Functional and Aesthetic Reconstruction of Burn Patients

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Functional and Aesthetic Reconstruction of Burned Patients Edited by Robert L. McCauley, MD, FACS University of Texas Medical Branch Shriner's Hospital for Children-Galveston Unit Galveston, Texas, U.S.A. • Thieme

Director, Editorial Services: Mary Jo Casey
International Production Director: Andreas Schabert
International Marketing Director: Fiona Henderson
International Sales Director: Louisa Turrell
Director of Sales, North Am erica: Mike Rosem an

President: Brian D. Scanlan
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
is available from the publisher upon request.
© 2005 Thiem e Medical Publishers, Inc.
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eISBN 978-1-62623-792-6

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_qh]n ` ani eo+ Fp eo pda ha]op bhat e^ha ]j ` eo ]hok dknevkj p]hhu
kneaj pa` + > o ] oe` a j kpa) pda b]ehqna kb pda ogej pk oj ]l
^]_g) oaaj ok kbpaj ej oqj ` ]i ]ca` ogej ) d]o ^aaj hej ga`
pk ]^j kni ]h ah]opej l nk` q_a` ]bpan at l koqna pk RS n]` e*
]pekj %/ - &) ]j ` annkno ej ah]opej l nk` q_pekj ]na oaaj ej ` eo*
a]oao hega Bdhano*A] j hko ouj ` nki a %/ . &+ Cqnpdan)
^na]g` ks j kb ah]opej d]o ^aaj odks j pk k__qn ]o ogej
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> hkj c s epd pda be^nkqo ]j ` bhat e^ha l knpekj o kb pda ` ani eo
]na pda ogej îo odk_g ]^okn^ano+ Qdaoa ]na chu_kl nkpaej o)
l nei ]nehu chu_ko]i ej kchu_]j o %D> Do&) _kr ]haj phu hej ga`
pk l nkpakchu_]j o+ Qdau paj ` pk ]ppn]_p s ]pan ]j ` oqnnkqj `
pda _khh]caj ]j ` ah]opej ) ]o ] oknp kb cah kn cnkqj ` oq^*
op]j _a+ Aani ]h k__ql ]j po gj ks j ]o be^nk^h]opo l nk` q_a
pdai ) ]j ` pdau dahl l nkpa_p ]c]ej op _ki l naooekj ej fqnu
]j ` ` ani ]h ` abkni ]pekj +
D> Do ]na qj ^n]j _da` l khuo]__d]ne` a _d]ej o s de_d ]na
decdhu ]j ekj e_ ]j ` du` nkl dehe_+ Qdau pdanabkna ]ppn]_p
l koeper ahu _d]nca` ekj o hega ok` eqi ) ]o s ahh ]o h]nca
]i kqj po kb s ]pan) s de_d dahl o l nk` q_a pda cah a]nhean+
Pki a at ]i l hao ej _hq` a du]hqnkj e_ ]_e` ) _kj ` nkepkj
oqhb]pa,` ani ]pej oqhb]pa) dal ]nej oqhb]pa) ]j ` gan]pej
oqhb]pa+ Mnkpakchu_]j o d]r a ] _kna l khul al pe` a _d]ej
s epd i qhpel ha oqc]n oe` a _d]ej o) kj a kb s de_d ^u ` abej epekj
eo ] D> D+ Pki a at ]i l hao ej _hq` a du]hqnkj e_ ]_e` ) _kj *
` nkepkj oqhb] pa,` ani ] pej oqhb]pa) dal ]nej oqhb]pa) ]j `
gan]pej oqhb]pa+ L pdan chu_kl nkpaej o hega be^nkj a_pej ]na
ej pei ]pahu ej r khr a` ej _ahh*i ] pnet ]` daoekj pdnkqcd
pdaen ej pan]_pekj s epd pda _khh]caj ) ah]opej ) ]j ` ej pacnej o
kj pda oqnb]_a kb be^nk^h]opo+
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? u b]n) pda l na` ki ej ]j p _ahh kb pda ` ani eo eo pda be^nk^h]op)
