar e_g MI + Qeooqa
at l ]j ` a` r eokn bh]l ej ^qi oqncanu+ > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 6618
0/ 7/ - 2*/ - 5+
02+
E]bave C) K]cde^v]` ad ? ) Kkqde >+ C]_e]h na_kj opi _pekj
qoej c pda r eokn o_]hl bh]l + ? qi o / - - / 8 / 57346*350+
03+ T ]hpkj OI ) ? qj geo G+ > bnaa k__el ep]h d]en*^a]nej c bh]l bkn
na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda ql l an hel + ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 6508
037. 35*. 4- +
04+ I ukj o D? ) J ehnku ? @) I aj ` r ]u MD) Qkaopkj I J + Rl l an
hel na_kj opi _pekj 7 qoa kb pda bnaa oql anbe_e]h pai l kn]h
]npanu d]en*^a]nej c bh]l + ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 6568 1/ 7000*003+
05+ Qk^ej DO) L îA]j eah+ I el na_kj opnq_pekj s epd i kpkn ]j `
oaj oknu ej j ancn]pa` _ki l koepa bh]l o+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc
. 66- 8 . 473/ 0*30/ +
06+ Oe_d]n` okj AP) Heppha MB+ Bt pn]kn]h i ]j ]cai aj p kb ] hel
_ki i eooqna ^qi + G Aaj @deh` . 65. 8 02/ *023+
1- + A]r eao J O+ ? qi o _]qoa` ^u aha_pne_epu+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6258 . . 7/ 55*/ 6/ +
1. + J _@]qhau OI ) ? ]nnap GM+ Bha_pne_]h ej fqneao+ Fj 7 Bne_gokj B)
a` + Mh]ope_ Pqncanu7 Fj ` e_]pekj o) L l an]pekj o ]j ` Lqp_ki ao+
Pp+ I kqeo7 J ko^u) Fj _+) / - - - 7042*054+
1/ + @]j ]` u QT ) Qdki l okj P> ) ? ]n]_d G+ Ln]h _ki i eooqna
^qi o ej _deh` naj + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6638 647405*411+
10+ @vanal ]g @P+ Ln]h ol hej p pdan]l u pk i ]j ]ca aha_pne_]h ^qi o
kb pda i kqpd ej _deh` naj + @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 6518 . . 7352*36/ +
11+ Mknp OJ ) @kkhau OL+ Qna]pi aj p kb aha_pne_]h ^qi o kb pda
kn]h ]j ` l anekn]h peooqao ej _deh` naj + G > i Aaj p > ook_
. 6538 . . / 702/ *021+
12+ P]j ` kr a > J ) Gkj ao GB) I uj _d QO) Pdaapo MT + > l l he]j _a
pdan]l u bkn l anokj ]h aha_pne_]h ^qnj o7 ] _kj oanr ]per a
]l l nk]_d+ G ? qi @]na Oad]^ . 6538 6706. *062+
13+ Ka]ha ET ) ? ehhi ena A> ) Dnacknu OL+ J ]j ]cai aj p kb
l anekn]h ^qi o_]nnej c ej pda _deh` ]j ` ]` khao_aj p+ > j j
Mh]op Pqnc . 6528 . 27/ . / */ . 4+
14+
Aa I ] Mh]v] O) Nqapch]o > ) Ok` necqav B+ Qna]pi aj p kb
aha_pne_]h ^qnj o pk pda i kqpd+ ? qi o . 6508 . - 716*3- +
15+
L npev*J kj aopanek C) C]_pkn O+ B]nhu ` abej epekj pna]pi aj p kb
aha_pne_]h ^qi o pk pda i kqpd+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 65/ 8
367. 36*. 40+
16+ L ncahh J D) ? nks j E@) T kkhdkqoa CJ + Bha_pne_]h ^qnj o
