Functional and Aesthetic Reconstruction of Burn Patients

4 ] TbcWTbXP U^a ETR^] bcadRcXeT 5 da] FdaVTah

0/
P_]no bnki ` aal b]_e]h ]j ` j a_g ^qnj o _]j l nk` q_a ]
r ]neapu kb ` aba_po a]_d kb s de_d eo ]ook_e]pa` s epd ]
qj emqa ]ens ]u i ]j ]cai aj p l nk^hai + Fj bkni ]pekj c]ej a`
bnki ] pdknkqcd ]ens ]u ar ]hq]pekj %ej _hq` ej c _]nabqh
nar eas kb pda i a` e_]h na_kn` & eo _nepe_]h pk ]` amq]pa l h]j *
j ej c bkn ]ens ]u i ]j ]cai aj p+
Aaj oa o_]no kr an pda hks an b]_a ]j ` j a_g _]j ` eol h]_a
pda i ]j ` e^ha l kopaneknhu ]o s ahh ]o naopne_p epo i k^ehepu
%Cec+ 4+/ & i ]gej c at l koqna kb h]nuj ca]h opnq_pqnao ` ebbe_qhp
` qnej c ` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u+ Fj ukqj c l ]peaj po i ]j ` e^qh]n
cnks pd _]j ^a nap]n` a` ^u kr anhuej c o_]no l nk` q_ej c) ej
abba_p) ]j ]_mqena` i e_nkcj ]pde]) s de_d bqnpdan ei l ]eno
` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u %Cec+ 4+0&+ J e_nkopki e] ` qa pk o_]n
_kj pn]_pqnao _]j l nar aj p ej oanpekj kb ] h]nuj cko_kl a
^h]` a ej pk pda i kqpd %Cec+ 4+1&+ K]o]h o_]no _]j i ]ga ep ` eb*
be_qhp pk ej pnk` q_a ] j ]o]h aj ` kpn]_da]h pq^a %Cec+ 4+2&+
T daj pdaoa _kj ` epekj o _kat eop %Cec+ 4+3& pda _d]hhaj ca eo
` kq^hu ` ebbe_qhp+ Qn]qi ]pe_ ej fqneao ]ook_e]pa` s epd ^qnj o
_]j _]qoa peooqa hkoo ]j ` o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao ]j ` ` abkni epeao
pd]p i ]ga na_kcj epekj kb ]ens ]u opnq_pqnao ` ebbe_qhp) ar aj
^u bhat e^ha be^ankl pe_ h]nuj cko_kl u %Cec+ 4+4&+
T epd oq_d ] ^nk]` n]j ca kb ` abkni epeao) ep eo _ha]n pd]p
pda l nakl an]per a ]ens ]u ar ]hq]pekj namqenao i kna pd]j ]
J ]hh]i l ]pe _h]ooebe_]pekj at ]i + Qda oeva kb pda i kqpd
kl aj ej c odkqh` ^a at ]i ej a` pk ` apani ej a eb ep eo h]nca
aj kqcd pk ]hhks ` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u+ Qda j ]nao odkqh`
]hok ^a at ]i ej a` pk ` apani ej a s dapdan kn j kp l ]oo]ca kb
]j aj ` kpn]_da]h pq^a eo l kooe^ha kn eb i ]og r aj peh]pekj eo
l kooe^ha s deha pda i kqpd eo _hkoa` + @anr e_]h ol ej a i k^ehepu
odkqh` ^a ar ]hq]pa` ^a_]qoa hei epa` i kpekj kb pda j a_g
i ]u l na_hq` a pda ëoj ebbej c l koepekj í ]j ` ]hecj i aj p kb
pda ]ens ]u ]t ao+ Mkopanekn ` eol h]_ai aj p kb pda i ]j ` e^ha
_]j ^a ar ]hq]pa` ^u i a]oqnej c pda pdunki aj p]h ` eop]j _a+
9XVdaT / &+
Lj r anu ukqj c l ]peaj po o_]n bkni ]pekj kr an pda
hks an b]_a _]j hei ep i ]j ` e^qh]n cnks pd naoqhpej c ej ] bkni kb
]_mqena` i e_nkcj ]pde] +
Qda ` abkni epeao ` ao_ne^a` ]^kr a _]j j kp kj hu i ]ga
` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u ei l kooe^ha) ^qp hei epa` i ]j ` e^qh]n
i k^ehepu i ]u ]hok i ]ga ep ` ebbe_qhp kn ei l kooe^ha pk ]__ki *
l heod i ]og r aj peh]pekj kb pda l ]peaj p ]bpan ej ` q_pekj kb
caj an]h ]j aopdaoe]+
J kop ]j aopdape_o ]j ` oa` ]per ao _]qoa nah]t ]pekj kb
l d]nuj ca]h i qo_hao+ > o ] naoqhp) k^opnq_pekj kb pda ql l an
]ens ]u kbpaj k__qno ` qnej c ej ` q_pekj kb ]j aopdaoe]+ Qdeo
k^opnq_pekj _]j ^a nahear a` ej i kop l ]peaj po ^u hebpej c pda
_dej ]j ` ]` r ]j _ej c pda i ]j ` e^ha+ T daj pda i ]j ` e^ha eo
ei i k^eha ` qa pk pde_g kr anhuej c o_]n peooqa pda ]ens ]u
_]j j kp ^a kl aj a` ^u pdaoa i ]j aqr ano ]j ` ]ens ]u k^opnq_*
pekj _]j j kp ^a nahear a` + P]ba ]j ` abba_per a i ]j ]cai aj p
kb pdaoa l ]peaj po namqenao at ]i ej ]pekj kb i ]j ` e^qh]n
9XVdaT / &*
Aena_p h]nuj cko_kl u eo i ]` a ` ebbe_qhp ^u pda l na*
oaj _a kb ` aj oa o_]n peooqa kr an pda b]_a ]j ` j a_g s de_d _]j ` eo*
l h]_a pda i ]j ` e^ha l kopaneknhu ]j ` naopne_p i ]j ` e^qh]n i kpekj +
9XVdaT / &,
? qnj o_]n _kj pn]_pekj o ej r khr ej c pda i kqpd _]j
_]qoa i e_nkopki e] ) s de_d _]j l na_hq` a ej oanpekj kb ] h] nuj ck*
o_kl a ^h]` a+

00
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
9XVdaT / &-
? qnj o_]no ej r khr ej c pda j koa _]j na` q_a j ]nao
` ei aj oekj o
i ]gej c
j ]okpn]_da]h
ej pq^]pekj
` ebbe_qhp
kn
ei l kooe^ha+
i k^ehepu pk l na` e_p a]oa kb i ]og r aj peh]pekj ]bpan ej ` q_pekj
kb caj an]h ]j aopdaoe]+ T daj ` aj oa o_]n peooqa ei l ]eno
i ]j ` e^qh]n i k^ehepu) pda ]j aopdape_ l h]j i qop l nkr e` a ]
i a]j o pk gaal pda ]ens ]u l ]paj p qj peh pda pn]_da] eo ej pq*
^]pa` + Pl a_e]heva` pa_dj emqao kpdan pd]j _kj r aj pekj ]h
` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u ]na kbpaj namqena` +
9XVdaT / &.
Bj ` kpn]_da]h ej pq^]pekj _]j ^a aol a_e]hhu _d] hhaj *
cej c s daj ^kpd i e_nkopki e] ]j ` oi ]hh j ]nao k__qn pkcapdan+
9XVdaT / &/
? qi o k__]oekj ]hhu ]na ]__ki l ]j ea` ^u pn]qi ]pe_
ej fqnu naoqhpej c ej i ]j ` e^qh]n ]j ` okbp peooqa hkoo pd]p _]qoao ]j ]*
pki e_ ` eopknpekj pd]p _]j i ]ga be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj ` ebbe_qhp+
5&
Cd[\ ^ ] Pah 8 eP[dPcX^ ]
M]peaj po oqbbanej c i ]ooer a ^qi o ]na oq^fa_p pk ] r ]neapu kb
ej oqhpo pk pda naol en]pknu ouopai %6&+ > p pda pei a kb ej fqnu
pdana i ]u ^a ej d]h]pekj kb dkp c]oao ]j ` oi kga pd]p
` ]i ]ca pda h]nuj t ) naol en]pknu al epdaheqi kb pda ]ens ]uo)
kn l qhi kj ]nu l ]naj _dui ]+ Bl epdahe]h ej fqnu _]j ei l ]en
_ehe]nu bqj _pekj ]j ` naoqhp ej nap]ej a` i q_kqo kn kpdan
i ]pane]ho+ Aqnej c pda ]_qpa l d]oa kb ej fqnu pdana eo ]
decd neog kb l j aqi kj e] ]j ` ]` qhp naol en]pknu ` ekpnaoo ouj *
` nki a %> OAP& ej l ]peaj po s epd ej d]h]pekj ej fqnu+ Mnk*
hkj ca` r aj peh]pekj s epd decd r khqi ao ]j ` l naooqnao _]j
_kj pne^qpa pk l ]naj _dui ]h ` ]i ]ca+ I ]nuj ca]h ej fqnu
bnki da]p ]j ` ennep]pekj bnki ]j aj ` kpn]_da]h pq^a _]j
l nk` q_a hkj c*pani _ki l he_]pekj o oq_d ]o h]nuj ca]h opaj k*
oeo kn i kpkn ` uobqj _pekj + Qdaoa _]j ei l ]en r k_]h _kn`
bqj _pekj ]j ` ha]` pk _dnkj e_ ]ol en]pekj + Qdaoa ej oqhpo _]j
naoqhp ej _dnkj e_ l qhi kj ]nu l ]pdkhkcu ej _hq` ej c l qhi kj *
]nu be^nkoeo) na` q_a` l qhi kj ]nu _]l ehh]nu r khqi a) ^nkj _d*
ehkhepeo k^hepan]j o) _dnkj e_ ^nkj _depeo) ]j ` ^nkj _dea_p]oeo
%. - *. 0&+ Qdaoa _kj ` epekj o _]j ha]` pk ] r ]neapu kb ]ook_e*
]pa` l qhi kj ]nu bqj _pekj l nk^hai o ej _hq` ej c na]_per a
]ens ]u ` eoa]oa) ]hpana` _ki l he]j _a) ej _na]oa` ` a]` ol ]_a

4 ] TbcWTbXP U^a ETR^] bcadRcXeT 5 da] FdaVTah

01
]j ` _hkoej c r khqi a) ]j ` hei ep]pekj kb ` ebbqoekj + > ` ` epekj ]h
i a_d]j e_]h ` abe_eaj _eao ]hok i ]u ei l ]en l qhi kj ]nu bqj _*
pekj + Mnkhkj ca` r aj peh]pekj ]j ` ei i k^ehev]pekj _]j _]qoa
i qo_ha ]pnkl du ]j ` s a]gj aoo kb naol en]pknu i qo_hao+
Qdkn]_e_ ^qi o_]no %aol a_e]hhu s daj _en_qi banaj pe]h&
i ]u _kj pne^qpa pk ] naopne_per a naol en]pknu ` aba_p+ Pl ej ]h
` abkni epeao ` qa pk ^qi o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao _]j ]hok _]qoa
] oar ana naopne_per a naol en]pknu ` aba_p+ I kj c*pani bkhhks *
ql kb l qhi kj ]nu bqj _pekj ]i kj c > OAP oqnr er kno d]o
nar a]ha` ] h]nca ` acnaa kb dapankcaj aepu+ Cqj _pekj i ]u
^a j a]n j kni ]h ej pdkoa s dk s ana ukqj c ]j ` ` e` j kp
oi kga ]p pda pei a kb ej fqnu+ Eks ar an) naol en]pknu bqj _pekj
i ]u ^a oecj ebe_]j phu ei l ]ena` ej kh` an l ]peaj po ]j ` ej pdkoa
s dk d]` ]` ` epekj ]h _ki kn^e` epeao ]p pda pei a kb ej fqnu
%. 1&+ Qda i kop _ki i kj ]^j kni ]hepeao oaaj d]r a ^aaj
na` q_a` ` ebbqoej c _]l ]_epu ]j ` a]ou b]pec]^ehepu+ Qda
k^oanr ]pekj pd]p l kkn at an_eoa pkhan]j _a ` e` j kp _knnah]pa
s epd pda ` a_na]oa ej ` ebbqoekj _]l ]_epu oqccaopo pd]p pda
a]nhu b]pecqa oaaj ej pdaoa l ]peaj po eo qj nah]pa` pk l qhi kj *
]nu l ]pdkhkcu %. 1&+
Daj an]h ]j aopdaoe] l nk` q_ao ] r ]neapu kb abba_po pd]p
i ]u ^a ]ook_e]pa` s epd l anekl an]per a l qhi kj ]nu _ki l he*
_]pekj o+ Qdaoa abba_po ej _hq` a ` al naooa` naol en]pknu
` ner a) naol en]pknu i qo_ha ` uobqj _pekj ) ` a_na]oa` bqj _*
pekj ]h naoe` q]h _]l ]_epu) ]j ` ]paha_p]oeo %. 2). 3&+ Fj l ]peaj po
s epd l na*at eopej c l qhi kj ]nu ` uobqj _pekj ) pdaoa abba_po ]na
i kna hegahu pk ha]` pk l anekl an]per a l qhi kj ]nu _ki l he*
_]pekj o oq_d ]o ^nkj _dkol ]oi ) l j aqi kj e]) kn naol en]pknu
b]ehqna namqenej c i a_d]j e_]h r aj peh]pekj + Qdaoa _ki l he*
_]pekj o ]na ]hok i kna hegahu ej l ]peaj po s epd _dnkj e_ oamqa*
h]a kb ^qi ]j ` ej d]h]pekj ej fqnu+
Fj kn` an pk ]ooaoo neog kb l anekl an]per a l qhi kj ]nu _ki *
l he_]pekj o) nar eas kb pda i a` e_]h na_kn` o eo namqena` + Qda
na_kn` odkqh` ^a at ]i ej a` bkn ar e` aj _a kb oi kga ej d]h]*
pekj ej fqnu kn ]ol en]pekj ]o s ahh ]o _ki l he_]pekj o naoqhpej c
bnki pd]p ej epe]h ej fqnu+ Hj ks ha` ca kb pda dkol ep]h _kqnoa
eo ]hok _nepe_]h bkn ]ooaooi aj p kb neog ]j ` l h]j j ej c ]j ao*
pdape_ i ]j ]cai aj p+ > deopknu kb l nkhkj ca` i a_d]j e_]h
r aj peh]pekj ej ` e_]pao neog kb oanekqo l qhi kj ]nu _ki l he*
_]pekj o+ Qda ej ` e_]pekj o bkn i a_d]j e_]h r aj peh]pekj
odkqh` ^a okqcdp) ]hkj c s epd ar e` aj _a kb l j aqi kj e])
pn]_dakopki u) ]j ` > OAP+
M]peaj p deopknu odkqh` ej _hq` a mqaopekj o nac]n` ej c i kna
na_aj p l qhi kj ]nu oui l pki o kb ` a_na]oa` at an_eoa pkhan*
]j _a) ^nkj _dkol ]oi ) odknpj aoo kb ^na]pd) ]j ` ol qpqi
l nk` q_pekj + Qdeo ej bkni ]pekj i ]u l nkr a dahl bqh ej l h]j *
j ej c ]j aopdape_ i ]j ]cai aj p pk i ej ei eva l anekl an]per a
l qhi kj ]nu _ki l he_]pekj o+
Fj ]oui l pki ]pe_ l ]peaj po l nakl an]per a l qhi kj ]nu bqj _*
pekj paopo d]r a ^aaj bkqj ` pk ^a ej abba_per a ej l na` e_pej c
l anekl an]per a l qhi kj ]nu _ki l he_]pekj o %. 4&+ Mqhi kj ]nu
bqj _pekj paopo ]na ] _hej e_]hhu ]j ` a_kj ki e_]hhu ej abbe_eaj p
o_naaj bkn _hej e_]hhu k__qhp l qhi kj ]nu ` uobqj _pekj +
Eks ar an) pdaoa paopo i ]u ^a r ]hq]^ha ]o ] i ]j ]cai aj p
pkkh pk kl pei eva l qhi kj ]nu bqj _pekj ]j ` ) ej l ]peaj po s epd
i ]ncej ]h bqj _pekj ) pda ej bkni ]pekj ` aner a` bnki pdaoa
paopo i ]u dahl cqe` a oal ]n]pekj bnki i a_d]j e_]h oql l knp
l kopkl an]per ahu+
6 &
CaT^_TaPcXeT 7 XPV] ^bcXR GTbcb
Fj pda l ]op oki a l nakl an]per a paopo s ana l anbkni a` nkqpe*
j ahu) i a]j ej c pd]p pdau s ana qoa` pk e` aj pebu ] ` eoa]oa
kn ` eokn` an ej ]oui l pki ]pe_ l anokj o+ Br e` aj _a*^]oa` _kj *
oe` an]pekj o d]r a ` eo_na` epa` pdeo l n]_pe_a+ Ckn at ]i l ha) ep
eo j k hkj can _kj oe` ana` j a_aoo]nu pk kn` an l nakl an]per a
dai kchk^ej ` apani ej ]pekj o kn qnej ]huoeo s epdkqp ol a_ebe_
ej ` e_]pekj o+ > nal knp kb pda > P> Q]og Ckn_a kj Mna]*
j aopdaoe] Br ]hq]pekj na_ki i aj ` o pd]p l na]j aopdape_ paopo
odkqh` j kp ^a kn` ana` nkqpej ahu %5&+ Qdaoa na_ki i aj *
` ]pekj o ]na ]l l nkl ne]pa bkn ^qi na_kj opnq_pekj l ]peaj po+
Fp eo qj qoq]h bkn pdaoa l ]peaj po pk ^haa` oqbbe_eaj phu pk
namqena ej pn]kl an]per a pn]j obqoekj + Qdeo i a]j o pd]p qj haoo
pda l ]peaj p ]l l a]no _hej e_]hhu ]j ai e_ kn s daj at paj oer a
^hkk` hkoo eo at l a_pa` ) ep eo qj j a_aoo]nu pk kn` an dai k*
chk^ej har aho l nakl an]per ahu+ Ae]cj kope_ paopo odkqh` j kp
^a kn` ana` nkqpej ahu) ^qp odkqh` ^a ^]oa` kj ej ` e_]pekj o
nar a]ha` ` qnej c pda l nakl an]per a ar ]hq]pekj + Lj a at _al *
pekj eo pda nkqpej a l nacj ]j _u paopej c kb ]hh l nai aj kl ]qo]h
i aj opnq]pej c bai ]hao+ Fj bera opq` eao) pda naoqhpo s ana
l koeper a ej - +0*/ +/ " kb _]oao+ Qdeo ej bkni ]pekj ha` pk
]hpan]pekj o ej i ]j ]cai aj p kn _]j _ahh]pekj ej . - - " kb
_]oao s dana pda l ]peaj p s ]o bkqj ` pk ^a l nacj ]j p %5&+
<<<&
@4 A4 : 8 @8 AG B9 4 A8 FG; 8 F<4
Fj pda ]^oaj _a kb oecj ebe_]j p _kat eopej c ` eoa]oa) ]ens ]u
i ]j ]cai aj p) ]j ` r ]o_qh]n ]__aoo ]na pda i ]fkn _kj oe` an*
]pekj o bkn pda ]j aopdape_ i ]j ]cai aj p kb l ]peaj po l naoaj p*
ej c bkn na_kj opnq_per a oqncanu ]bpan at paj oer a ^qi
ej fqneao+ Mnk^hai o nah]pej c pk ]ens ]u i ]j ]cai aj p ej
pdaoa l ]peaj po ]na j kp kj hu pa_dj e_]hhu _d]hhaj cej c ^qp
i ]u ]hok _na]pa heba*pdna]paj ej c oepq]pekj o s dana ep eo ` ebbe*
_qhp kn ei l kooe^ha pk r aj peh]pa) ej pq^]pa) kn ar aj pk aop]^*
heod ] oqnce_]h ]ens ]u+ Bt paj oer a o_]nej c _]j k^o_qna ]hh
l anel dan]h r aej o ok pd]p _aj pn]h r aj kqo ]__aoo eo namqena`
]j ` pdeo i ]u ^a r anu ` ebbe_qhp ej oki a l ]peaj po+ M]peaj p
]ca kn _kkl an]per epu eo ]j kpdan ei l knp]j p _kj oe` an]pekj
ej pdeo l ]peaj p l kl qh]pekj ^a_]qoa ep _]j naopne_p pna]pi aj p
kl pekj o+ > s ]ga l nk_a` qnao ]na o]baop ]j ` ]na l kooe^ha s epd
oa` ]pekj _ki ^ej a` s epd hk_]h kn pkl e_]h ]j aopdaoe] ej
]` qhpo) ^qp l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po kn ]j t ekqo ]` qhpo kbpaj
namqena ` aal oa` ]pekj kn caj an]h ]j aopdaoe] bkn _aj pn]h
r aj kqo _]j j qh]pekj kn ]ens ]u i ]j ]cai aj p+ Aaal oa` ]pekj
kn caj an]h ]j aopdaoe] ej pdaoa l ]peaj po l nekn pk aop]^heodej c
r ]o_qh]n ]__aoo kn oa_qnej c pda ]ens ]u _na]pao ] l anek` kb