pdkqcd kpdan haoo j qi ankqo i kj k_upao hega i ]_nkl d]cao)
]j ` ` aj ` nepe_ _ahho) ]o s ahh ]o i ]op _ahho) l h]u ] i ]fkn nkha
ej pda ei i qj a) ej bh]i i ]pknu) ]j ` ]hhance_ ]_per epeao kb pda
ogej + L pdan pn]j oeaj p r eoepkno ej _hq` a hui l dk_upao ]j `
cn]j qhk_upao , j aqpnkl deho+
Ce^nk^h]opo) ]o op]pa` ) ]na pda i kop l kl qhkqo _ahho ej pda
` ani eo) ]j ` ej qj ej fqna` ogej at eop ej ] oaj ao_aj p op]pa+
Eks ar an) pdau ]na _]hha` ej pk ]_pekj ]bpan ogej pn]qi ])
s dana pdau l nk` q_a ] r ]neapu kb at pn]_ahhqh]n i ]pnet l nk*
paej o ej _hq` ej c _khh]caj ) ah]opej ) ]j ` chu_kl nkpaej o+ Qdau
]na ]hok ej r khr a` ej pda _kj pn]_pekj kb s kqj ` o ]j ` d]r a
^aaj pani a` i ukbe^nk^h]opo kn ]_per ]pa` ]o ehhqopn]pa` ^u
pdaen l nk` q_pekj kb oi kkpd i qo_ha ] _pej *] %/ 0&+ Qn]j o*
bkni ej c cnks pd b] _pkn&t, %QDC*,0& d]o ^aaj e` aj pebea` ]o
] i ]fkn nacqh]pknu b]_pkn+ L pdan _upkgej ao odks j pk l h]u
] nkha ]na FI *. ]j ` FI *5+ Fj panbankj c]i i ] d]o ^aaj e` aj p*
ebea` ]o ] l kpaj pe]h ` ks j nacqh]pkn %/ 1&+ Qdeo eo kb l ]npe_qh]n
ej panaop aol a_e]hhu ]o ep nah]pao pk ]^j kni ]h o_]nnej c) s dana
be^nk^h]op dul an*naol kj oer aj aoo pk QDC*,0 d]o _ha]nhu ^aaj
odks j %/ 0&+
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pda i ]fkn l d]ck_upe_ _ahho kb pda ei i qj a ouopai + ? kpd ]na
]^ha pk aj cqhb i e_nkknc]j eoi o) ]j ` ` aopnku pdai s epd
huokoki ]h ` aner a` oql ankt e` a bnaa n]` e_]ho) dul k_dhknepa)
]j ` du` nkh]oao+ Rj hega j aqpnkl deho) i ]_nkl d]cao d]r a ]
i q_d i kna l nki ej aj p nkha ej pda ogej îo ei i qj a ouopai +
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pda r ]o_qh]n ouopai + > hkj c s epd pda ]bknai aj pekj a` ) huok*
oki ao,l d]c]oki ao d]r a ] s ahh*` ar ahkl a` nkqcd aj ` k*
l h]oi e_ nape_qhqi %Cec+ . +4&) ]j ` Dkhce ]l l ]n]pqo bkn
l nkpaej l nk` q_pekj ]j ` ej pani a` e]pa beh]i aj p ouopai bkn
i k^ehepu+ ? aoe` ao l d]ck_upkoeo ]j ` huoeo kb i e_nkknc]j *
eoi o) pdau l nk_aoo ]j ` l naoaj p ]j pecaj o pk Q* ]j ` ? *
_ahho+ Fj ]` ` epekj ) pdaoa _ahho ]na oa_napknu s epd l nk` q_pekj
kb cnks pd b]_pkno ]j ` kpdan _upkgej ao+ Qdau ]na ej r khr a`
ej _k]cqh]pekj ) ]o s ahh ]o s kqj ` da]hej c+ Aani ]h ` aj ` nepe_
_ahho) hega pda l nar ekqohu ` ao_ne^a` I ]j cand]j o _ahho) ]na
]hok l d]ck_upe_) ^qp ]na i kna ej r khr a` ej pda pn]j ol knp)
l nk_aooej c) ]j ` l naoaj p]pekj kb ]j pecaj o ej pda ]bbanaj p
hkkl kb pda ei i qj a ouopai +
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B__nej a) ]l k_nej a) ]j ` oa^]_akqo ch]j ` o ]hh naoe` a ej pda
` ani eo,dul k` ani eo %Cec+ . +5&+ B__nej a kn os a]p ch]j ` o
d]r a ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` ]o pda odks an kb pda ogej ) ]j ` ]na
bkqj ` ej cna]p j qi ^ano kr an pda aj pena ogej oqnb]_a+ > l k_*
nej a ch]j ` o ]na i kna hk_]heva` pk ]na]o hega pda ]t ehh] ]j ` )