kb pda i kqpd ej _deh` naj 7 ] i apdk` bkn ]ooaooej c naoqhpo+
G Qn]qi ] . 6428 . 27/ 52*/ 56+
2- +
Pehr anch] ` a A) Oq^anc Oh+ Kkj *oqnce_]h i ]j ]cai aj p kb
^qi o pk pda hel o ]j ` _ki i eooqnao+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 6538
. 0754*61+
2. + Mep]j mqu F) S eaen] M) J qhhan M) Manoe_dappe M) Me__khk K+
J ]j ]cai aj p kb aha_pne_]h ej fqneao+ @ki l aj ` @kj p B` q_
Aaj p . 6538 . - 70- *00+
2/ + W]nai E> ) Dnaaj AJ + Qkj cqa bh]l bkn na_kj opnq_pekj kb
pda hel o ]bpan aha_pne_]h ^qnj o+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6468
2070. - *0. / +
20+ Akj ah]j J ? + Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb aha_pne_]h ^qnj o kb pda kn]h
_ki i eooqna s epd ] r aj pn]h pkj cqa bh]l + Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc
. 6628 627. . 22*. . 30+
21+ Maj ohan GJ ) Okoaj pd]h >+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda kn]h
_ki i eooqna ]bpan ]j aha_pne_]h ej fqnu+ G ? qnj @]na Oad]^
. 66-8 . . 72- *20+
22+ H]v]j ce] j S E) Okkl aj e]j > + Qda pna] pi aj p kb hel ` abkn*
i epeao naoqhpej c bnki aha_pne_]h ^qi o+ > i G Pqnc . 6218
55755/ +
23+ Dehhao E) J ehh]n` AO+ I el pn]qi ]+ Fj 7 Dehhao E) J ehh]n` AO)
a` o+ Mnej _el hao ]j ` > np kb Mh]ope_ Pqncanu+ S kh+ FF+ ? kopkj 7
I eppha) ? nks j ]j ` @k+) . 62472- 5*2- 6+
24+ ? ]n` ]_d G+ I k_]h bh]l o ]j ` bnaa ogej cn]bpo+ Fj 7 Ea]` ]j `
Ka_g Oa_kj opi _pekj + Pp+ I kqeo7 J ko^u) Fj _+) . 66/ +
25+ Gkdj o CO) P]j ` han K> ) L_do J T + Qda qoa kb pda pne]j cqh]n
l a` e_ha bh]l bkn kn]h _ki i eooqna l h]opu7 nal knp kb ] _]oa+
G Ln]h J ]t ehhkb]_ Pqnc . 6658 237/ / 5*/ 0. +
26+ I ks A) @h]ng O) Gei aj av C) Aaep_d B> + Qda ^el a` e_ha`
hel bh]l bkn na_kj opnq_pekj kb pda r ani ehhekj ^kn` an ej
pda l ]peaj p s epd oar ana l anekn]h ^qnj + Ln]h Pqnc . 6548
3072/ 3*2/ 6+
3- + I a]ga GB) @qnpej GT + Bha_pne_]h ^qi o kb pda i kqpd ej
_deh` naj + @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 6518 . . 7336*350+
3. + @koi ]j ? ) Dkj c H) @negah]en DC+ E knevkj p]h _nkoo hel bh]l
s epd l a` e_ha ]p _ki i eooqna7 ] _]oa nal knp+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6358 1. 7/ 40*/ 42+
3/ + E]c]j
T B+
K]okh]^e]h
i qo_qhk_qp]j akqo
bh]l
ej
na_kj opnq_pekj kb kn]h ` aba_po+
I ]nuj cko_kl a
. 6538
63751- *512+
30+ A]u] J ) J ] dki r ] L) J ]` ]naa >+ > i qhpel ha na_kj opnq_*
pekj kb pda kn]h _ki i eooqnao ]j ` ql l an ]j ` hks an hel s epd
]j eoh]j ` oq^i ]j e] h bh]l ]j ` ] j ]okh]^e]h bh]l + Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc / - - . 8 . - 57635*64. +