1(

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
r qhj an]^ehepu+ Rj ` an pdaoa _kj ` epekj o o]ba ]j ` abba_per a
_]na namqenao pdknkqcd l h]j j ej c ]j ` l nal ]n]pekj +
Fp eo ]hs ]uo ei l knp]j p pd]p l ]peaj po ]na i ]` a _ki bknp]*
^ha ]j ` bnaa kb ]j t eapu) ^qp bkn pda ^qnj na_kj opnq_pekj
l ]peaj p pdeo _kj oe` an]pekj p]gao kj ]` ` a` oecj ebe_]j _a+
Qdaoa l ]peaj po kbpaj namqena i qhpel ha l nk_a` qnao qj ` an
]j aopdaoe]+ > opnaoobqh kn qj l ha]o]j p at l aneaj _a ej pda
kl an]pej c nkki _]j i ]ga oq^oamqaj p ej ` q_pekj o ar aj
i kna _d]hhaj cej c aol a_e]hhu ej l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po+ Qdeo
i ]gao ep i kna ei l knp]j p pk nar eas pda na_kn` o ]j ` mqao*
pekj pda l ]peaj p ]j ` b]i ehu nac]n` ej c s de_d l nai a` e_]*
pekj o ]j ` ej ` q_pekj pa_dj emqao s ana i kop abba_per a+
> bej ]h ol a_ebe_ eooqa pk _kj oe` an bkn ]j aopdape_ i ]j ]ca*
i aj p kb ^qi na_kj opnq_pekj l ]peaj po eo pda i ap]^khe_
_kj oamqaj _ao kb h]nca ^qi o+ Ckn ] r ]ne]^ha l anek` kb pei a
bkhhks ej c da]hej c kb i ]fkn ^qi s kqj ` o) i ap]^khe_
_d]j cao l anoeop+ Qdaoa _d]j cao ej _hq` a dul ani ap]^khe_ ]j `
dul an` uj ]i e_ _en_qh]pknu op]pao ej ]` ` epekj ) ` nqc naol kj oao
]na ]hpana` aj kqcd pk ]bba_p ]j aopdape_ i ]j ]cai aj p+
4 &
CaT^_TaPcXeT CaT_PaPcX^]
Mnakl an]per a ]j t eapu eo ] i ]fkn _kj _anj bkn ]j u l ]peaj p
s dk d]o oqop]ej a` ] ^qnj ]j ` l naoaj po bkn na_kj opnq_per a
oqncanu+ J ]j u l kop^qi l ]peaj po ` k j kp at de^ep hkj c*pani
i ]fkn l ou_de]pne_ kn l ou_dkok_e]h ei l ]eni aj p %. 5&+
E ks ar an) ej ` er e` q]ho s dk d]r a oqop]ej a` oecj ebe_]j p
^qi ej fqnu ]na ]p neog bkn ] r ]neapu kb l ou_de]pne_ ` eokn` ano
oq_d ]o l koppn]qi ]pe_ opnaoo ` eokn` an) l dk^e]o ]j ` kpdan
]j t eapu ` eokn` ano %4&+ Qda ej _e` aj _a kb l ou_de]pne_ ` eo*
kn` ano ej ^qnj a` _deh` naj d]o ^aaj _ki l ]na` s epd pda ej _e*
` aj _a ej oqnr er kno kb kpdan pn]qi ]pe_ ar aj po+ ? qnj a`
_deh` naj d]` oecj ebe_]j phu i kna l dk^e_ ` eokn` ano) ]j t eapu
` eokn` ano) ]j ` l koppn]qi ]pe_ opnaoo ` eokn` ano %. 6&+ J ]j u
l kop^qnj l ]peaj po _kj pej qa pk d]r a ej pani eppaj p l anek` o kb
ej _na]oa` ]j t eapu+ Oapqnj pk pda dkol ep]h bkn na_kj opnq_per a
oqncanu eo ]j aol a_e]hhu opnkj c opei qhqo bkn napqnj kb
]j t eapu %4&+
Mnakl an]per a ]j t eapu eo j kp kj hu qj l ha]o]j p bkn pda
l ]peaj p ]j ` _ki l he_]pao ej ` q_pekj kb caj an]h ]j aopdaoe])
^qp ep _]j _kj pne^qpa pk ]` r anoa l ou_dkhkce_]h ]j ` l duoek*
hkce_]h kqp_ki ao+ Mnakl an]per a ]j t eapu d]o ^aaj bkqj ` pk
^a ]j ej ` al aj ` aj p l na` e_pkn ej _deh` naj kb l kopkl an]per a
i ]h]` ]l per a ^ad]r ekn oq_d ]o j ecdpi ]nao) oal ]n]pekj
]j t eapu) a]pej c l nk^hai o) ]j ` ej _na]oa` ba]n kb ` k_pkno ]p
bkhhks *ql r eoepo %/ - &+
Mnal ]n]pekj kb ] l ]peaj p bkn oqncanu ^acej o s epd pda l na*
kl an]per a r eoep+ Fj ] j ks _h]ooe_ opq` u) Bc^anp ap ]h+ %/ . &
bkqj ` pd]p l ]peaj po s ana haoo ]j t ekqo ]bpan ] l nakl an]per a
r eoep ^u pda ]j aopdaoekhkceop pd]j ]bpan ] oa` ]per a l nai a` e*
_]pekj + Fj pda _]oa kb l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po) l ]naj p]h ba]n ]j `
]j t eapu d]r a ]j ei l knp]j p abba_p kj pda _deh` îo har ah kb l na*
kl an]per a ]j t eapu+ @kj be` aj _a bnki ] na]ooqnej c r eoep s epd
]j kl l knpqj epu pk ]og mqaopekj o ]j ` nah]pa _kj _anj o _]j
oecj ebe_]j phu na` q_a pda l ] naj poî ]j t eapu ]j ` dahl _]hi
pda l ]peaj p+ > o op]pa` a]nhean) ^a_]qoa ^qnj l ]peaj po
kbpaj namqena i ]j u na_kj opnq_per a kl an]pekj o ep eo r anu
ei l knp]j p pk nar eas pda i a` e_]h na_kn` + Fj bkni ]pekj
]^kqp pda abba_per aj aoo kb l nai a` e_]pekj o ej pda l ]op _]j
^a r anu dahl bqh+ Fp eo ]hok ei l knp]j p pk ]og pda l ]peaj p
]^kqp l nar ekqo ]j aopdape_o s epd nac]n` pk qj l ha]o]j p
at l aneaj _ao ]j ` s d]p l nai a` e_]pekj o kn ej ` q_pekj pa_d*
j emqao s knga` ^aop+ Fj pdeo s ]u pda _]na _]j ^a ej ` er e` q]*
heva` bkn pda l ]peaj p+
> bnamqaj p l nk^hai bkn l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po napqnj ej c bkn
nal a]p l nk_a` qnao eo ba]n kb pda ]j aopdape_ i ]og+ Qdeo _]j
^a ` eo_kr ana` ]p pda pei a kb l nakl an]per a r eoep ]j ` l h]j o
_]j ^a i ]` a pk ` a]h s epd pda eooqa+ Lj a dahl bqh opn]pacu
eo pk cer a pda l ]peaj p ] i ]og pk l h]u s epd ^abkna ej ` q_pekj +
> l ]peaj p*oaha_pa` bh]r kn _]j ^a ]l l hea` pk pda i ]og pk
b]_ehep]pa ]__al p]j _a ]j ` ` eocqeoa pda o_aj p kb pda ej d]h]*
pekj ]caj p+ Lpdan _deh` naj l naban i ]og ej ` q_pekj ^qp ba]n
l h]_ai aj p kb ej pn]r aj kqo _]pdapano+ Qdanabkna) ep eo ei l knp*
]j p pk ` eo_qoo pda l h]j bkn ]j aopdape_ ej ` q_pekj s epd pda
l ]peaj p+ Qda oaj oa kb l ]npe_el ]pekj ^u pda l ]peaj p l nkr e` ao
i kna _kj be` aj _a ]j ` na` q_ao ba]n+
? aj vk` e]val ej ao ]na pda benop*hej a ` nqc _h]oo bkn l anek*
l an]per a l d]ni ]_khkce_]h ]j t ekhuoeo+ Qdau l nk` q_a j kp
kj hu ]j t ekhuoeo ^qp ]i j aoe] ]j ` oa` ]pekj ]o s ahh+ ? aj vk*
` e]val ej ao d]r a ] s e` a pdan]l aqpe_ ej ` at ]j ` heppha pkt *
e_epu+ Qdau ]na j kp ]j ]hcaoe_o) dks ar an) ]j ` oki a
l ]peaj po naol kj ` s epd ] l ]n]` kt e_]h at _epai aj p n]pdan
pd]j oa` ]pekj + ? aj vk` e]val ej a oaha_pekj eo cqe` a` l nei ]n*
ehu ^u l d]ni ]_kgej ape_ _kj oe` an]pekj o %Q]^ha 4+. &+ Kkp
kj hu eo pda kj oap kb ]_pekj bkn kn]hhu ]` i ej eopana` ` e]va*
l ]i ]j ` hkn]val ]i ohks an pd]j bkn i e` ]vkh]i ) ^qp pdaen
` qn]pekj kb ]_pekj ]na ]hok i q_d hkj can h]opej c+ Qdana
]na ]hok l d]ni ]_k` uj ]i e_ ` ebbanaj _ao8 ]i j aoe] eo i kop
l nkbkqj ` s epd hkn]val ]i + Qdeo i ]u ^a ]j ]` r ]j p]ca kn ]
` eo]` r ]j p]ca ` al aj ` ej c kj pda l ] peaj pîo at l a_p]pekj o
]j ` l h]j j a` l nk_a` qnao+
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1)
J _@]hh ]j ` _khha]cqao %/ / & at ]i ej a` pda abba_per aj aoo
kb l nakl an]per a oa` ]per ao ej l kop^qi l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po
o_da` qha` bkn na_kj opnq_per a oqncanu+ Qdau dul kpdaoeva`
pd]p ]` i ej eopn]pekj kb pda hkj c*]_pej c hkn]val ]i ej _kj *
fqj _pekj s epd _kj r aj pekj ]h l nakl an]per a i a` e_]pekj
s kqh` ^a i kna abba_per a ej na` q_ej c l anekl an]per a
]j t eapu+ Qdau bkqj ` pd]p l ]peaj po s dk na_aer a` hkn]val ]i
pda j ecdp ^abkna oqncanu s ana haoo ]j t ekqo pd]j l ]peaj po
s dk kj hu na_aer a` oa` ]pekj pda ` ]u kb oqncanu+
J e` ]vkh]i eo pda i kop _ki i kj hu qoa` ^aj vk` e]val ej a
qoa` bkn l nakl an]per a oa` ]pekj + J _Dn]s ap ]h+ %/ 0& ar ]hq*
]pa` pda abba_p kb i e` ]vkh]i %- +2 i c,gc cer aj kn]hhu& ]o ]
l nakl an]per a oa` ]per a ej da]hpdu j kj ^qnj a` l a` e]pne_
l ]peaj po+ @deh` naj cer aj kn]h i e` ]vkh]i s ana haoo hegahu
pk _nu ]j ` becdp ]j ` d]` ] oi kkpdan ej ` q_pekj + > j kn]h
` koa kb - +2 i c,gc kb i e` ]vkh]i ql pk ] i ]t ei qi kb
/ - i c eo abba_per a+ J e` ]vkh]i d]o ]hok ^aaj bkqj ` abba_*
per a bkn l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po s daj ]` i ej eopana` ej pn]j ]o]hhu
ej ] ` koa kb - +/ *- +0 i c,gc+
Hap]i ej a d]o ]hok ^aaj bkqj ` pk ^a ]j abba_per a l nak*
l an]per a i a` e_]pekj ej _deh` naj + Hap]i ej a ` ebbano bnki
pda ^aj vk` e]val ej ao ej pd]p ep eo ] r anu l kpaj p ]j ]hcaoe_+
Dqpopaej ]j ` _khha]cqao %/ 1& ar ]hq]pa` kn]h gap]i ej a
cer aj l nakl an]per ahu pk b]_ehep]pa ej ` q_pekj kb ]j aopdaoe]+
Fj _deh` naj ]ca` . *4 ua]no gap]i ej a ei l nkr a` oal ]n]pekj
bnki l ]naj po ]j ` ej ` q_pekj kb ]j aopdaoe]+ > ` koa kb 3 i c,gc
s ]o bkqj ` oql anekn pk 0 i c,gc+ Fj pdeo opq` u kn]h gap]i ej a
s ]o j kp ]ook_e]pa` s epd l nkhkj ca` na_kr anu pei a kn
ej _na]oa` ai ancaj _a l daj ki aj ]+ @deh` naj ]na i q_d haoo
oqo_al pe^ha pk ai ancaj _a ` aheneqi pd]j ]` qhpo %/ 2&+
Fj at pnai ahu ]j t ekqo ]j ` _ki ^]per a l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po)
gap]i ej a ]` i ej eopana` ej pn]i qo_qh]nhu eo abba_per a+ > j aa*
` hahaoo ]en cqj ` aher anu ouopai %? ekfa_pà & %Cec+ 4+5& _]j ^a
haoo pn]qi ]pe_ bkn pda l ]peaj p ]j ` haoo ` ]j cankqo bkn
9XVdaT / &0
Fj oki a _]oao ] j aa` haoo ` nqc ` aher anu ` ar e_a
%a+c+) ? ekfa_pà & _]j l nkr e` a ] o]ban ]j ` haoo pn]qi ]pe_ i a]j o kb
ej pn] i qo_qh]n ej fa_pekj +
kl an]pej c nkki l anokj j ah pd]j qoej c ] j aa` ha ]j `
ounej ca+ Qda r khqi a ej fa_pa` s epd pdeo ouopai eo hei epa`
pk . i I ) dks ar an+ > ` koa kb 1 i c,gc kb gap]i ej a
qoq]hhu l nk` q_ao ]__al p]^ha oa` ]pekj + > j ]hpanj ]per a qoa
kb pda j aa` hahaoo ouopai eo pk qoa ep bkn ej fa_pekj kb he` k*
_]ej a ej pk pda l h]j j a` oepa bkn gap]i ej a ej fa_pekj + Qdeo
na` q_ao l ]ej ]j ` ei l nkr ao l ]peaj p ]__al p]j _a kb ej pn]i qo*
_qh]n ej fa_pekj kb ] r khqi a kb gap]i ej a pd]p _kqh` j kp ^a
` aher ana` s epd pda j aa` hahaoo ouopai + Pej _a pdaoa l ]peaj po
kbpaj namqena i qhpel ha l nk_a` qnao) pdaoa at pn] opal o kbpaj
^a_ki a s knpds deha ^u i ]gej c bqpqna ej ` q_pekj o haoo
` ebbe_qhp+
S&+ > ` naj ance_ ]ckj eopo ]na ]j kpdan _h]oo kb ` i co pd]p
d]r a odks j l nki eoa ]o l nakl an]per a i a` e_]pekj o %/ 3&+
Qdaoa ` nqco d]r a oa` ]per a ]j ` ]j ]hcaoe_ abba_po pd]p _]j
^a r anu dahl bqh ej pda l anekl an]per a l anek` + Fj ]` ` epekj
pdaoa ` nqco l kpaj pe]pa pda ]j aopdape_ ]_pekj kb kpdan
]caj po
]j ` na` q_a
]j aopdape_
namqenai aj po
` qnej c
oqncanu+ @hkj e` ej a eo pda benop ` nqc ej pdeo _h]oo pk ^a
qoa` ]o ] l nakl an]per a i a` e_]pekj + @hkj e` ej a eo s ahh pkhan*
]pa` ]j ` d]o ] s e` a i ]ncej kb o]bapu+
> ` r anoa abba_po kb _hkj e` ej a ]na ] ` koa*nah]pa` at paj *
oekj kb epo l d]ni ]_khkce_ l nkbeha %oa` ]pekj ) ^n]` u_]n` e])
dul kpaj oekj ) ]j ` ` nu i kqpd&+ ? n]` u_]n` e] ]j ` dul kpaj *
oekj _]j ^a pna]pa` s epd ] r ]ckhupe_ ` nqc oq_d ]o ]pnkl ej a+
Fp d]o ^aaj oqccaopa` pd]p _hkj e` ej a l kooaoo _] n` ekl nkpa_*
per a abba_po bkn ah` anhu l ]peaj po s epd _knkj ]nu ]npanu
` eoa]oa %/ 3&+ @hkj e` ej a ]hok ]ppaj q]pa` pda oui l ]pdki e*
i ape_ abba_p kb gap]i ej a %/ 4&+ @hkj e` ej a eo n]l e` hu ]j `
]hi kop _ki l hapahu ]^okn^a` ]bpan kn]h ]` i ej eopn]pekj ]j `
eo abba_per a ej ] ` koa kb 2 wGec,gc aepdan kn]hhu kn ej pn]r a*
j kqohu %/ 3&+
Aat i a` apki e` ej a eo ] i kna na_aj phu naha]oa` S&+ ]` na*
j ance_ ]ckj eop s epd _hej e_]hhu oecj ebe_]j p oa` ]per a ]j `
]j ]hcaoe_ l nkl anpeao %/ 5&+ Aat i a` apki e` ej a eo pda
l d]ni ]_khkce_]hhu ]_per a ` at pnkeoki an kb i a` apki e` ej a+
Fp eo aecdp pei ao i kna ol a_ebe_ bkn ]*/ *]` naj k_al pkno pd]j
_hkj e` ej a+ @hej e_]h at l aneaj _a s epd ` at i a` apki e` ej a
i ]ej hu ej r khr ao oa` ]pekj kb ej pq^]pa` l kopkl an]per a
l ]peaj po+ Eks ar an) ^a_]qoa ep ` kao j kp _]qoa naol en]pknu
` al naooekj ` at i a` apki e` ej a ` kao j kp d]r a pk ^a ` eo_kj *
pej qa` ]p pda pei a kb at pq^]pekj ]j ` ep d]o ]hok ^aaj
bkqj ` abba_per a ej l kopkl an]per a l ]peaj po ]bpan at pq^]pekj +
Aat i a` apki e` ej a i ]u ]hok bej ` qoa ]o ] l nai a` e_]j p ej
pda bqpqna+
> j kpdan j kj l d]ni ]_khkce_]h ]j t ekhupe_ pa_dj emqa bkn
l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po eo l ]naj p]h l naoaj _a ` qnej c ej ` q_pekj +
Fj oki a l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po oal ]n]pekj ]j t eapu eo ok
ej paj oa pd]p l nakl an]per a oa` ]pekj i ]u ^a ej abba_per a+
Qda l ]peaj p i ]u nabqoa i a` e_]pekj kn pda l ]peaj p i ]u ^a
ok ]j t ekqo pd]p r anu h]nca ` koao kb oa` ]pekj ]na namqena` +
Fj oaha_pa` l ]peaj po s a d]r a bkqj ` pd]p l ]naj p]h l naoaj _a
ej pda kl an]pej c nkki ` qnej c ej ` q_pekj kbbano ]` r ]j p]cao+
> r ke` ]j _a kb oal ]n]pekj bnki l ]naj po ^abkna ej ` q_pekj _]j