cnkej + @ki l ]na` pk a__nej a ch]j ` o) pdau d]r a ] haoo s ahh*
` abej a` l duoekhkce_]h bqj _pekj ) ^qp ]na s ahh gj ks j pk ^a
naol kj oe^ha bkn pda k` kn _]qoa` s daj pda b]po l nk` q_a`
^u pdaoa ch]j ` o ]na i ap]^kheva` ^u naoe` aj p ^]_pane]+
Qda l duoekhkce_ bqj _pekj kb pda oa^]_akqo ch]j ` eo ar aj
haoo s ahh ` abej a` ) pdkqcd l dani kj ]h ]j ` s ]panl nkkbej c
nkhao d]r a ^aaj oqccaopa` +
B__nej a os a]p ch]j ` o %Cec+ . +6& ]na pdani knacqh]pknu)
]j ` ]_p pk _kj pnkh ahar ]pekj o ej ^k` u pai l an]pqna+
Aqnej c at pnej oe_ at l koqna pk da]p) ej pnej oe_ i ap]^khe_ l nk*
` q_pekj kb da]p pdnkqcd at an_eoa) ] j ` ,kn ai kpekj ]h opnaoo)
pda naha]oa kb s ]pan ]j ` aha_pnkhupao k__qn) l nk` q_ej c
ar ]l kn]per a da]p hkoo+ Eqi ]j o d]r a) ^u b]n) pda i kop
at paj oer a a__nej a os a]p ch]j ` ouopai ej i ]i i ]he]j _ki *
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cnks + Pk ]p ^enpd s a d]r a ]j aecdpbkh` decdan ` aj oepu kb
os a]p ch]j ` o _ki l ]na` pk s daj s a ]na ]` qhpo+ Cqnpdan)
kj a kb pda ` aj oan ]na]o kb ` eopne^qpekj eo kj pda l ]hi o kb

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9XVdaT ) &1
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A]j eaho S D+ Pgej + Fj 7 T da] pan MO) ? qngepp DE) A]j eaho S D) a` o+ Cqj _pekj ]h Eeopkhkcu7 > Qat p ]j ` @khkqn > ph]o+ Kas Vkng7 @dqn_dehh
I er ej copkj a) . 6547. 0- *. 1. +&
pda d]j ` ) s de_d l nkr e` ao ] cna]p ^aj abep pk qo) oej _a pda
cn]ol ej c ]j ` dkh` ej c kb k^fa_po eo b]_ehep]pa` ^u i keop ogej +
Kqi ane_]hhu) pdana ]na ^aps aaj ps k ]j ` ber a i ehhekj
os a]p ch]j ` o kj ]j ]r an]ca ]` qhp) ]j ` qj hega ]l k_nej a
ch]j ` o) pdau ]na j kp ]ook_e]pa` s epd d]en bkhhe_hao+ Qdau
]na oei l ha pq^qh]n ch]j ` o s epd ^kpd ` q_p]h ]j ` oa_napknu
_ki l kj aj po+ B__nej a os a]p eo _ha]n ]j ` k` knhaoo ]j `
66" s ]pan) pda kpdan . " ^aej c aha_pnkhupao ]j ` knc]j e_
i ]pane]h+ Fpo naha]oa eo ]j ]_per a oa_napknu l nk_aoo r e] ]
ok` eqi ) l kp]ooeqi ) ]j ` _dhkne` a _kpn]j ol knp ouopai +
> l k_nej a ch]j ` o ]na _kj _aj pn]pa` ej pda ]t ehh]a) ]j `
l anej a]h ]na]o %Cec+ . +. - &+ Qdau ]na _keha` ch]j ` o
ai ^a` ` a` ej pda ` ani eo) s epd ] odknp ` q_p) s de_d
ai l peao ej pk pda d]en bkhhe_ha fqop oql anbe_e]h pk pda oa^]_*
akqo ` q_p ej pda l ehk*oa^]_akqo qj ep+ I ega oa^]_akqo
ch]j ` o) pdau ]na qj ` an ]` naj ance_ _kj pnkh) ]j ` pdaen
kqpl qp ^a_ki ao ]_per a ej ]` khao_aj _a) ]j ` ` a_na]oao
ohks hu s epd ]ca+ Qda at ]_p _ki l koepekj eo qj _ha]n oej _a
eokh]pej c pdeo bnki a__nej a os a]p ]j ` oa^qi eo ` ebbe_qhp+
Cej ]hhu) oa^]_akqo ch]j ` o ]na pda oa^qi l nk` q_ej c
ch]j ` o bkqj ` kr an pda aj pena ogej oqnb]_a) at _al p pda
l ]hi o) okhao) ]j ` ` knoqi kb pda baap %Cec+ . +. . &+ I ega
d]en) ` ao_ne^a` h]pan) pdau ]na qj emqa pk i ]i i ]ho+ Fj