1*

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
na` q_a ]j t eapu+ M]naj p o]peob]_pekj eo ]hok ei l nkr a` eb pda
l ]naj p eo l naoaj p ]j ` l ]npe_el ]pao ej oki a s ]u+ M]naj p]h
]__al p]j _a kb pdeo pa_dj emqa eo decd %/ 6& ]j ` ep d]o ^aaj
]` kl pa` ^u i ]j u ]j aopdaoekhkceopo %0- &+ M]naj po i qop ^a
ej opnq_pa` ]da]` kb pei a pd]p pdau i qop ha]r a ]o okkj ]o
pda _deh` eo qj _kj o_ekqo+ Manokj j ah odkqh` ^a ` aoecj ]pa`
pk ao_knp pda l ]naj p bnki pda kl an]pej c nkki %LO& ok
pd]p pda ]j aopdaoe] pa]i eo j kp ` eopn]_pa` bnki pda
l ]peaj p+ I eppha kqp_ki a ` ]p] ]na ]r ]eh]^ha bkn l ]naj p]h l na*
oaj _a ` qnej c ej ` q_pekj kb caj an]h ]j aopdaoe]) ^qp pdeo l n]_*
pe_a eo _ki i kj hu qoa` ]j ` _kj oe` ana` ^u i kop
l n]_pepekj ano pk ^a ^aj abe_e]h ej oaha_pa` _]oao+
5&
4 Xaf Ph @P] PVT\ T] c
> ens ]u eooqao ]na kbpaj pda l nei ]nu _kj oe` an]pekj ej l h]j *
j ej c ]j aopdape_ i ]j ]cai aj p bkn na_kj opnq_per a oqncanu bkn
^qi l ]peaj po+ > o ` ao_ne^a` a]nhean) ^qi o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao
_]j i ]ga pn]_da]h ej pq^]pekj ei l kooe^ha ^u _kj r aj pekj ]h
` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u+ > ens ]u i ]j ]cai aj p kl pekj o ]na
ar aj i kna hei epa` s daj i ]j ` e^qh]n ei i k^ehepu i ]gao
i ]og r aj peh]pekj ` ebbe_qhp+ Fp i ]u ^a ei l kooe^ha pk kl aj
pda ]ens ]u s daj ep ^a_ki ao k^opnq_pa` ` qnej c oa` ]pekj
kn caj an]h ]j aopdaoe]+ Qdaoa ps k _kj ` epekj o) ` ebbe_qhp h] n*
uj cko_kl u ]j ` ` ebbe_qhp i ]og r aj peh]pekj ) odkqh` ^a na_kc*
j eva` ]o oal ]n]pa l nk^hai o a]_d namqenej c ol a_ebe_
i ]j ]cai aj p pa_dj emqao+
J ]j ]cai aj p kb pda ` ebbe_qhp ]ens ]u eo ] r anu h]nca pkl e_+
J q_d d]o ^aaj s neppaj ]j ` i ]j u pa_dj emqao ` ao_ne^a` +
Pki a kb pdaoa pa_dj emqao ]na j kp abba_per a ej ]hh ^qi
na_kj opnq_per a l ]peaj po+ Ckn at ]i l ha) at paj oer a j a_g
o_]no _]j l na_hq` a pda qoa kb ] napnkcn]` a pa_dj emqa kn ]
hecdp s ]j ` + J e_nkopki e] _]j i ]ga ep ei l kooe^ha pk qoa
ol a_e]heva` h]nuj cko_kl a ^h]` ao oq_d ]o pda ? qhh]n` h]nuj *
cko_kl a+ > _ki l nadaj oer a nar eas kb ` ebbe_qhp ]ens ]u i ]j *
]cai aj p eo ^aukj ` pda o_kl a kb pdeo _d]l pan+ T a s ehh bk_qo
kj pa_dj emqao ol a_ebe_]hhu ` ao_ne^a` bkn ^qnj na_kj opnq_*
pekj oqncanu ]j ` pa_dj emqao pd]p d]r a ^aaj bkqj ` o]ba
]j ` abba_per a ej kqn l a` e]pne_ ^qnj dkol ep]h+
> hpdkqcd i ]j u pa_dj emqao ]j ` ` ar e_ao d]r a ^aaj
` ao_ne^a` %0. &) qj ` an ` ebbe_qhp _kj ` epekj o) ep eo caj an]hhu
]__al pa` pd]p pda i kop abba_per a pa_dj emqa bkn pn]_da]h
ej pq^]pekj eo s epd ] bhat e^ha be^ankl pe_ ^nkj _dko_kl a
%0/ &+ Fj b]_p) be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj d]o ^a_ki a pda pa_d*
j emqa kb _dke_a bkn i ]j ]cai aj p kb pda ` ebbe_qhp ]ens ]u
qj ` an i kop _en_qi op]j _ao %00&+ Fi l nkr ai aj po ej amqel *
i aj p d]r a l nkr e` a` ej opnqi aj po pd]p ]na oi ]hh aj kqcd pk
^a abba_per a ej j akj ]pao %01&+
T daj pn]_da]h ej pq^]pekj eo _kj oe` ana` ` ebbe_qhp) ]j
]s ]ga pa_dj emqa eo o]baop+ Fj ]hi kop ]hh _en_qi op]j _ao ]j
]s ]ga l ]peaj p s epd ]j qj ei l ]ena` naol en]pknu ` ner a _]j
i ]ej p]ej ]ens ]u l ]paj _u ^appan pd]j ]j u pa_dj emqa ]r ] eh*
]^ha bkn pda ]j aopdapeva` l ]peaj p+ Qa_dj emqao kb ]s ]ga
be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj d]r a ^aaj pdknkqcdhu nar eas a`
na_aj phu %0/ &+
T epd oa` ]pekj ]j ` pkl e_]h kn nacekj ]h ]j aopdaoe]) ]s ]ga
ej pq^]pekj s epd ] bhat e^ha be^ankl pe_ ^nkj _dko_kl a _]j
qoq]hhu ^a l anbkni a` ej _kkl an]per a l ]peaj po s epdkqp
qj ` qa opnaoo+ > j qi ^an kb opq` eao d]r a at ]i ej a` pda _]n*
` ekr ]o_qh]n naol kj oa pk ]s ]ga be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj %00&+
T daj _ki l ]na` s epd ` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u ]j ` ej pq^]pekj
pda dai k` uj ]i e_ _d]j cao ]ook_e]pa` s epd be^ankl pe_ ej pq*
^]pekj r ]nu s epd pa_dj emqa ]j ` l d]ni ]_khkce_]h i ]j ]ca*
i aj p+ Fj oki a _]oao be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj _]qoa` i kna
dul anpaj oekj ]j ` p]_du_]n` e] pd]j s epd _kj r aj pekj ]h
` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u %02&+ @]n` e]_ eo_dai e] d]o ^aaj
k^oanr a` ` qnej c be^ankl pe_ ^nkj _dko_kl u ej l ]peaj po s epd
` k_qi aj pa` _knkj ]nu ]npanu ` eoa]oa %03& ]j ` ej l ]peaj po
kr an 3- ua]no kb ]ca ^qp s epd j k ` k_qi aj pa` _knkj ]nu
]npanu ` eoa]oa %04&+ Fp eo j kp qj na]okj ]^ha pk ]ooqi a pd]p
oei eh]n _d]j cao i ]u k__qn ej oqo_al pe^ha l ]peaj po ` qnej c
be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj + Ckn ah` anhu l ]peaj po ]j ` l ]peaj po ]p
neog bkn _knkj ]nu ]npanu ` eoa]oa ep eo ei l knp]j p pk qoa ]` a*
mq]pa i kj epknej c ]j ` ]l l nkl ne]pa l d]ni ]_khkce_ pdan]l u
pk ^hqj p pda dai k` uj ]i e_ naol kj oa ]j ` hei ep i uk_]n` e]h
eo_dai e]+
Fj _kj pn]op pk ]` qhpo s dk s ehh _kkl an]pa s epd ]s ]ga
l nk_a` qnao) ` aal oa` ]pekj kn caj an]h ]j aopdaoe] eo namqena`
bkn ej pq^]pekj kb l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po kn ]` qhpo s dk ]na _ki *
^]per a kn decdhu ]j t ekqo+ Pej _a ` aal oa` ]pekj ]j ` i kop
]j aopdape_o _]qoa _khh]l oa kb l d]nuj ca]h peooqao ]j `
]ens ]u k^opnq_pekj %05& pdau ]na qj oqep]^ha bkn be^ankl pe_
ej pq^]pekj ej l ]peaj po s dkoa ]ens ]u s kqh` ^a ` ebbe_qhp pk
i ]j ]ca s epd ] i ]og+ Hap]i ej a) dks ar an) eo qj emqa
]i kj c ]j aopdape_ ` nqco ^a_]qoa ep i ]ej p]ej o ol kj p]j akqo
r aj peh]pekj ]j ` ]ens ]u l ]paj _u %06)1- &+ T nechau ap ]h+ %1. &
ar ]hq]pa` pda qoa kb d]hkpd]j a bkn be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj kb
l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po+ Fj pdeo oaneao kb 1- l ]peaj po oar an]h _ki *
l he_]pekj o s ana at l aneaj _a` ej _hq` ej c h]nuj ckol ]oi ]j `
b]ehqna pk ]_dear a ej pq^]pekj s epd pda be^ano_kl a+ Qdeo eo
ej _kj pn]op pk j qi ankqo nal knpo kb o]ba ]j ` abba_per a
]ens ]u i ]j ]cai aj p s epd gap]i ej a ej ] r ]neapu kb ` ebbe_qhp
]ens ]u oepq]pekj o %oaa bkhhks ej c pat p&+
T daj i ]j ` e^qh]n i k^ehepu eo l naoanr a` ]j ` i ]og r aj *
peh]pekj ]l l a]no l kooe^ha) ]` i ej eopn]pekj kb K/- kn ar aj
ej d]h]pekj ej ` q_pekj kb caj an]h ]j aopdaoe] _]j ^a qoa` pk
b]_ehep]pa l anel dan]h r aej _]j j qh]pekj + Lj _a r aj kqo
]__aoo eo k^p]ej a` ) gap]i ej a _]j ^a cer aj ]j ` pda ej d]h]*
pekj ]caj p ` eo_kj pej qa` + Qk ]r ke` h]nuj ckol ]oi ) ep eo
ei l knp]j p j kp pk ej opnqi aj p pda ]ens ]u qj peh pda ej d]h]pekj
]caj p d]o ^aaj ahei ej ]pa` + > ` nuej c ]caj p oq_d ]o chu_k*
l unnkh]pa kn o_kl kh]i ej a ]` i ej eopana` ]o okkj ]o l kooe^ha
s ehh na` q_a pda ]i kqj p kb oa_napekj o+ Aqnej c be^ankl pe_
ej pq^]pekj ) oa_napekj o j kp kj hu k^o_qna pda r eas ^qp ]hok
ei l ]en pda ]_pekj kb hk_]h ]j aopdape_o ]l l hea` pkl e_]hhu pk
pda ]ens ]u+ Fb pda al echkppeo b]hho ^]_g j a]n pda l kopanekn
l d]nuj ca]h s ]hh ]j ]ooeop]j p _]j kl aj pda ]ens ]u ^u