dqi ]j o) pda ` aj oepu ]j ` oeva kb pdaoa ch]j ` o r ]neao
cna]phu s epd oi ]hh oej cha*_ahha` ch]j ` o kj ]na]o hega pda
auahe` o) ]hh pda s ]u pk dqca _]qhebhks an*od]l a` ch]j ` o
kj pda b]_a) o_]hl ) ]j ` ]j k*caj ep]h knebe_ao+ J kop kb pda
pei a pdau ]na ]ook_e]pa` s epd d]en bkhhe_hao) ]j ` pda qj ep
eo nabanna` pk ]o ] l ehk*oa^]_akqo ch]j ` ) ^qp pdau _]j
kl aj ` ena_phu kj pk pda oqnb]_a kb pda ogej ]nkqj ` pda
hel o) bnki pda ^q__]h i q_ko]) pda ej j an auahe` o) h]^e]
i ej kn]) ]j ` ]nkqj ` pda j el l ha) s dana pdau ]na nabanna`
pk ]o bnaa ch]j ` o+ Fj pda bapqo) pdau paj ` pk ^a mqepa l nki e*
j aj p) oa_kj ` ]nu pk i ]panj ]h dkni kj ao) ^qp pdau nacnaoo
]bpan ^enpd qj peh l q^anpu) s dana pdau aj h]nca ]c]ej oa_kj ` *
]nu pk ej pnej oe_ dkni kj ]h ej bhqaj _ao) ]j ` oq^oamqaj phu l h]u
] oecj ebe_]j p nkha ej pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb ]_j a+
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^acej oi ]hh s epd ` eopej _p hel e` r ]_qkhao) ^qp pdau i ]u
ej _na]oa pk . - - *. 2- pei ao pdaen knecej ]h oeva ]o pdaen r ]_q*
khao aj h]nca+ Fj pda h]ppan op]cao) pdaoa hel e` r ]_qkhao i ]u
ej b]_p bqoa) ]o _upkl h]oi e_ knc]j ahhao ^na]g ` ks j ) ]j `
huokoki ]h aj vui ao qhpei ]pahu l nk` q_a _ahhqh]n ` eonql pekj
]o pda ]l kl pkpe_ caj ape_ l nkcn]i qj bkh` o+ Pa^qi _kj p]ej ej c
pnechu_ane` ao) s ]t aopano) omq]haj a) _dkhaopankh aopano) ]j `
_dkhaopankh) ]na pdaj naha]oa` ej pk pda hqi aj kb pda ch]j `
]hkj c s epd gan]pej ]_akqo omq]i ]a ]j ` ^]_pane]+ Ekni kj ]h
]_per epu eo l nei ]nehu bnki ]j ` nkcaj o %/ 2&) ^qp ej bhqaj _ao)
aepdan pdnkqcd at kcaj kqo kn aj ` kcaj kqo at l koqna) ^u aopnk*
caj o) l nkcaopej o) chq_k_knpe_ke` o) ]o s ahh ]o pdunke` ]j `
l epqep]nu dkni kj ao pd]p ]na qj ` an ej r aopec]pekj +
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l nkpa_po pda ogej bnki okh]n n]` e]pekj ) l nkr e` ao ej oqh]pekj )
os aal o bknaecj ^k` eao bnki pda auao) ]j ` i ]u ^a_ki a

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9XVdaT ) &) (
> l k_nej a os a]p ch]j ` o+ Kkpa pdaen decdaop ` aj oepu
ej pda ]t ehh] ]j ` cnkej + %T epd l ani eooekj bnki T da]pan MO)
? qngepp DE) A]j eaho S D+ Pgej + Fj 7 T da]pan MO) ? qngepp DE)
A]j eaho S D) a` o+ Cqj _pekj ]h Eeopkhkcu7 > Qat p ]j ` @khkqn
> ph]o+ Kas Vkng7 @dqn_dehh I er ej copkj a) . 6547. 0- *. 1. +&
ana_p ej pda b]_a kb ba]n kn kpdan pul ao kb ]nkqo]h+ Qda bkh*
he_ha _kj p]ej o oa^]_akqo ]j ` ]l k_nej a ch]j ` o) s de_d ^]pda
pda ogej s epd keho+ Fpo _khkn i ]u ^a ^hkj ` pk ^h]_g+ Fpo
haj cpd i ]u ^a j a]nhu qj hei epa` kj pda o_]hl ) uap odknp kj
pda auahe` o+ Fpo pat pqna _]j ^a _k]noa ej pda ]t ehh] ]j `
bej a kj pda dahe_]h nei + Qda od]l a ]j ` ]n_depa_pqna %_qnhu
kn opn]ecdp& r ]neao ]_nkoo ej ` er e` q]ho ]o s ahh ]o s epdej ]j
ej ` er e` q]h+ Fpo l d]oao kb cnks pd) ej r khqpekj ) ]j ` mqeao*
_aj _a l nkr e` a ] s ej ` ks ej pk caj ape_ _u_hej c) opai _ahho)
]j ` ]l kl pkoeo+
Qda ]j ]pki e_ opnq_pqna kb pda d]en bkhhe_ha d]o ^aaj s ahh
opq` ea` %Cec+ . +. / &+ J kop kb pda pei a ep eo ai ^a` ` a` ej pda
` ani eo) ]hpdkqcd hkj can od]bpo _]j ^a hk_]pa` ej pda oq^_q*
p]j akqo b]p ej ]na]o hega pda o_]hl + Qda bkhhe_hao at ep pda
ogej ]p ]j ]j cha) s de_d eo oecj ebe_]j p s daj _]nnuej c kqp
na_kj opnq_per a kn ]aopdape_ d]en pn]j ol h]j p]pekj + Qda
hks an l knpekj ) kn pda ^]oa) _kj p]ej o pda ^qh^) s de_d d]o ]
` ani ]h l ]l ehh] _kj p]ej ej c ol a_e]heva` be^nk^h]opo ej pe*
i ]pahu ej r khr a` ej d]en cnks pd oecj ]hej c ]j ` bkhhe_ha
bkni ]pekj %/ 3&) ` aj ` nepe_ i ah]j k_upao ej r khr a` ej _khkn
9XVdaT ) &) )
Pa^]_ekqo ch]j ` o+ Kkpa pda ]ook_e]pekj s epd d]en
bkhhe_hao+ %T epd l ani eooekj bnki T da]pan MO) ? qngepp DE)
A]j eaho S D+ Pgej + Fj 7 T da]pan MO) ? qngepp DE) A]j eaho S D)
a` o+ Cqj _pekj ]h Eeopkhkcu7 > Qat p ]j ` @khkqn > ph]o+ Kas Vkng7
@dqn_dehh I er ej copkj a) . 6547. 0- *. 1. +&
bkni ]pekj ) pda l ]l ehh]nu l kna aj _]oej c pda ^hkk` oql l hu)
]o s ahh ]o al epdahe]h _ahho ej r khr a` ej pda ]_pq]h bkni ]pekj
kb ^kpd pda oda]pdo ]j ` d]en epoahb+ J kna oql anbe_e]hhu eo pda
l ani ]j aj p l knpekj ) s de_d _kj p]ej o ] ^qhca) pk s de_d pda
]nna_pkn l ehkne i qo_hao ]pp]_d+ T epdej pdeo ^qhca ]na opai
_ahho ^ahear a` pk ^a ej r khr a` ej pda nacaj an]pekj kb d]en
bkhhks ej c pda naopej c l d]oa+ Qda ` eop]hi kop l knpekj
_]nneao pda d]en pk pda oqnb]_a) ^qp ]hok eo dki a pk pda
oa^]_akqo ]j ` ]l k_nej a ch]j ` o+
Qda _u_ha kb d]en cnks pd d]o ^aaj ^nkgaj ej pk pdnaa ` eo*
pej _p l d]oao7 ]j pecaj ) _]p]caj ) ]j ` pahkcaj + Qda l anek`
` qnej c s de_d pda d]en l nk` q_ej c _ahho ]na ]_per a eo
gj ks j ]o pda ]j pecaj l d]oa+ Qda haj cpd kb pdeo l d]oa eo
r ]ne]^ha ar aj s epdej ol a_ebe_ d]en pul ao hega pda o_]hl +
Qda ` qn]pekj ej pda o_]hl eo / *2 ua]no) s epd ] cnks pd
n]pa kb x- +02 i i l an ` ]u+ Qdeo r ]ne]^ehepu eo ei l knp]j p)
]o ep aj oqnao o_]hl _kr an]ca ]o pda ej ` er e` q]h d]eno _u_ha+
Fb a]_d d]en bkhhe_haîo ]j pecaj l d]oa aj ` a` oei qhp]j akqohu)

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d]l l aj s daj bkhhe_hao ]na pn]qi ]peva` + > ckk` at ]i l ha eo
d]en pn]j ol h]j p]pekj ) s dana ] pn]j oeaj p hkoo kb ]hh pn]j o*
l h]j pa` d]en od]bpo kbpaj k__qno) s de_d i qop ^a _]nabqhhu
at l h]ej a` pk l ]peaj po+ L pdan at ]i l hao ej _hq` a bar an
opnaoo) ]j ` oki a pul ao kb ` nqco+
Qda _]p]caj l d]oa h]op kj hu ] bas ` ]uo+ Aqnej c pdeo
l d]oa) i epkpe_ ]_per epu _a]oao) pda d]en ^qh^ ]j ` pda l nkt *
ei ]h) pn]j oeaj p l knpekj kb pda od]bp ej r khqpa) ]j ` pda d]en
` eao) pdkqcd ep i ]u nai ]ej ej l h]_a+ Qda pahkcaj l d]oa eo