4 ] TbcWTbXP U^a ETR^] bcadRcXeT 5 da] FdaVTah

1+
hebpej c pda i ]j ` e^ha ]j paneknhu+ L__]oekj ]hhu ep ]hok i ]u ^a
dahl bqh pk cn]ol pda pkj cqa s epd ] c]qva ol kj ca kn J _Dehh
bkn_al o pk l qhh ep bkns ]n` ]j ` _na]pa i kna ol ]_a+
T daj i ]j ` e^qh]n i k^ehepu eo j kp l naoanr a` ) i ]og r aj *
peh]pekj qj ` an ` aal oa` ]pekj kn caj an]h ]j aopdaoe] eo kbpaj
` ebbe_qhp kn ei l kooe^ha+ Rj ` an pdaoa _kj ` epekj o) _khh]l oa kb
l d]nuj ca]h peooqao ]j ` k^opnq_pekj kb pda ql l an ]ens ]u
_]j j kp ^a nahear a` ^u i ]j el qh]pekj kb pda f] s s daj pda
i ]j ` e^ha eo ei i k^eheva` ^u ` aj oa o_]n+ Fj pdeo oepq]pekj
gap]i ej a d]o ^aaj nal knpa` o]ba ]j ` abba_per a ^u i ]j u
_hej e_e]j o %06*14&+ Fb r aj kqo ]__aoo eo ]r ]eh]^ha) / i c,
gc kb gap]i ej a qoq]hhu eo ]` amq]pa bkn bhat e^ha be^ankl pe_
ej pq^]pekj + > ` ` epekj ]h gap]i ej a _]j ^a cer aj ]o j aa` a` +
Fb r ]o_qh]n ]__aoo eo j kp ]r ]eh]^ha . - i c,gc kb gap]i ej a
cer aj ej pn]i qo_qh]nhu l nkr e` ao _kj ` epekj o oqep]^ha bkn
be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj + M]ej kb gap]i ej a ej fa_pekj _]j ^a
i ej ei eva` ej l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po ^u benop ej fa_pej c / i I kb
/ " he` k_]ej a pdaj s epdkqp nai kr ej c pda j aa` ha nal h]_ej c
pda ounej ca s epd ]j kpdan kj a _kj p]ej ej c pda gap]i ej a
` koa+ M]ej kb ej fa_pekj eo i q_d na` q_a` ^u ohks ej fa_pekj
kb pda gap]i ej a ej pk pda ]na] ej behpn]pa` s epd he` k_]ej a+
T daj l ]peaj po l naoaj p s epd ^kpd ` ebbe_qhp r ]o_qh]n
]__aoo ]j ` ]j ]ens ]u pd]p eo ` ebbe_qhp pk r aj peh]pa s epd ]
i ]og) pda o]baop ]j ` i kop abba_per a oamqaj _a eo pk oa_qna
pda ]ens ]u ^abkna k^p]ej ej c r ]o_qh]n ]__aoo+ Bt paj oer a
o_]nnej c _]j k^o_qna h]j ` i ]ngo ej _hq` ej c l anel dan]h
l qhoao ]j ` ` eol h]_a okbp peooqao ej _hq` ej c ^hkk` r aooaho+
Rj ` an pdaoa _en_qi op]j _ao r ]o_qh]n _]j j qh]pekj _]j
namqena ] oecj ebe_]j p ]i kqj p kb pei a+ Aqnej c pdeo pei a ]
l ]peaj p oa` ]pa` s epd gap]i ej a i ]u ]__qi qh]pa oa_napekj o
]j ` pda oa` ]pekj i ]u ^acej pk s a]n kbb+ Qdaoa _kj ` epekj o
]na haoo pd]j kl pei ]h bkn be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj ]j ` pepn]pej c
oa` ]pekj s epd ]` ` epekj ]h ej pn]i qo_qh]n gap]i ej a ej fa_pekj o
eo ei l na_eoa ]j ` ` ebbe_qhp+ T daj ej pq^]pekj eo l anbkni a`
benop) ]j ej d]h]pekj ]caj p _]j pdaj ^a ]` i ej eopana` pk b] _ehe*
p]pa r ]o_qh]n _]j j qh]pekj +
> j ]` ` epekj ]h _d]hhaj ca k__qno ej l ]peaj po s epd peooqa
at l ]j ` ano l h]_a` ej pda j a_g+ > j a_` kp]hhu) kqn at l aneaj _a
eo pd]p pdaoa peooqa at l ]j ` ano _]j ha]` pk ]ens ]u k^opnq_*
pekj ]bpan gap]i ej a ]` i ej eopn]pekj + Qdeo eo aol a_e]hhu pnqa
s daj pda at l ]j ` ano ]na l h]_a` ^eh]pan]hhu %Cec+ 4+6&+ Qda
]ens ]u k^opnq_pekj _]j ^a nahear a` s daj ]j ]ooeop]j p hebpo
kj pda peooqa at l ]j ` an pk na` q_a pda bkn_a at anpa` kj pda
h]nuj t +
Ckn l ]peaj po s epd ` ebbe_qhp ]ens ]uo) gap]i ej a l nk` q_ao
_kj ` epekj o j kp ]r ]eh]^ha ` qnej c ` aal oa` ]pekj kn caj an]h
]j aopdaoe] s epd kpdan ]caj po+ J ]cj ape_ naokj ]j _a ei ]cao
kb pda ql l an ]ens ]u s ana qoa` ^u I ]j c ap ]h+ %15& pk
_ki l ]na pda abba_po kb gap]i ej a ]j ` l nkl kbkh kj ]ens ]u
l ]paj p_u+ > o ej ] l nar ekqo opq` u %05&) l nkl kbkh _kj oeop*
aj phu _]qoa` k^opnq_pekj ]p pda har ah kb pda okbp l ]h]pa+
T epd gap]i ej a) dks ar an) ]ens ]u ` ei aj oekj o s ana j kp
]hpana` bnki pda ]s ]ga op]pa %15&+ > ens ]u l nkpa_per a
nabhat ao ]na ]hok l naoanr a` ]j ` ]hpdkqcd l nkpa_pekj
9XVdaT / &1
Mnaoaj _a kb h]nca ^eh]pan]h j a_g peooqa at l ]j ` ano
ej _na]oa pda neog kb ]ens ]u k^opnq_pekj ]bpan ej ` q_pekj kb caj an]h
]j aopdaoe] ar aj s daj gap]i ej a eo qoa` + T daj pdeo k__qno pda
]ens ]u _]j ^a kl aj a` ^u hebpej c kj pda peooqa at l ]j ` ano+
]c]ej op ]ol en]pekj eo j kp ]^okhqpa) ]ol en]pekj eo n]na
` qnej c oa` ]pekj kn ]j aopdaoe] s epd gap]i ej a %16&+ Dnaaj
]j ` kpdano nal knpa` pd]p ej . - / / ai ancaj _u ` al ]npi aj p
_]oao kb gap]i ej a ]` i ej eopn]pekj pk l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po)
pda ej _e` aj _a kb ai aoeo s ]o 3+4" ^qp pdana s ]o j k _hej e_]h
ar e` aj _a kb ]ol en]pekj %2- &+
Fj kqn ej opepqpekj gap]i ej a d]o ^aaj qoa` at paj oer ahu
bkn opnaoobqh l nk_a` qnao ]o s ahh ]o ^qnj oqncanu oej _a epo
kl aj ej c ej . 633 %06&+ Hap]i ej a ]hkj a s epdkqp pn]_da]h
ej pq^]pekj d]o ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` ]o o]ba ]j ` abba_per a bkn
i ]fkn ^qnj oqncanu %06)1- )2. )2/ &+ Qda qj emqa ]^ehepu kb
gap]i ej a pk l nk` q_a l nkbkqj ` ]j ]hcaoe]) ]i j aoe]) ]j `
ej oaj oe^ehepu uap l naoanr a ]ens ]u l ]paj _u ]j ` naol en]pknu
` ner a d]o aol a_e]hhu ^aaj bkqj ` qoabqh ej l ]peaj po s epd
oar ana j a_g o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao %11*14&+ Hap]i ej a d]o
]hok ^aaj nal knpa` abba_per a bkn ^nkj _dko_kl u ej _deh` naj
%20& ]j ` ^hej ` j ]o]h ej pq^]pekj ej ]` qhpo %10&+ Fj ]` ` epekj )
^a_]qoa ep l naoanr ao ]ens ]u l ]paj _u ]j ` naol en]pknu ` ner a)
gap]i ej a d]o ^aaj bkqj ` o]ba ]j ` abba_per a ej l a` e]pne_
ej panr aj pekj ]h _]n` e]_ l nk_a` qnao %21& ` qnej c l nk_a` qnao
ej ai ancaj _u ` al ]npi aj po %2- &) ]o ] l nakl an]per a ]j t ek*
hupe_ %/ 1&) ]j ` bkn pkp]h ej pn]r aj kqo ]j aopdaoe] ej kbbe_a
^]oa` oqncanu %22&+