pda pei a s daj j k d]en eo l nk` q_a` ^u pda bkhhe_ha+ Qda
nai ]ej ej c d]en i ]u nai ]ej ej pda od]bp) ^qp ` kao j kp
cnks + Fp i ]u ]hok ^a ohqbba` eb ]l l nkl ne]pa i a_d]j e_]h
opnaoo eo ]l l hea` + Lj pda o_]hl ) qj ` an j kni ]h _en_qi *
op]j _ao) x. - " kb d]eno ]na ej pahkcaj l d]oa) ]p ]j u
kj a pei a+
Qda nacqh]pekj kb pdaoa l d]oao eo qj ` an ]_per a ej r aope*
c]pekj ) ]j ` ]hkj c s epd pda ol a_e]heva` be^nk^h]opo kb pda
` ani ]h l ]l ehh] ` ao_ne^a` a]nhean) _upkgej ao ej _hq` ej c
MADC) QDC*? ) ]j ` BDC d]r a ^aaj ei l he_]pa` ej ^kpd
opei qh]pknu ]j ` ej de^epknu bqj _pekj o %/ 4*/ 6&+ Qda ]l kl pk*
pe_ pn]j oepekj kb pda bkhhe_ha bnki ]j pecaj pk _]p]caj ]j `
bej ]hhu pk pahkcaj ]l l a]no pk ^a ]p ha]op l ]npe]hhu nacqh]pa`
^u l nkpkkj _kcaj ao ^h_*/ ) _*i u_) _*i u^) ]j ` _*fqj %/ 4)0- &+
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pekj kb l nkr e` ej c j qpnepekj ]h ]j ` i ap]^khe_ pn]j ol knp) _]nneao
kqp i ]j u kpdan bqj _pekj o+ S ]ok_kj opne_pekj ,` eh]pekj kb pda
r ]o_qh]pqna ]ooeopo ej pdani knacqh]pekj + Bj ` kpdahe]h _ahho ej
pda s ]hho kb ^hkk` r aooaho ]na ] okqn_a ]j ` ] p]ncap bkn
ej bh]i i ]pknu _upkgej ao) ]o s ahh ]o pda okqn_a kb r ]ok]_per a
i kha_qhao hega j epne_ kt e` a+ Qdau ]na r ep]h ej ]_per ]pej c pda
_hkppej c _]o_]` a %0. &+ Qda ql nacqh]pekj kb oaha_pekj o) ej pac*
n]ho) ]j ` F*_]i o ]hhks o bkn _ahhqh]n ]` daoekj ) ` ai ]ncej ]*
pekj ) ]j ` pn]j oi ecn]pekj kb haqgk_upao ]j ` i kj k_upao)
s de_d eo _nepe_]h ej pda naol kj oa pk ej fqnu ]j ` s kqj `
da]hej c %0/ )00&+ Cqnpdan) qj ` anop]j ` ej c pda cnkoo ]j `
i e_nko_kl e_ ]j ]pki u eo aooaj pe]h ej ]` ` naooej c peooqa hkoo
]j ` na_kj opnq_pekj ) aol a_e]hhu ]o ep nah]pao pk bh]l ` aoecj +
> o _h]ooe_]hhu ` ao_ne^a` ) pda ^hkk` oql l hu pk pda ogej
^acej o s epd oaci aj p]h r aooaho) knecej ]pej c bnki pda ]knp])
s de_d pdaj ^n]j _d ej pk l anbkn]pej c r aooaho) s de_d _kj j a_po
pk pda _qp]j akqo r ]o_qh]pqna %Cec+ . +. 0&+ Qda _qp]j akqo
r ]o_qh]pqna eo pdaj ^nkgaj ej pk ps k _nepe_]h oq^cnkql o7 pda
i qo_qhk_qp]j akqo l anbkn]pkno ]j ` pda ` ena_p _qp]j akqo
r aooaho+ Qdaoa ps k oq^cnkql o pdaj oql l hu ps k dknevkj p]hhu
kneaj pa` l hat qoao) kj a ]p pda fqj _pekj kb pda ` ani eo ]j ` pda
oq^_qp]j akqo b]p) ]j ` ]j kpdan ]p pda l ]l ehh]nu ` ani eo) fqop
` aal pk pda al e` ani eo+ Qdaoa ps k ouopai o ]na _kj j a_pa`
pdnkqcd i qhpel ha ]j ]opki koao+ Cej ]hhu) pda oql anbe_e]h
l hat qo cer ao kbb ` ani ]h l ]l ehh]nu hkkl o) s de_d ]na hk_]pa`
ej pda ` ani ]h l ]l ehh]a) ` ena_phu kl l koa` pk pda al e` ani ]h
napa l aco+ M]l ehh]nu hkkl o ]l l nk]_d ]o _hkoa ]o . wt i pk
pda ^]oai aj p i ai ^n]j a kb pda al e` ani eo+ Qdeo eo s dana
j qpneaj p ]j ` i ap]^khe_ at _d]j ca k__qno) bkn pda kpdans eoa
j kj r ]o_qh]neva` al e` ani eo+
9XVdaT ) &) *
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A]j eaho S D) a` o+ Cqj _pekj ]h Eeopkhkcu7 > Qat p ]j ` @khkqn > ph]o+ Kas Vkng7 @dqn_dehh I er ej copkj a) . 6547. 0- *. 1. +&

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Pgej _en_qh]pekj + Kkpa pda ` aal ]npane]h ]j ` r aj kqo r aooaho cer ej c s ]u pk ^n]j _dao l nkcnaooej c oql anbe_e]hhu pk pda ps k
oql anbe_e]h l hat ao+ %T epd l ani eooekj bnki T da]pan MO) ? qngepp DE) A]j eaho S D+ Pgej + Fj 7 T da]pan MO) ? qngepp DE) A]j eaho S D) a` o+
Cqj _pekj ]h Eeopkhkcu7 > Qat p ]j ` @khkqn > ph]o+ Kas Vkng7 @dqn_dehh I er ej copkj a) . 6547. 0- *. 1. +&
Qda oq^cnkql o kb pda _qp]j akqo r ]o_qh]pqna i aj *
pekj a` a]nhean) i qo_qhk_qp]j akqo l anbkn]pkno ]j ` ` ena_p
_qp]j akqo r aooaho namqena ol a_e]h _kj oe` an]pekj ]o pdau
nah]pa pk bh]l na_kj opnq_pekj + Mnekn pk pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb
pda _kj _al p kb ]j cekoki ao) s de_d oql l hu ]j ]t e]h ^hkk`
oql l hu pk ]j ]na] kb ogej pdnkqcd ` ena_p _qp]j akqo r aooaho)
bh]l o s ana ` aoecj a` s epd pda pdkqcdp pd]p pda ^hkk` oql l hu
s ]o n]j ` ki + Fj kpdan s kn` o) ep s ]o pdkqcdp pd]p ogej s ]o
oql l hea` pdnkqcd pda i qo_qhk_qp]j akqo l anbkn]pkno)
s de_d s ana l anl aj ` e_qh]nhu kneaj pa` pk pda dknevkj p]hhu
kneaj pa` ` aal ]j ` oql anbe_e]h l hat qoao+ Pk) ]o kj a ahar ]pa`
] ogej bh]l ) pda l anl aj ` e_qh]n _kj j a_pekj o s ana ` er e` a` )
]j ` pda kj hu ^hkk` oql l hu pk pda pel kb pda bh]l s ]o pda
j a]naop l anl aj ` e_qh]n l anbkn]pkno ]p pda ^]oa+ Pk) haj cpd*
pk*s e` pd n]peko ]j ` pq^a bh]l opn]paceao s ana ` ar eoa` bkn
n]j ` ki bh]l o) s de_d s kqh` l nkr e` a pda ` eop]hi kop
l knpekj kb pda bh]l ]` amq]pa i qo_qhk_qp]j akqo l anbkn]pkno
]p pda ^]oa pk oqnr er a+ Qdeo hei epa` pda bhat e^ehepu kb ogej
bh]l o) ]j ` kbpaj ha` pk i qhpe op]ca` l nk_a` qnao+ Rj bknpq*
j ]pahu) bh]l i kn^e` epu s ]o ]hok ]hh pkk _ki i kj +
T daj ep s ]o ` eo_kr ana` pd]p pdana s ana ]na]o kb pda
ogej ) s de_d s ana oql l hea` ^u ` ena_p _qp]j akqo kn ]t e]h
r aooaho) aj pena j as bh]l opn]paceao _kqh` ^a ` ar eoa` + Qdeo
_kj _al p kb ]j cekoki ao %01& ]hhks a` j kp kj hu bkn i q_d
hkj can) pdej j an nkp]pekj ) ]` r ]j _ai aj p) ]j ` ej panl kh]pa`
ogej bh]l o) ^qp ]hok bkn pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb eoh]j ` bh]l o+
Qdeo eo s dana ]j ]na] kb ogej _]j ^a ahar ]pa` s epd epo
]t e]h r aooaho ]pp]_da` ) _ki l hapahu bnaa bnki epo oqnnkqj ` *
ej c ogej ) ]j ` ^a i kr a` ]j ` ej oap pk ]j ]` f]_aj p) ^qp
oal ]n]pa) ]na]+
T daj ep _ki ao pk ej fqneao pk pda ogej ) s dapdan pn]qi ]pe_
kn e]pnkcaj e_) pda r ]o_qh]n pnaa l h]uo ]j ei l knp]j p nkha ej
da]hej c+ Qda l nk_aoo kb na*aop]^heodej c ^hkk` bhks pk pda
ej fqna` peooqa eo nabanna` pk ]o ]j cekcaj aoeo+ T daj ^hkk`
r aooaho ]na ` eonql pa` ) pda j kni ]hhu mqeao_aj p aj ` kpdahe]h