1,

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
Qda l d]ni ]_khkcu kb gap]i ej a d]o ^aaj nar eas a`
oar an]h pei ao %/ 2)23*25&+ Fj ]` ` epekj pk l naoanr ej c
]ens ]u nabhat ao gap]i ej a ` kao j kp ` al naoo naol en]pknu
` ner a+ @- / oaj oeper epu eo j kp ` al naooa` %26& ]j ` ) ej b]_p)
i ej qpa r aj peh]pekj eo qoq]hhu ej _na]oa` ^u gap]i ej a %06&+
J eh` naol en]pknu ` al naooekj d]o ^aaj nal knpa` s epd gap]*
i ej a %3- &) ^qp pdeo eo qj _ki i kj qj haoo ] h]nca ` koa eo
cer aj n]l e` hu kn ej _ki ^ej ]pekj s epd h]nca ` koao kb
^aj vk` e] val eel o+
> oe` a abba_p pd]p d]o hei epa` pda qoa kb gap]i ej a eo pda
^ad]r ekn]h _d]j cao pd]p d]r a ^aaj nal knpa` ej ql pk 0- " kb
l ]peaj po ` qnej c ai ancaj _a bnki oa` ]pekj kn ]j aopdaoe]
s epd gap]i ej a %/ 2&+ Qdaoa _d]j cao d]r a ^aaj ` ao_ne^a`
]o bhk]pej c oaj o]pekj o) r er e` ` na]i o) ehhqoekj o) kn d]hhq_e*
j ]pekj o+ Qdaoa oaj o]pekj o i ]u ^a aepdan l ha]o]j p kn ` eo*
pqn^ej c ]j ` l kooe^hu bnecdpaj ej c+ Qda ej _e` aj _a ]j `
ej paj oepu kb pdaoa ai ancaj _a na]_pekj o ]na haoo ej l a` e]pne_
l ]peaj po %2- &+ Mkopkl an]per a ai ancaj _a na]_pekj o ej _hq` ej c
` aheneqi ) dks ar an) ]na j kp qj _ki i kj ]i kj c l a` e]pne_
l ]peaj po) ar aj ej pda ]^oaj _a kb gap]i ej a ]` i ej eopn]pekj +
Qdana eo j k ar e` aj _a pd]p ai ancaj _a na]_pekj o ]bpan gap]*
i ej a ]` i ej eopn]pekj d]r a ]j u hkj c*h]opej c ^ad]r ekn]h
abba_po ej _deh` naj kn ]` qhpo %3. *30&+
? aj vk` e]val ej ao d]r a ^aaj bkqj ` pk na` q_a pda ej _e*
` aj _a kb gap]i ej a*ej ` q_a` ai ancaj _a na]_pekj o ej ]` qhpo
%31&+ Eks ar an) ej na_aj p n]j ` ki eva` ) ` kq^ha ^hej `
opq` eao) i e` ]vkh]i ` e` j kp na` q_a ai ancaj _a na]_pekj o
ej l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po cer aj gap]i ej a bkn ai ancaj _u ` al ]np*
i aj p l nk_a` qnao %32)33&+ T ]pdaj ap ]h+ %33& nal knpa` ]j
ej _na]oa` ej _e` aj _a kb kt udai kchk^ej ` ao]pqn]pekj ej
l ]peaj po s dk na_aer a` i e` ]vkh]i ej ]` ` epekj pk gap]i ej a+
J ]h` ej e %2/ & ]hok k^oanr a` naol en]pknu ` al naooekj s daj
gap]i ej a s ]o _ki ^ej a` s epd i e` ]vkh]i ]j ` na_*
ki i aj ` a` ]r ke` ]j _a kb pdeo _ki ^ej ]pekj s daj qoej c
gap]i ej a ]o ]j ]j aopdape_ bkn ^qnj oqncanu+ Fj kqn ej ope*
pqpekj ) ^aj vk` e]val ej ao ]na ]` i ej eopana` bkn l nakl an]per a
]j t ekhuoeo ^qp h]nca kn ej pn]r aj kqo ` koao ]na caj an]hhu
]r ke` a` ej l ]peaj po s dk s ehh na_aer a gap]i ej a+
Fj kqn l ]peaj p l kl qh]pekj ai ancaj _a ` aheneqi eo i kna
_ki i kj ej l ]peaj po s dk d]r a j kp na_aer a` gap]i ej a
%qj l q^heoda` k^oanr ]pekj &+ T daj ai ancaj _a ]cep]pekj
` kao k__qn nac]n` haoo kb s d]p ]j aopdape_ ` nqco s ana qoa` )
s a i ]ga oqna pd]p ]l l nkl ne]pa ]j ]hcaoe_ pdan]l u d]o ^aaj
]` i ej eopana` pdaj ^nej c pda l ]naj po ej pk pda na_kr anu nkki
pk dahl na]ooqna pda l ]peaj p+ ? aj vk` e]val ej ao ]na ]` i ej eo*
pana` eb ]cep]pekj _kj pej qao+ > j S&+ ]` naj ance_ ]ckj eop)
_hkj e` ej a) d]o ]hok l nkr aj abba_per a ej ` koao kb 0*2 wRI c,gc
^k` u s aecdp ej bqoa` ej pn]r aj kqohu kr an . - i ej %qj l q^*
heoda` k^oanr ]pekj &+ Mnapna]pi aj p s epd ]j kpdan S&+ ]ckj eop)
` at i a` apki e` ej a d]o ^aaj nal knpa` pk na` q_a ai ancaj _a
na]_pekj o ]bpan gap]i ej a ej ]` qhpo %34&+
> hpdkqcd pa_dj emqao kb be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj d]r a ^aaj
pdknkqcdhu nar eas a` %0/ )00&) _anp]ej ba]pqnao kb kqn
at l aneaj _a s epd ^qnj na_kj opnq_pekj l ]peaj po ]na s knpdu
kb ai l d]oeo+ Fb be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj eo ]__ki l heoda`
mqe_ghu ]bpan gap]i ej a oa` ]pekj ) oa_napekj o ]na qoq]hhu
j kp ] l nk^hai + T daj ` ah]uo k__qn) dks ar an) oa_napekj o
_]j k^o_qna pda r eas ]j ` ei l ]en pda ]_pekj kb hk_]h ]j ao*
pdape_o+ B]nhu ]` i ej eopn]pekj kb ] ` nuej c ]caj p oq_d ]o chu*
_kl unnkh]pa kn o_kl kh]i ej a s ehh kbpaj b]_ehep]pa be^ankl pe_
ej pq^]pekj qj ` an gap]i ej a oa` ]pekj ^u na` q_ej c oa_napekj o+
K]o]h ^haa` ej c _]j ]hok i ]ga l d]nuj cko_kl u ` ebbe_qhp+
Okqpej a qoa kb ] ` a_kj caop]j p odkqh` odnej g j ]o]h i ai *
^n]j ao i ]gej c ep a]oean pk l ]oo pda aj ` kpn]_da]h pq^a ]o
s ahh ]o pda ^nkj _dko_kl a pdnkqcd pda j koa ]j ` ` a_na]oa
^haa` ej c bnki j ]okl d]nuj ca]h i ai ^n]j ao+ ? a_]qoa oec*
j ebe_]j p i kn^e` epu ]j ` i knp]hepu d]r a ^aaj nal knpa` s epd
pda ej pn]kl an]per a qoa kb pkl e_]h l daj uhal dnej a %35&) s a
d]r a ]` kl pa` pda qoa kb ]j S&+ ]` naj ance_ j ]o]h ` a_kj ca*
op]j p) kt ui ap]vkhej a+ Mn]_pepekj ano odkqh` ^a b]i ehe]n s epd
pda l nej _el hao cqe` ej c i ]j ]cai aj p kb dul anpaj oer a _neoao
]ook_e]pa`
s epd
pkl e_]h
j ]o]h
` a_kj caop]j po
%35&+
Bol a_e]hhu ]r ke` ej c ej panr aj pekj o pd]p s ehh na` q_a i uk_]n*
` e]h _kj pn]_pehepu+
Pej _a ]ens ]u nabhat ao ]na l naoanr a` ^u gap]i ej a ep eo
ei l knp]j p pk ]j aopdapeva pda chkppe_ opnq_pqnao pkl e_]hhu
^abkna _kj p]_pej c pda h]nuj t s epd pda ^nkj _dko_kl a+ Qdeo
eo i kop a]oehu ]__ki l heoda` s epd ] he` k_]ej a okhqpekj
]l l hea` pdnkqcd pda s kngej c _d]j j ah kb pda ^nkj _dko_kl a+
> j abba_per a pa_dj emqa eo pk ]l l hu pda he` k_]ej a ej ps k
` koao+ Cenop) pk pda al echkppeo ]j ` r ]hha_qh] %oql anekn h]nuj *
ca]h j anr a& ]j ` j at p pk pda chkppeo %ej banekn h]nuj ca]h
j anr a&+ Qda qhpn]*pdej / +/ i i be^ano_kl a h]_go ] s kngej c
_d]j j ah ]j ` s daj pdeo ej opnqi aj p eo qoa` bkn ej pq^]pekj ]
i k` ebe_]pekj kb pa_dj emqa qpehevej c ] oa_kj ` be^ano_kl a eo
dahl bqh pk ]j aopdapeva pda chkppeo %01&+ Fj pq^]pekj s epd pda
qhpn]*pdej be^ano_kl a _]j ^a l na_a` a` ^u j ]okl d]nuj ck*
o_kl u ]j ` he` k_]ej a ]` i ej eopn]pekj s epd ] h]ncan ej opnqi aj p
s epd ] s kngej c _d]j j ah+ Ce^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj s epd pda
qhpn]*pdej be^ano_kl a _]j pdaj ^a i kna a]oehu ]__ki l heoda` +
T daj be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj eo ]ppai l pa` qj ` an oa` ]pekj
s epd gap]i ej a) s a l naban pk l ]oo pda be^ano_kl a pdnkqcd pda
h]nuj t ej pk pda pn]_da] ^abkna ]` r ]j _ej c pda aj ` kpn]_da]h
pq^a ej pk pda j koa+ T daj j ]o]h ^haa` ej c k__qno ej ]j
]s ]ga l ]peaj p pda ^nkj _dko_kl a _]j ^a s epd` n]s j ) dai ko*
p]oeo ]_dear a` ) ]j ` pda l ]peaj p _]j opehh l nkpa_p pda ]ens ]u+
Fj pda oa` ]pa` l ]peaj p) ^haa` ej c j kp kj hu i ]gao r eoq]hev]*
pekj kb opnq_pqnao ` ebbe_qhp ]j ` ei l ]eno hk_]h ]j aopdape_
]_per epu ^qp _]j ]hok _]qoa h]nuj ckol ]oi +
> r ]neapu kb pa_dj emqao kpdan pd]j be^ankl pe_ ej pq^]pekj
d]r a ]hok ^aaj qoa` bkn i ]j ]cai aj p kb l ]peaj po s epd ` ebbe*
_qhp ]ens ]uo) ej _hq` ej c b]_a ]j ` j a_g o_]no+ Lj a pa_dj emqa
ej r khr ao pda oqnce_]h naha]oa kb pda j a_g o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao
bkhhks a` ^u ` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u ]j ` ej pq^]pekj %11*13&+
Pqnce_]h naha]oa d]o ^aaj ]__ki l heoda` ^u pdaoa _hej e_e]j o
s epd hk_]h ]j aopdaoe] s epd kn s epdkqp gap]i ej a oa` ]pekj + >
l nk^hai s epd pdeo pa_dj emqa eo pd]p ` ena_p h]nuj cko_kl u
i ]u opehh ^a ` ebbe_qhp ]bpan oqnce_]h naha]oa %11&+

4 ] TbcWTbXP U^a ETR^] bcadRcXeT 5 da] FdaVTah

1-
Qda h]nuj ca]h i ]og ]ens ]u %I J > & d]o c]ej a` l kl qh]n*
epu ]o ] nao_qa ` ar e_a bkn pda qj ]j pe_el ]pa` ` ebbe_qhp ]ens ]u
%36)4- & ]j ` d]o ]hok ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` bkn i ]j ]cai aj p kb
l ]peaj po s epd oar ana j a_g o_]no namqenej c bnamqaj p
caj an]h ]j aopdape_o %13&+ Qda I J > d]o ]hok ^aaj qoa` ]o
] _kj ` qep bkn ej pq^]pekj s epd ] be^ankl pe_ ^nkj _dko_kl a
%36&+ Qda I J > eo j kp ]l l nkl ne]pa bkn ]hh oqnce_]h l nk*
_a` qnao) pdkqcd) ]j ` s daj i e_nkopki e] eo l naoaj p ]j
I J > _]j j kp ^a ej oanpa` +
> h]nca j qi ^an kb ` ar e_ao d]r a ^aaj ` ar ahkl a` bkn qoa
ej l ]peaj po s epd ` ebbe_qhp ]ens ]uo+ Qdaoa ej _hq` a hecdpa`
opuhapo) aj ` kpn]_da]h pq^a cqe` ao) ol a_e]heva` h]nuj ck*
o_kl ao) pda _qbba` knkl d]nuj ca]h ]ens ]u) ]j ` aokl d]ca]h
pn]_da]h _ki ^epq^a %4. &+ B]_d kb pdaoa ` ar e_ao d]o
ol a_e]h ]` r ]j p]cao ej _anp]ej oepq]pekj o+ B]_d ]hok d]o
hei ep]pekj o+ Roa kb ]j u kb pdaoa ` ar e_ao ej l ]peaj po s epd
gj ks j kn oqol a_pa` ` ebbe_qhp ]ens ]u odkqh` ^a ]ppai l pa`
kj hu s daj pda kl an]pkn d]o c]ej a` at l aneaj _a s epd pda
` ar e_a ]j ` eo b]i ehe]n s epd epo hei ep]pekj o+
6 &
ETVX^] P[ GTRW] X` dTb
Qdana ]na i ]j u ]` r ]j p]cao pk pda qoa kb nacekj ]h ]j aopda*
oe] pa_dj emqao bkn l ]peaj po qj ` anckej c na_kj opnq_per a oqn*
ce_]h l nk_a` qnao+ Oacekj ]h ^hk_go i ]u l nkr e` a ]` amq]pa
]j aopdaoe] bkn _anp]ej l nk_a` qnao eb ep eo ]__al p]^ha pk pda
l ]peaj p+ Fj pdeo _]oa _anp]ej neogo kb caj an]h ]j aopdaoe]
oq_d ]o j ]qoa] ]j ` r ki epej c ]na ]r ke` a` + Fj oki a l ]peaj po
s epd oanekqo _kat eopej c ` eoa]oa) oecj ebe_]j p neogo kb _en_qh]*
pknu kn l qhi kj ]nu _ki l he_]pekj o _]j ^a ]r ke` a` ^u ]
nacekj ]h ]j aopdape_+ G]j ave_ %4/ & ` ao_ne^a` l anbkni ej c
bqhh*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bpo okhahu qj ` an pkl e_]h ]j aopdaoe]
s epd BJ I > _na]i ej ps k ah` anhu ]j ` ` a^ehep]pa` l ]peaj po+
Oacekj ]h pa_dj emqao i ]u ]hok ^a qoa` pk aj d]j _a l kop*
kl an]per a _]na+ O]j ` ]hho %40& ` ao_ne^a` oq__aoobqh i ]j *
]cai aj p kb 5/ *ua]n*kh` ^qi l ]peaj p s epd ^n]_de]h l at qo
]j aopdaoe] r e] ]j ej ` s ahhej c _]pdapan+ Qda _]pdapan l ko*
epekj s ]o _kj beni a` n]` ekhkce_]hhu+ ? ql er ]_]ej a s ]o
ej bqoa` l kopkl an]per ahu bkn ]j ]hcaoe] ]j ` pk ei l nkr a
cn]bp oqnr er ]h ^u ei i k^ehevej c pda ]bba_pa` at pnai epu+
Br aj s daj ] nacekj ]h pa_dj emqa ^u epoahb eo j kp ]__al *
p]^ha %]o s epd l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po& ] ^hk_g i ]u opehh ^a
qoabqh ^u l nkr e` ej c l kopkl an]per a ]j ]hcaoe]+ J qj nk ap ]h+
%41& bkqj ` pd]p l kopkl an]per a l ]ej _kj pnkh s ]o ^appan ej
pdaen l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po s dk d]` ] nacekj ]h ]j aopdaoe]
l nk_a` qna ej _ki ^ej ]pekj s epd pdaen caj an]h ]j aopdaoe]+
7 &
CWPa\ PR^[^VXR 6 ^] bXSTaPcX^] b X] CPcXT] cb
H] STaV^X] V 5 da] ETR^] bcadRcX^]
Qda l duoekhkce_ ]j ` i ap]^khe_ naol kj oa pk ^qnj ej fqnu _]j
i ]nga` hu ]hpan pda naol kj oa pk ` nqco+ ? kpd l d]ni ]*
_kgej ape_ ]j ` l d]ni ]_k` uj ]i e_ ]hpan]pekj o k__qn+ Qda
]hpana` ` nqc naol kj oa ej ^qnj l ]peaj po i ]u namqena ]` fqop*
i aj p kb ` ko]ca ej kn` an pk ]r ke` pkt e_epu kn ` a_na]oa` abbe*
_]_u %42&+ Fj panl ]peaj p r ]ne]^ehepu) ` ebbanaj _ao ej pda oeva
]j ` ` al pd kb ^qnj o ]i kj c l ]peaj po ]j ` ` ebbanaj _ao ej pda
pei a ah]l oa` oej _a pda ej epe]h ej fqnu i ]gao ep ` ebbe_qhp pk
l nkr e` a ol a_ebe_ ` koej c cqe` ahej ao+ Eks ar an) pnaj ` o ej
` nqc naol kj oer aj aoo d]r a ^aaj k^oanr a` pd]p odkqh` ^a
gal p ej i ej ` ` qnej c _]na kb ^qnj l ]peaj po qj ` anckej c
na_kj opnq_per a l nk_a` qnao+
Qda dul ani ap]^khe_ naol kj oa pk ^qnj ej fqnu i ]u l anoeop
bkn s aago pk i kj pdo ]bpan s kqj ` o d]r a da]ha` + E al ]pe_
]j ` naj ]h i ap]^kheoi i ]u nai ]ej ahar ]pa` ` qnej c pdeo
pei a+ Qdanabkna) i ]j u ` nqco pd]p ]na i ap]^kheva` ^u pda
her an ]j ` ge` j auo ]na _ha]na` i kna n]l e` hu pd]j ej j kj
^qnj a` ej ` er e` q]ho %43&+ > hok) i ]j u ` nqco ]na decdhu
l nkpaej ^kqj ` %Q]^ha 4+/ &+ Anqc abba_po ]j ` ahei ej ]pekj
]na nah]pa` pk pda qj ^kqj ` bn]_pekj kb ` nqc+ Cnaa ` nqc eo
i kna ]r ]eh]^ha pk ej pan]_p s epd na_al pkno ^qp eo ]hok i kna
n]l e` hu _ha]na` ^u pda her an kn ge` j auo+ Qda ps k i ]fkn
` nqc ^ej ` ej c l nkpaej o) ]h^qi ej ]j ` ] *] _e` chu_kl nkpaej
%> > D&)
d]r a ` eol ]n]pa naol kj oao pk ^qnj ej fqnu+
> h^qi ej har aho paj ` pk ` a_na]oa ]bpan i ]fkn ^qi o naoqhp*
ej c ej ej _na]oa` bnaa bn]_pekj o kb ` nqco pd]p at de^ep ]
decd har ah kb ]h^qi ej ^ej ` ej c %` e]val ]i ) pdekl aj p]h&+ Fj
caj an]h) ]_e` e_ ` nqco %l @S9 4) Q]^ha 4+0& ^ej ` pk
]h^qi ej i kop ]r e` hu %44&+ ? ]oe_ ` nqco %b@S; 5& ]hok
^ej ` at paj oer ahu pk chk^qhej o) hel kl nkpaej o ]j ` chu_k*
l nkpaej o+ Fj ]` ` epekj ) oki a ` nqco %he` k_]ej a) l nkl n]j khkh&
^ej ` ]r e` hu pk ]_qpa l d]oa l nkpaej o oq_d ]o > > D+ > > D
har aho ej _na]oa ` qnej c pda l kop^qnj l anek` naoqhpej c ej
ej _na]oa` ^ej ` ej c kb ` nqco pd]p d]r a ]bbej epu bkn > > D+
Pej _a pdaoa ` nqc*^ej ` ej c l nkpaej o naol kj ` ej kl l koepa
s ]uo) pda abba_p kb ^qnj ej fqnu kj ` nqc i ap]^kheoi ]j `
abbe_]_u eo ` al aj ` aj p kj pda nah]per a ]hpan]pekj o ej pdaen
l h]oi ] _kj _aj pn]pekj + ? ]oa` kj pdeo ej bkni ]pekj ) ]j ao*
pdape_ ` nqco odkqh` ^a pepn]pa` _]nabqhhu ej ^qnj l ]peaj po+
J qo_ha nah]t ]j po at de^ep pda i kop _hej e_]hhu oecj ebe_]j p
]hpan]pekj o ej ` nqc ]_pekj bkhhks ej c oar ana ^qnj o+ Qda
naol kj oao pk ^kpd oq__ej uh_dkhej a ]j ` j kj ` al kh]nevej c
i qo_ha nah]t ]j po ]na ]hpana` + Aqnej c pda l kop^qnj l anek`
GPQ[T / &*
Anqc ? ej ` ej c pk Mh]oi ] Mnkpaej o
Anqc

? ej ` ej c %" &

Anqc

? ej ` ej c %" &
T ]nb]nej

66

Qdekl aj p]h

5-
Ae]val ]i

65

Bpki e` ]pa

42
Mnkl kbkh

65

I e` k_]ej a

32
? ql er ]_]ej a

62

> pn]_qneqi

2.
Cqnkoai e` a

62

@qn]na

12
Pqbaj p]j eh

60

J knl dej a

1-
> hbaj p] j eh

6.

S a_qnkj eqi

0-
Mnkl n]j khkh

6-

Hap] i ej a

. /
Caj p]j uh

5/

1.

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
GPQ[T / &+
l @SS ]hqao bkn Pki a > _e` e_ ]j ` ? ]oe_ Anqco
Anqc

b@S

Anqc

b@S
Ae]val ]i

0+0

J knl dej a

4+6
Cqnkoai e` a

0+6

? ql er ]_]ej a

5+.
T ]nb]nej

2+-

Mdaj upkej

5+0
> hbaj p]j eh

3+2

Caj p]j uh

5+1
@dhknkpde]ve` a

3+5

Mnkl n]j khkh

6+1
Mdaj k^]n^epkh

4+1

> pnkl ej a

6+4
Hap] i ej a

4+2

Fokl nkpan]j kh

. -+.
Qdekl aj p]h

4+3

Mnkl kbkh

. . +-
oq__ej uh_dkhej a _]j l nk` q_a at ]ccan]pa` dul ang]hai e_
naol kj oao oar ana aj kqcd pk _]qoa _]n` e]_ ]nnaop %3&+ Qda
aj d]j _a` l kp]ooeqi naha]oa ]bpan oq__ej uh_dkhej a ]` i ej eo*
pn]pekj ej ^qnj l ]peaj po eo pdkqcdp pk ^a ` qa pk l nkheban]pekj
kb at pn]fqj _pekj ]h ]_apuh_dkhej a na_al pkno+ > _per ]pekj kb
pdaoa na_al pkno ]hhks o i kna s e` aol na]` ` al kh]nev]pekj
kb pda i qo_ha i ai ^n]j a pd]p _kqh` naoqhp ej ]i l hebea`
naha]oa kb ej pn]_ahhqh]n l kp]ooeqi + Eks ar an) _kj oe` an]^ha
ej ` er e` q]h r ]ne]^ehepu ej naol kj oa at eopo+ J kop opq` eao
odks pd]p kj hu ] oi ]hh l an_aj p]ca kb ^qi l ]peaj po
at de^ep ` ]j cankqohu decd l kp]ooeqi har aho ]bpan oq__ej uh*
_dkhej a ]` i ej eopn]pekj %3&+ Qda a]nheaop nal knpa` at ]ccan*
]pa` dul ang]hai e_ naol kj oa k__qnna` 6 ` ]uo ]bpan ej fqnu
^qp j kni ]h naol kj oao s ana k^oanr a` ej pda nai ]ej ej c
l ]peaj po bkn ql pk / - ` ]uo %45&+ Qda odknpaop l kop^qi ej pan*
r ]h ]ook_e]pa` s epd oq__ej uh_dkhej a*ej ` q_a` _]n` e]_ ]nnaop
s ]o / . ` ]uo %46&+ Qdanabkna) ol a_ebe_ cqe` ahej ao nac]n` ej c
pda qoa kb oq__ej uh_dkhej a ej oar anahu ^qnj a` l ]peaj po ]na
_kj pnkr anoe]h+ S ]nekqo ]qpdkno na_ki i aj ` ]r ke` ej c oq__e*
j uh_dkhej a qoa ^acej j ej c bnki / 1 d pk / . ` ]uo ]bpan ^qi
ej fqnu %5- )5. &+ > o ] naoqhp) i kop l n]_pepekj ano ]r ke` pda
qoa kb oq__ej uh_dkhej a ej ]hh ^qnj l ]peaj po+ Eks ar an)
pdana eo j k okhe` ar e` aj _a pk oql l knp pdeo l n]_pe_a+ Qda
i kop _qnnaj p ]j ` _ki l nadaj oer a ` eo_qooekj kb pdeo eooqa
eo ] l ]en kb happano ^u Dnkj anp %5/ & ]j ` J ]npuj %50& ]o
naol kj oao pk ] nar eas ^u J ]_I aj j kj ap ]h+ %5. &+ J ]npuj
%50& na]okj a` pd]p pda ^aop ar e` aj _a ej ` e_]pao pd]p oq__e*
j uh_dkhej a eo o]ba bkn ql pk 15 d ]bpan ] h]nca ^qi + > bpan
15 d pda neog eo qj _anp]ej ok ep odkqh` l nk^]^hu ^a
]r ke` a` + Qda pei a ]bpan da]hej c ^abkna ep eo ]c]ej o]ba pk
qoa oq__ej uh_dkhej a eo ]hok qj _anp]ej s epd na_ki i aj *
` ]pekj o ql pk . ua]n ]bpan da]hej c+
Oaol kj oao pk j kj ` al kh]nevej c i qo_ha nah]t ]j po ]na ]hok
]hpana` ]bpan ^qnj ej fqnu+ ? qi l ]peaj po namqena pdnaa pk
ber abkh` cna]pan ` koao kb i qo_ha nah]t ]j p pk ]_dear a ]` a*
mq]pa j aqnki qo_qh]n ^hk_g]` a %2&+ Oaoeop]j _a eo ]l l ]naj p
s epdej 4 ` ]uo kb ^qi ej fqnu ]j ` l anoeopo pk 1- ` ]uo l kop*
ej fqnu+ Paj oeper epu napqnj o pk j kni ]h ]bpan x 4- ` ]uo ]bpan
s kqj ` da]hej c+ Oaoeop]j _a pk j kj ` al kh]nevej c i qo_ha
nah]t ]j po bkn ql pk ] ua]n ]bpan ^qi ej fqnu d]o ^aaj
` ao_ne^a` %51&+ Fj i kop _]oao) ej _na]oa` ]i kqj po kb
j kj ` al kh]nevej c i qo_ha nah]t ]j p ]na j aa` a` ej ^qi
l ]peaj po+ Qdaoa ]caj po odkqh` ^a ]` i ej eopana` ej _kj *
fqj _pekj s epd j aqnki qo_qh]n i kj epknej c pk ]ooqna
l nkl an ` koej c+
8&
C^bc^_TaPcXeT APdbTP P] S I ^\ XcX] V
4 UcTa 5 da] ETR^] bcadRcXeT FdaVTah
Qda ej _e` aj _a kb l kopkl an]per a j ]qoa] ]j ` r ki epej c
%MLKS & ej l ]peaj po qj ` anckej c na_kj opnq_per a oqncanu
]bpan ^qi ej fqnu eo l an_aer a` pk ^a decd ^u i ]j u l n]_*
pepekj ano+ Eks ar an) bas ` ]p] at eop kj pda ej _e` aj _a kb
MLKS ej pdeo l ]peaj p l kl qh]pekj + Ppq^^o ]j ` _khha]cqao
k^oanr a` ] . - -" ej _e` aj _a kb MLKS ]bpan na_kj opnq_per a
l nk_a` qnao ej r khr ej c pda o_]hl ej ^qnj a` _deh` naj %52&+
MLKS s ]o nal knpa` ej 12" kb _deh` naj qj ` anckej c oqnce*
_]h l nk_a` qnao pd]p ` e` j kp ej r khr a pda o_]hl + Fj ] bkhhks *
ql opq` u J _@]hh ap ]h+ %53& j kpa` ] 36" kr an]hh ej _e` aj _a
kb MLKS ej ^qnj a` _deh` naj qj ` anckej c na_kj opnq_per a
l nk_a` qnao+ Qdeo ej _e` aj _a s ]o oecj ebe_]j phu ` a_na]oa` pk
14" kn 1- " ) naol a_per ahu) ej _deh` naj pna]pa` l nkl duh]_pe*
_]hhu s epd kj ` ]j oapnkj kn ` ei aj du` nej ]pa+ Pei eh]nhu) bn]j g
r ki epej c s ]o k^oanr a` ej 3. " kb l h]_a^k*pna]pa` _deh` naj
_ki l ]na` pk / 6" ]j ` 1- " ) naol a_per ahu) kb _deh` naj
pna]pa` l nkl duh]_pe_]hhu s epd kj ` ]j oapnkj kn ` ei aj du` ne*
j ]pa+ > j peai ape_ ]caj po s ana cer aj s epdej 0- i ej kb pda
_kj _hqoekj kb oqncanu+ Qdeo pei ej c eo ^]oa` kj opq` eao
pd]p odks ]j peai ape_ ]caj po pk ^a i kop abba_per a eb cer aj
]p kn j a]n pda _kj _hqoekj kb oqncanu %54&+ Ppq` eao ]ooaooej c
pda ej _e` aj _a kb MLKS ej ]` qhp l ]peaj po qj ` anckej c na_kj *
opnq_per a l nk_a` qnao ]bpan ^qi ej fqnu d]r a j kp ^aaj l q^*
heoda` ej pda l aan*nar eas a` hepan]pqna+
? ]oa` kj pda _qnnaj p hepan]pqna) ep ]l l a]no pd]p pda ej _e*
` aj _a kb MLKS ej ^qnj a` _deh` naj qj ` anckej c na_kj opnq_*
per a l nk_a` qnao eo oecj ebe_]j p ]j ` s kqh` a]oehu s ]nn]j p
_h]ooebe_]pekj ]o decd neog+ Fj ]` ` epekj ) pda ej _e` aj _a kb
MLKS nai ]ej o ahar ]pa` ej l ]peaj po na_aer ej c l nkl duh]_pe_
pna]pi aj p s epd ] oej cha ` koa kb kj ` ]j oapnkj kn ` ei aj du*
` nej ]pa+ Ppq` eao kb kpdan decd*neog l ]peaj p l kl qh]pekj o
odks pd]p ] i qhpei k` ]h ]l l nk]_d eo j aa` a` bkn i ]t ei ]h
abbe_]_u ej pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKS %55&+
9&
GWT 5 X^[^Vh ^U APdbTP P] S I ^\ XcX] V
Bi aoeo eo ] l nkpa_per a naol kj oa pd]p eo ` aoecj a` pk ne` pda
dkop kb pkt e_ kn d]ni bqh ej caopa` oq^op]j _ao %56&+ Qdeo
naol kj oa _]j ^a pneccana` ^u oi ahh) p]opa) kn oecdp+ Mkopej *
caopekj ai ape_ naol kj oao _]j ^a pneccana` ^kpd ^abkna ]j `
]bpan ] l nkai ape_ oq^op]j _a d]o ^aaj ]^okn^a` ej pk pda _en*
_qh]pekj + Qda l naoaj _a kb pkt ej o kn l nkai ape_ _ki l kqj ` o
ej pda cqp hqi aj eo ` apa_pa` ^u bnaa j anr a aj ` ej co l naoaj p
ej pda c]opne_ i q_ko]+ J a_d]j kna_al pkno ` apa_p c]opne_
` eopaj oekj ]j ` _]j ]hok pneccan ]j ai ape_ naol kj oa+ Mna]^*
oknl per a naol kj oao ]na pn]j oi eppa` ^u pda r ]cqo j anr a pk

4 ] TbcWTbXP U^a ETR^] bcadRcXeT 5 da] FdaVTah

1/
pda ` kno]h i kpkn j q_haqo kb pda r ]cqo) j q_haqo pn]_pqo okhe*
p]neqo) ]j ` pda ]na] l kopnai ]+ Bi aoeo eo pdaj ej ` q_a` ^u
]_per ]pekj kb pda ër ki epej c _aj pan)í l nar ekqohu nal knpa`
pk ^a hk_]heva` pk pda h]pan]h nape_qh]n bkni ]pekj kb pda
^n]ej ^qp hegahu pk ej r khr a naol kj oao bnki oar an]h ^n]ej *
opai j q_hae+ Mkop]^oknl per a naol kj oao ]na i a` e]pa`
pdnkqcd ]_per ]pekj kb pda _dai kna_al pkn pneccan vkj a
%@QW& ej pda ]na] l kopnai ]+ Qdeo decdhu r ]o_qh]n ]na] l ko*
oaooao ]j ej _ki l hapa ^hkk` *^n] ej ^]nnean pd]p ]hhks o aj pnu
kb oq^op]j _ao bnki pda ^hkk` kn @PC ]j ` eo hegahu pk ^a pda
i ]ej _aj pan pneccanej c MLKS + Oa_al pkno bkn oankpkj ej
%2*EQ0&) deop]i ej a %E F&) ` kl ]i ej a %A> */ &) ]_apuh_dkhej a
%i qo_]nej e_&) ]j ` kl e]pao ]na l naoaj p ej pda @QW+ > _pe*
r ]pekj kb pdaoa na_al pkno opei qh]pao ai aoeo+ > r ]neapu kb
l d]ni ]_khkce_ ]l l nk]_dao bkn pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKS
d]r a ^aaj ` ar ahkl a` ]ei a` ]p ^hk_gej c ol a_ebe_ na_al pkno
ej pda @QW+
: & 4 ] cXT\ TcXR 4 VT] cb
*'
6 ` f[VabS_ [` WdY[U 6YW` fe
Par an]h _h]ooao kb ]j pe` kl ]i ej ance_ ]caj po d]r a abbe_]_u
ej pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKS + Qdaoa ej _hq` a l daj kpde]vej ao)
^qpunkl daj kj ao) ]j ` oq^opepqpa` ^aj v]i e` ao %Q]^ha 4+1&+
Qda ]j peai ape_ abba_p kb pdaoa ]caj po eo i a` e]pa` ^u
^ej ` ej c kb pda A> */ na_al pkn+ Pe` a abba_po ej _hq` a
GPQ[T / &,
@h]ooebe_]pekj kb > j peai ape_ > caj po
Anqc _h]oo

@ki i kj oe` a abba_p
Akl ]i ej a na_al pkn

Pa` ]pekj
]j p]ckj eopo %A> */ &
Mdaj kpde]vej ao

Aeook_e]pekj
Chql daj ]vej a

Bt pn]l un]i e` ]h abba_p
@dhknl nki ]vej a
Mnk_dhknl an]vej a
? qpunkl daj kj ao
Ankl ane` kh
E]hkl ane` kh
Pq^opepqpa` ^aj v]i e` a
J apk_dhkl nki e` a
> j pedeop]i ej ao %E F&

Pa` ]pekj
Ael daj du` n]i ej a

Anu i kqpd
Mnki apd]vej a
> j pe_dkhej ance_o

Pa` ]pekj
P_kl kh]i ej a

Anu i kqpd
> pnkl ej a

Q]_du_]n` e]
Pankpkj ej na_al pkn ]j p]ckj eopo

Ea]` ]_da
Lj ` ]j oapnkj
Akh]oapnkj
@knpe_kopanke` o

Dhq_koa ej pkhan]j _a
Aat ]i apd]okj a

> hpana` s kqj ` da]hej c
J apduhl na` j eokhkj a

Fi i qj koql l naooekj
E u` nk_knpeokj a

Oaj ]h abba_po
` eook_e]pekj ]j ` oa` ]pekj + Bt pn]l un]i e` ]h oe` a abba_po
d]r a ]hok ^aaj nal knpa` s epd qoa kb pdaoa ]caj po+ Fj
]` qhpo) pda ej _e` aj _a kb j aqnkhkce_]h oe` a abba_po eo hks eb
` nkl ane` kh eo hei epa` pk ] ` koa kb . +/ 2 i c %6- &+ Eks ar an)
_deh` naj ]na l an_aer a` pk at de^ep l nkhkj ca` ` nks oej aoo ]j `
] decdan ej _e` aj _a kb at pn]l un]i e` ]h abba_po _ki l ]na` pk
]` qhpo ej oki a opq` eao %6. &+ Oa_aj p s ]nj ej co ^u pda
CA> i ]u hei ep bqpqna qoa kb ` nkl ane` kh %6/ &+
Qda qoa kb i apk_hkl n]i e` a ]o ] l nkl duh]_pe_ ]j pea*
i ape_ ej l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po d]o ]hok na_aer a` i et a`
nar eas o+ Pki a opq` eao d]r a odks j abbe_]_u bkn i apk_hk*
l n]i e` a ej MLKS l nkl duh]t eo s deha kpdano d]r a j kp
` ai kj opn]pa` ^aj abep kr an l h]_a^k %60)61&+
/ +
6 ` f[Z[efS_ [` We
> j pedeop]i ej ao oq_d ]o ` el daj du` n]i ej a ]j ` l nki apd]*
vej a ]na _ki i kj hu qoa` ej pda pna]pi aj p kb i kpekj oe_g*
j aoo ]j ` ]na ]hok qoabqh ej MLKS + Qdaen ]j pedeop]i ej e_
]j ` ]j pe_dkhej ance_ ]_pekj o i a` e]pa pda ]j peai ape_ abba_p
kb pdaoa ]caj po+ Qda i kop _ki i kj oe` a abba_po kb pdaoa
]caj po ej _hq` a oa` ]pekj ]j ` ` nu i kqpd+
, '
6 ` f[UZa^[` WdY[Ue
P_kl kh]i ej a eo _ki i kj hu qoa` ej pda pna]pi aj p kb i kpekj
oe_gj aoo ]j ` ]hok d]o abbe_]_u bkn pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKS +
Qda _aj pn]h l kpaj _u kb o_kl kh]i ej a eo Z. - *bkh` cna]pan
pd]j ]pnkl ej a uap pda r eo_an]h ]j pei qo_]nej e_ abba_po) l ] n*
pe_qh]nhu p]_du_]n` e]) ]na haoo+ Qdanabkna) o_kl kh]i ej a
l kooaooao pda i kna ` aoen]^ha pdan]l aqpe_ ej ` at bkn pda
pna]pi aj p kb MLKS + @ki i kj oe` a abba_po ej _hq` a ` nks oe*
j aoo ]j ` ` eook_e]pekj + P_kl kh]i ej a l ]p_dao d]r a odks j
abbe_]_u ej pda l nkl duh]t eo kb MLKS ej l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po
qj ` anckej c opn]^eoi qo kn ]^` ki ej ]h oqncanu %62)63&+ Dhu*
_kl unnkh]pa eo ]j ]j pe_dkhej ance_ ]caj p s epd ] mq]npanj ]nu
]i i kj eqi opnq_pqna pd]p ` kao j kp _nkoo pda ^hkk` ^n]ej
^]nnean ]j ` eo j kp abba_per a ej pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKS +
-'
HWdafa` [` GWUWbfad 6 ` fSYa` [efe
Qda 2*EQ0 na_al pkn ]j p]ckj eopo d]r a ai anca` ]o ] i ]fkn
_h]oo kb ` nqco bkn pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKS + Qdau l kooaoo
abbe_]_u bkn pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKS pd]p eo amq]h pk pd]p
kb kpdan _h]ooao kb ]j peai ape_o oq_d ]o ` kl ]i ej a ]j p]ckj *
eopo) ^qp d]r a ] nah]per ahu ^aj ecj oe` a abba_p l nkbeha+ Qda
oankpkj ej na_al pkn ]j p]ckj eopo ]na _ki i kj hu qoa` ej pda
kqpl ]peaj p oappej c bkn l nkl duh]t eo ]j ` pna]pi aj p kb
MLKS + Qdaen abba_per aj aoo ]o l nkl duh]_pe_ ]j ` nao_qa
]caj po bkn MLKS d]o ^aaj odks j ej j qi ankqo opq` eao
%54&+ ? a_]qoa kb pdaen nah]per ahu decd _kop) oki a ej r aope*
c]pkno d]r a mqaopekj a` pda _kop abba_per aj aoo kb qoej c
pdaoa ]caj po ej MLKS l nkl duh]t eo %64&+ Eks ar an) i ]j u
l n]_pepekj ano opnkj chu na_ki i aj ` pda qoa kb oankpkj ej

10

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
na_al pkn ]j p]ckj eopo bkn MLKV l nkl duh]t eo) l ]npe_qh]nhu ej
pda kqpl ]peaj p oappej c+
2+
8 adf[UaefWda[Ve
@knpe_kopanke` o oq_d ]o ` at ]i apd]okj a ]na abba_per a
]` fqj _po bkn pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKS ej decd*neog l ]peaj po+
Qda i a_d]j eoi kb ]j peai ape_ ]_pekj kb pdaoa ]caj po eo
qj _ha]n+ Eks ar an) pdaen abbe_]_u d]o ^aaj ` ai kj opn]pa`
ej oar an]h opq` eao %65&+ Lr an]hh) _knpe_kopanke` o ]na j kp
qoa` ]o bnkj p*hej a ]caj po bkn pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKS +
Eks ar an) i ]j u l n]_pepekj ano d]r a na_ki i aj ` a` pda qoa
kb pdaoa ]caj po ej ]ook_e]pekj s epd kpdan ]j peai ape_o ej
l ]peaj po pd]p ]na ]p decd neog bkn MLKS %55&+ > hpdkqcd
_dnkj e_ opanke` qoa _]j d]r a j qi ankqo ]j ` oecj ebe_]j p
i ap]^khe_ abba_po) ] oej cha ` koa kb _knpe_kopanke` o bkn pna] p*
i aj p kn l nkl duh]t eo kb MLKS eo j kp hegahu pk _]qoa oecj ebe*
_]j p ` an]j cai aj po+
; &
GaTPc\ T] c ^U CPcXT] cb Pc ; XVW EXbZ
U^a CBAI
MLKS eo kj a kb pda i kop _ki i kj _ki l he_]pekj o ]ook_e*
]pa` s epd oqnce_]h ]j aopdaoe]+ Eks ar an) pda kl pei ]h opn]p*
acu bkn l nar aj pekj kn pna]pi aj p kb MLKS nai ]ej o
_kj pnkr anoe]h+ M]peaj po nal knp pda ` eopnaoo kb MLKS ]o
^aej c amq]h pk pd]p kb l kopkl an]per a l ]ej + Fj ]` ` epekj )
MLKS _]j l nkhkj c pda ` eo_d]nca kb ` ]u oqncanu l ]peaj po
]j ` naoqhp ej qj ]j pe_el ]pa` dkol ep]h ]` i eooekj o %66&+
Par an]h b]_pkno d]r a ^aaj e` aj pebea` pd]p ]na l na` e_per a kb
ej _na]oa` neog bkn MLKS + Oeog b]_pkno _]j ^a ` er e` a`
ej pk l ]peaj p _d]n]_paneope_o) oqnce_]h b]_pkno ]j ` ]j aopdape_
b]_pkno+ > l bah ap ]h+ %. - - & nal knpa` pd]p pdaoa neog b]_pkno
]na ]` ` eper a+ M]peaj p _d]n]_paneope_o pd]p ]na ]ook_e]pa`
s epd MLKS ej _hq` a ] l nekn deopknu kb MLKS kn i kpekj
oe_gj aoo) bai ]ha caj ` an) k^aoepu) j kj oi kgej c op]pqo) ]j `
l a` e]pne_ ]ca+ @anp]ej pul ao kb oqncanu ]na ]hok ]ook_e]pa`
s epd ]j ej _na]oa` ej _e` aj _a kb MLKS + Qdaoa ej _hq` a ej pn]*
]^` ki ej ]h oqncanu) cuj a_khkce_ l nk_a` qnao ]o s ahh ]o
oqncanu kj pda aua kn i e` ` ha a]n+ > oqnce_]h ` qn]pekj kb
; / d eo ]hok ]ook_e]pa` s epd MLKS + ? ]oa` kj pda ` ]p] l na*
oaj pa` a]nhean ej pdeo _d]l pan) ^qnj l ]peaj po qj ` anckej c
na_kj opnq_per a l nk_a` qnao ]hok d]r a ] decd ej _e` aj _a kb
MLKS + > j aopdape_ b]_pkno ]ook_e]pa` s epd MLKS ej _hq` a
pda qoa kb kl eke` o) j epnkqo kt e` a) apki e` ]pa kn ]j pe_dkhe*
j aopan]oao pk nar anoa i qo_ha nah]t ]pekj + Qda qoa kb l nkl k*
bkh ]o ]j ej ` q_pekj ]caj p kn i ]ej paj ]j _a ]j aopdape_ eo
]ook_e]pa` s epd ` a_na]oa` MLKS %. - . &+
J ]j u eooqao oqnnkqj ` pda qoa kb ]j peai ape_o ` qnej c pda
l kopkl an]per a l anek` + Lj a i ]fkn mqaopekj eo s dapdan pk qoa
]j peai ape_o l nkl duh]_pe_]hhu kn ]o nao_qa pdan]l u+ P_q` ane
]j ` _khha]cqao %64& _ki l ]na` pda qoa kb kj ` ]j oapnkj ]o
]j peai ape_ l nkl duh]t eo kn nao_qa pdan]l u ej ]` qhp kqp*
l ]peaj p oqncanu+ Qdau nal knpa` j k ` ebbanaj _a ej ` eo_d]nca
pei a bnki pda dkol ep]h) na]` i eooekj n]pa) kn napqnj pk
j kni ]h ]_per epu s daj _ki l ]nej c cnkql o+ Qdau _kj _hq` a`
pd]p nao_qa pdan]l u eo i kna _kop abba_per a ]j ` eo ]ook_e]pa`
s epd oei eh]n l ]peaj p o]peob]_pekj o_knao _ki l ]na` pk l nk*
l duh]t eo ej l ]peaj po ]p hks neog kb MLKS + Eks ar an)
l ]peaj po ]p decd neog kb MLKS nal knpa` cna]pan o]peob]_pekj
s epd pda l nkl duh]_pe_ nacei aj + T ]p_d] ]j ` Pi epd %. - / &
k^oanr a` ] ` a_na]oa` ej _e` aj _a kb MLKS ej l ]peaj po
na_aer ej c l nkl duh]t eo s epd kj ` ]j oapnkj kn ` nkl ane` kh _ki *
l ]na` pk l ]peaj po na_aer ej c nao_qa pna]pi aj p+ Qdau _kj *
_hq` a` pd]p l nkl duh]t eo s epd kj ` ]j oapnkj eo fqopebea` eb
pda ej _e` aj _a kb MLKS eo ; 0- " ej ] l ]peaj p l kl qh]pekj
]j ` pd]p l nkl duh]t eo s epd ` nkl ane` kh eo ej ` e_]pa` ]p ]
MLKS ej _e` aj _a kb ; . 0" + Pei eh]nhu) Q]j c ap ]h+ %54&
nal knpa` cna]pan o]peob]_pekj ej kqpl ]peaj p oqncanu l ]peaj po
na_aer ej c l nkl duh]t eo s epd kj ` ]j oapnkj _ki l ]na` pk
l ]peaj po pna]pa` bkn MLKS ej pda l kop]j aopdaoe] na_kr anu
qj ep %M> @R&+ Fj ] h]pan nar eas kb pda hepan]pqna) T ]p_d]
%55& l nkl koa` ] ` a_eoekj pnaa bkn ML KS pna]pi aj p kn l nk*
l duh]t eo ^]oa` kj l ]peaj p neog b]_pkno %Cec+ 4+. - &+
Lr an]hh) l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po qj ` anckej c na_kj opnq_per a
oqncanu bkn ^qnj s kqj ` o ]na ]p decd neog kb MLKS + Qda
ej _e` aj _a kb MLKS ej ] oei eh]n ]` qhp l kl qh]pekj d]o j kp
^aaj nal knpa` + Pej cha ]caj p l nkl duh]_pe_ pna]pi aj p kb
MLKS s epd kj ` ]j oapnkj kn ` ei aj du` nej ]pa d]o odks j
abbe_]_u ej l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po+ Eks ar an) pda ej _e` aj _a kb
MLKS nai ]ej a` nah]per ahu decd ]bpan oej cha ]caj p pna]p*
i aj p+ ? ]oa` kj opq` eao ej kpdan l ]peaj p l kl qh]pekj o ]p
decd neog kb MLKS ) ep eo hegahu pd]p i qhpe]caj p l nkl duh]t eo
s ehh ^aj abep l a` e]pne_ ^qnj l ]peaj po qj ` anckej c na_kj opnq_*
per a l nk_a` qnao+ Qdeo i qhpei k` ]h ]l l nk]_d odkqh` ai l hku
]caj po pd]p ej pan]_p s epd ` ebbanaj p na_al pkno ej pda @QW+ Ckn
at ]i l ha) pda _ki ^ej ]pekj kb ] oankpkj ej na_al pkn ]j p]ckj *
eop ]j ` ` kl ]i ej a na_al pkn ^hk_gan s kqh` hegahu ^a i kna
^aj abe_e]h pd]j pda qoa kb ps k ` ebbanaj p ` kl ]i ej a na_al pkn
]j p]ckj eopo+ Qda qoa kb l nkl kbkh ]j ` ]r ke` ]j _a kb kl eke` o)
apki e` ]pa) ]j ` j epnkqo kt e` a i ]u ]hok ` a_na]oa MLKS ej
pdaoa l ]peaj po+ Cqnpdani kna) ep eo kbpaj qoabqh pk nar eas pda
l ] peaj pîo i a` e_]h na_kn` o pk ` apani ej a pda abba_per aj aoo kb
]j peai ape_ ]caj po cer aj ` qnej c l nar ekqo ]j aopdape_o+
<&
C^bc^_TaPcXeT 4 ] P[VTbXP
Mkopkl an]per a l ]ej j kp kj hu _kj pne^qpao pk ]j qj b]r kn]^ha
i a` e_]h at l aneaj _a bkn pda l ]peaj p ^qp ]o ] oecj ebe_]j p
okqn_a kb l duoekhkce_]h opnaoo ep _]j ]hok _kj pne^qpa pk l kop*
kl an]per a i kn^e` epu ej ] r ]neapu kb s ]uo+ Ppnaoo ]ook_e]pa`
s epd l kopoqnce_]h l ]ej _]j ^a ]ook_e]pa` s epd ej _na]oa`
j ]qoa] ]j ` r ki epej c) l kopkl an]per a l qhi kj ]nu _ki l he*
_]pekj o) ej ba_pekj o) ]j ` kpdan _ki l he_]pekj o %. - 0&+ M]peaj po
s dk d]r a oqnr er a` h]nca ^qi ej fqneao i ]u ^a at l aneaj *
_ej c _dnkj e_ l ]ej ]j ` i ]u d]r a na` q_a` l ]ej pkhan]j _a+
M]ej _kj pnkh eo ar aj i kna ei l knp]j p ej pdaoa l ]peaj po
s dk namqena i ]j u oqnce_]h l nk_a` qnao+

4 ] TbcWTbXP U^a ETR^] bcadRcXeT 5 da] FdaVTah

11
9XVdaT / &) (
Mkooe^ha ]l l nk]_d pk pda pna]pi aj p kb MLKV+ X> ` ]l pa` bnki T ]p_d] %55&+Y
Fj pda l ]op) l ]peaj po s ana kbpaj ]` i eppa` pk pda dkol ep]h
ej pda l kopkl an]per a l anek` pk ]hhks i kna abba_per a l ]ej
_kj pnkh+ T epd pda ej _na]oej c bnamqaj _u kb kqpl ]peaj p oqnce*
_]h l nk_a` qnao l anbkni a` ) ep eo ei l knp]j p pk gj ks pd]p
l kopoqnce_]h l ]ej _]j ^a i ]j ]ca` o]bahu ]j ` abba_per ahu
kj ]j kqpl ]peaj p ^]oeo+ J qj nk ap ]h+ %41& ar ]hq]pa` l anek*
l an]per a ]j ]hcaoe] ej 14. _deh` naj bnki . - i kj pdo pk . 5
ua]no kb ]ca s dk qj ` ans aj p ] s e` a r ]neapu kb kqpl ]peaj p
oqnce_]h l nk_a` qnao pd]p s ana at l a_pa` pk ^a ]ook_e]pa`
s epd oecj ebe_]j p l ]ej + Ckhhks *ql oqnr auo ` k_qi aj pa`
64" kb l ]peaj po d]` ]` amq]pa pk r anu ckk` l ]ej naheab+ Fj
] oq^oap kb . 52 kb pdaoa l ]peaj po s dk d]` caj epkqnej ]nu
l nk_a` qnao) pdkoa s dk na_aer a` nacekj ]h ]j aopdaoe] l nk*
_a` qnao nal knpa` ^appan l ]ej _kj pnkh+
J knl dej a eo pda benop _dke_a ^u i ]j u l n]_pepekj ano bkn
l kopkl an]per a l d]ni ]_khkce_]h l ]ej naheab+ Pki a l ]peaj po
i ]u ]hna]` u ^a na_aer ej c kl ek` o ]j ` namqena decdan
` koao ` qa pk ` ar ahkl i aj p kb pkhan]j _a+ Qdeo i ]u j kp ^a
]l l ]naj p qj peh ]bpan ai ancaj _a ej pda l kop]j aopdaoe] _]na
qj ep+ > ` ` epekj ]h ]j ]hcaoe] i ]u ^a namqena` pk oql l hai aj p
kl eke` o cer aj ej pn]kl an]per ahu+
Ll ek` o qoa` s epd l ]peaj p*_kj pnkhha` ]j ]hcaoe] %M@> &
_]j ^a ]j aol a_e]hhu abba_per a pa_dj emqa kb i ]j ]cej c l kop
oqnce_]h l ]ej + M@> d]o ]hok ^aaj bkqj ` abba_per a ej oaha_p
l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po %. - 1&+ Pdej ap ]h+ %. - 2& _ki l ]na` ej pn]*
r aj kqo M@> s epd j ]h^ql dej a ]j ` gapknkh]_ s epd ej pn]i qo*
_qh]n ej fa_pekj kb i al ane` ej a ej l a` e]pne_ _n]j ekb]_e]h
l ]peaj po+ Qda M@> cnkql d]` oql anekn l ]ej _kj pnkh ]j `
]i ^qh]pa` okkj an pd]j pda l ]peaj po pna]pa` s epd ej pn]i qo*
_qh]n i al ane` ej a+ Qdau bkqj ` pda M@> i k` a aol a_e]hhu
dahl bqh bkn l ]peaj po s epd i k` an]pa pk oar ana l ]ej ]ook_e*
]pa` s epd ne^ _]npeh]ca kn ehe]_ ^kj a d]nr aopej c bkn cn]bpo+
M@> s ]o ]hok abba_per a ej l nkr e` ej c l kopkl an]per a ]j ]hca*
oe] bkn h]nca bh]l oqncaneao+
Kkj opanke` ]h ]j pe*ej bh]i i ]pknu ` nqco %KP> FAP& ]na
]hok qoabqh ej pna]pej c l kopoqnce_]h l ]ej + @d]qd]j ap ]h+
%. - 3& ar ]hq]pa` pda o]bapu kb gapknkh]_ ej l a` e]pne_ l ]peaj po
s dk qj ` ans aj p qnapankj ak_uopkopki u+ Qdau bkqj ` j k ar e*
` aj _a kb naj ]h pkt e_epu kn ej _na]oa` ^haa` ej c+ Hapknkh]_ eo
qoa` ]o l ]np kb ] op]j ` ]n` l kopkl an]per a l nkpk_kh ]bpan qna*
pankj ak_uopkopki u ]p pdaen ej opepqpekj + > i knl dej a*ol ]nej c
abba_p kb gapknkh]_ s ]o nal knpa` ^u @]nj au ap ]h+ %. - 4& ej

) ( (

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
l a` e]pne_ caj an]h oqnce_]h l ]peaj po+ Qdau ]hok nal knpa` j k
ej _na]oa` ^haa` ej c kn j al dnkpkt e_epu ej pdeo cnkql kb
l ]peaj po+
I k_]h ]j aopdape_o ]na kbpaj abba_per a ej _kj pnkhhej c
_anp]ej pul ao kb l kopoqnce_]h l ]ej + Akj kn oepao bkn ol hep
pde_gj aoo ogej *cn]bpo ]na ] oecj ebe_]j p okqn_a kb l ]ej bkn
l ]peaj po qj ` anckej c na_kj opnq_per a l nk_a` qnao ]bpan ^qi
ej fqneao+ Par an]h opn]paceao qpehevej c hk_]h ]j aopdape_o
d]r a ^aaj qoa` pk _kj pnkh l ]ej bnki ` kj kn oepao+ E ]nr aop
kb pda ogej bkn cn]bpej c eo bnamqaj phu l na_a` a` ^u hk_]h
ej behpn]pekj kb okhqpekj pk l nal ]na pda ` kj kn oepa+ > ` ` epekj
kb ^ql er ]_]ej a pk pda okhqpekj qoa` bkn ej behpn]pekj d]o
^aaj nal knpa` abba_per a ej na` q_ej c l kopkl an]per a i kn*
l dej a namqenai aj po ]j ` l ]ej o_knao ql pk 15 d ]bpan
oqncanu %. - 5). - 6&+ Mh]oi ] _kj _aj pn]pekj o s ana s ahh
^ahks pkt e_epu har aho s daj pda pkp]h ` koa s ]o hei epa` pk
0 i c,gc+ Gahheod ap ]h+ %. . - & _ki l ]na` abba_po kb / " he` k*
_]ej a ]j ` - +2" ^ql er ]_]ej a ]l l hea` pkl e_]hhu ]bpan d]nr aop
kb ol hep*pde_gj aoo ogej d]nr aop oepao+ M]ej o_knao ]j ` / 1 d
j ]n_kpe_ namqenai aj po s ana hks an ej l ]peaj po pna]pa` pdeo
s ]u s epd he` k_]ej a+ > hr e ap ]h+ %. . . & ]l l hea` ] ^ql er ]_]ej a
cah %/ +2 i c,i I & pk ` aj q` a` ol hep*pde_gj aoo ogej ` kj kn
oepao ql pk . 3- _i / ]j ` ]r an]cej c . 0- _i / + Mh]oi ] ^ql e*
r ]_]ej a _kj _aj pn]pekj l a]ga` ]p - +- 4 wfec,i I ) s ahh
^ahks pkt e_ _kj _aj pn]pekj kb ^ql er ]_]ej a %1 %t c,i I &+
FH@@4 EL
> ` r ]j _ao ej ^qi _]na d]r a oecj ebe_]j phu ei l nkr a` pda oqn*
r er ]h kb oar anahu ^qnj a` l ]peaj po+ Pq^oamqaj phu) i kna
l ]peaj po s ehh l naoaj p pk pda kl an]pej c nkki bkn oqnce_]h _kn*
na_pekj kb ^qnj *]ook_e]pa` ` abkni epeao+ Qda oamqah]a kb
pdaoa ej fqneao l nkr e` a _d]hhaj cao ej ar anu l d]oa kb ]j ao*
pdape_ i ]j ]cai aj p+ Qda i kop j kp]^ha _d]hhaj cao ]na
nah]pa` pk ]ens ]u i ]j ]cai aj p ]j ` oa_qnej c r ]o_qh]n
]__aoo+ > hpana` ` i c naol kj oao) ej _na]oa` ]j ]hcaoe_
namqenai aj po) ]j ` ] decd ej _e` aj _a kb MLKS ]na ]hok
_ki i kj l nk^hai o aj _kqj pana` ej pdeo l ]peaj p l kl qh]pekj +
Qda namqenai aj p kb i qhpel ha ]j ` op]ca` l nk_a` qnao l na*
oaj po _d]hhaj cao ^qp ]hok ]hhks o p]ehknej c kb _]na pk pda
ej ` er e` q]h l ]peaj pîo j aa` o+ Qda l ]peaj po pdai oahr ao ]j `
pda i a` e_]h na_kn` ]na ej r ]hq]^ha okqn_ao kb ej bkni ]pekj
nac]n` ej c s de_d ` i co kn pa_dj emqao d]r a ^aaj i kop abba_*
per a ` qnej c l nekn ]j aopdape_o+ J ]j ]cai aj p kb oar anahu
^qnj a` l ]peaj po bkn na_kj opnq_per a oqncanu _]j ^a pa_dj e*
_]hhu _d]hhaj cej c+ Aar ahkl i aj p kb ]j abba_per a ]j aopdape_
l h]j ]j ` ]ppaj pekj pk ` ap]eh eo namqena` pk l nkr e` a ]j aopda*
oe] ej ] o]ba ]j ` abbe_]_ekqo i ]j j an+
E8 98 E8A6 8F
. + T khb PB) Okoa GH) Aao]e J E) J ehaoge GM) ? ]nnks OB)
E anj ` kj
AK+
J knp]hepu
` apani ej ]j po
ej
i ]ooer a
l a` e]pne_ ^qi o7 ]j ]j ]huoeo kb . - 0 _deh` naj s epd ; 5- "
Q? P > ^qi o %; 4- " bqhh*pde_gj aoo&+ > j j Pqnc . 6648
/ / 2%2&7221*236+
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Ou]j @J ) P_dkaj bah` A> ) Qdknl a T M ap ]h+ L^fa_per a
aopei ]pao kb pda l nk^]^ehepu kb ` a]pd bnki ^qi ej fqneao+
K Bj ch G J a` . 6658 005703/ *033+
0+
Pdane` ]j OI ) Oai aj oj u` an GM) P_dj epvan GG) P_dqhv GQ)
Ou]j @J ) Qki l gej o OD+ @qnnaj p at l a_p]pekj o bkn oqnr e*
r ]h ej l a` e]pne_ ^qi o+ > n_d Ma` e]pn > ` khao_ / - - - 8
. 217/ 12*/ 16+
1+
@kpa @G) Mapg]j > G+ Qdekl aj p]h namqenai aj po i ]u ^a
ej _na]oa` ej _deh` naj na] j aopdaopeva` ]p ha]op kj a ua]n
]bpan na_kr anu bnki at paj oer a pdani ]h ej fqnu+ > j aopd
> j ]hc . 6528 31%. / &7 . . 23*. . 3- +
2+
J ]npuj G) Pvubah^aej P) > he E) J ]ppak O) P]r ]nao G+
Fj _na]oa` A*pq^k_qn]nej a namqenai aj p bkhhks ej c i ]fkn
pdani ]h ej fqnu+ > j aopdaoekhkcu . 65- 8 2/ 702/ *022+
3+
Qkhi ea G) Gku_a Q) J ep_dahh D+ Pq__ej uh_dkhej a ` ]j can ej
pda ^qnj a` l ]peaj p+ > j aopdaoekhkcu . 6348 . 57134*14- +
4+
Qdki ]o @O) J auan T E ) ? h]gaj au M> + Mou_de]pne_
` eokn` ano ]ook_e]pa` s epd ^qi ej fqnu+ Fj 7 E ai ` kj AK)
a` + Qkp]h ? qi @]na / j ` a` + I kj ` kj 7 T +? + P]qj ` ano)
/ - - . 7433*44/ +
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> i ane_]j Pk_eapu kb > j aopdaoekhkceopo Q]og Ckn_a kj
Mna]j aopdaoe] Br ]hq]pekj + Pl a_e]h ]npe_ha7 l n]_pe_a ]` r e*
oknu bkn l na]j aopdaoe] ar ]hq]pekj + > j aopdaoekhkcu / - - / 8
63%/ &7152*163+
6+
Aai hej c OE) @daj @+ Mqhi kj ]nu bqj _pekj ej pda ^qnj
l ]peaj p+ Pai ej Kal dnkh . 6608 . 0%1&704. ê 05. +
. -+
@khe_a DI + I kj c*pani naol en]pknu _ki l he_]pekj o kb
ej d]h]pekj ej fqnu+ Fj 7 E ]l kj eg BC) J qj opan > J ) a` o+
Oaol en]pknu
Fj fqnu7
Pi kga
Fj d]h]pekj
]j `
? qi o+
Kas Vkng7 J _Dn]s *E ehh) . 66- 70/ 6*012+
. . +
Manav*Dqann] C) T ]hod OB) P]cah PP+ ? nkj _dekhepeo
k^hepan]j o ]j ` pn]_da]h opaj koeo+ G > i J a` > ook_ . 64. 8
/ . 57. 235*. 24- +
. / +
Q]o]g] P) H]j ]v]s ] J ) J kne J ) Cqfeodei ] P) Fodev]g] > )
V]i ]o]s ] C) H]s ]odenk Q+ I kj c*pani _kqnoa kb ^nkj _d*
ea_p]oeo ]j ` ^nkj _dekhepeo k^hepan]j o ]o h]pa _ki l he_]pekj kb
oi kga ej d]h]pekj + Oaol en]pekj . 6628 3/ 71- *1/ +
. 0+
Phqpvgan A) Hej j O) P]e` PF+ ? nkj _dea_p]oeo ]j ` l nkcnaoo*
er a naol en]pknu b]ehqna bkhhks ej c oi kga ej d]h]pekj + @daop
. 6568 627. 016*. 02- +
. 1+
@kkl an > ? ) Cancqokj KA) E ]j hu MG) J a]` a J L)
H]_dqn] GO) Dn]j pokj GQ) Phqpogu > P) Ppas ]np QB+
I kj c*pani bkhhks *ql kb oqnr er kno kb ]_qpa hqj c ej fqnu7
h] _g kb abba_p kb ] r aj peh]pekj opn]pacu pk l nar aj p ^]nk*
pn]qi ]+ @nep @]na J a` . 6668 / 4%. / &7/ 3. 3*/ 3/ . +
. 2+
T ]nj an AL+ Mnar aj pej c l kopkl an]per a l qhi kj ]nu _ki l he*
_]pekj o7 pda nkha kb pda ]j aopdaoekhkceop+ > j aopdaoekhkcu
/ - - - 8 6/ %2&7 . 134*. 14/ +
. 3+
Qkge_o I ) E a` aj opeanj ] D) Ppn]j ` ^anc > ) ? neoi ]n ? )
I qj ` mqeop E+ I qj c _khh]l oa ]j ` c]o at _d]j ca ` qnej c
caj an]h ]j aopdaoe]7 abba_po kb ol kj p]j akqo ^na]pdej c)
i qo_ha l ]n]huoeo) ]j ` l koeper a aj ` *at l en]pknu l naooqna+
> j aopdaoekhkcu . 6548 33%/ &7 . 24*. 34+
. 4+
I ]s naj _a S > ) M]ca @M) E]nneo DA+ Mnakl an]per a ol enk*
i apnu ^abkna ]^` ki ej ]h kl an]pekj o+ > n_d Fj panj J a`
. 6568 . 167/ 5- */ 52+