_ahho ]na ]_per ]pa` ]j ` ^acej ^kpd ` er e` ej c ]j ` i ecn]pej c+
Qda i a_d]j eoi o ^u s de_d pdaoa k__qn ]na qj ` an ej r aope*
c]pekj ) ]j ` oar an]h gau _upkgej ao d]r a ^aaj e` aj pebea` +
S ]o_qh]n aj ` kpdahe]h cnks pd b]_pkn %S BDC& eo l nk` q_a`
hk_]hhu ^u gan]pej k_upao ]j ` oar an]h kpdan _ahh pul ao) ]j `

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d]o ^aaj odks j pk ^ej ` s epd punkoej a gej ]oa na_al pkno kj
pda oqnb]_a kb aj ` kpdahe]h _ahho ej epe]pej c _ahhqh]n ` er eoekj
%02&+ Mnkpakhupe_ aj vui ao pdaj ^acej pk ` acn]` a pda oqn*
nkqj ` ej c ^]oai aj p i ai ^n]j a ]j ` at pn]_ahhqh]n i ]pnet
naha]oej c ^]oe_ ^CDC) ]j ` ql nacqh]pej c ej pacnej o ]j `
oaha_pej o) ]j ` S @> J *. ) pdana^u ]hhks ej c pda aj ` kpdahe]h
_ahho pk i ecn]pa pks ]n` pda opei qhqo ]j ` _]nnu kqp _]l ehh]nu
pq^a bkni ]pekj + > _pq]h r aooah bkni ]pekj eo ]__ki l heoda`
]hok ^u pda ]_per ]pekj kb naoe` aj p l ane_upao) s de_d bkni
_dkn` o+ Qdaoa _dkn` o pdaj ` ar ahkl c]l o pdnkqcd s de_d
pda ol nkqpej c aj ` kpdahe]h _ahho i ecn]pa pk bkni ] hqi aj +
Qda j as hu bkni a` r aooaho pdaj at paj ` ej pk pda ej fqna`
peooqa ]j ` i anca s epd aop]^heoda` ^hkk` r aooaho ]o s ahh
]o s epd kpdan j as hu bkni a` r aooaho+ Rhpei ]pahu) pdeo
naoqhpo ej pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb ] l ]paj p r ]o_qh]n ouopai
s epd _]l ehh]nu hkkl o) i e_nk r aooaho) ]j ` ]j ]opki koao
^aps aaj h]ncan r aooaho) pdqo l nkr e` ej c ] ^hkk` oql l hu bkn
pda da]hej c s kqj ` +
*1'
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Fj epo _]l ]_epu ]o ] oaj oa knc]j ) pdeo ogej ]_po pk l nkpa_p qo
pdnkqcd pda oaj o]pekj o kb da]p) _kh` ) ]j ` l ]ej ) i ]u opei q*
h]pa qo s epd oaj o]pekj o kb hecdp pkq_d pk ennep]pej c ep_d) ]o
s ahh ]o naol kj oa pk _kh` kn ba]n) ]j ` ckkoa ^qi l o+ > hh
pdeo eo ]__ki l heoda` pdnkqcd ] q^emqepkqo j aqn]h j aps kng
_]nnuej c ej _ki ej c
]j `
kqpckej c
oecj ]ho+
> bbanaj p
oaj oknu j anr ao _]nnu oaj o]pekj o kb l ]ej ) pkq_d) pai l an]*
pqna) ]j ` l naooqna pk pda @KP) s dana r khqj p]nu ]j ` ej r k*
hqj p]nu naol kj oao ]na bkni qh]pa` ]j ` abba_pa` + Qda
abbanaj p ]qpkj ki e_ ouopai ) kj pda kpdan d]j ` ) naol kj ` o
pk aj r enkj i aj p]h opei qhe s epd na]_pekj o hega r ]ok_kj opne_*
pekj ,` eh] pekj ) os a]pej c) ]j ` ej bh]i i ]pekj + Qda knc]j ev*
]pekj kb pdeo ouopai eo r ]nea` ]j ` pda ` aj oepu ]j ` pul a kb
ej j anr ]pekj eo _ki i aj oqn]pa s epd pda namqenai aj po kb
pda peooqa+
Dnkoohu) pda oaj oknu ej j anr ]pekj pk pda ogej eo h]e` kqp ej
opnel o gj ks j ]o ` ani ]pki ao+ Qdaoa _ki a bnki pda ` kno]h
]j ` r aj pn]h n]i e kb a]_d ol ej ]h j anr a+ Fj pda da]` ]j `
j a_g) _n]j e]h j anr ao l nkr e` a oaj o]pekj ) l nei ]nehu pdnkqcd
pda pnecai ej ]h j anr a+ Fj pda d]j ` o) oaj o]pekj eo _]nnea`
pdnkqcd pda ^n]_de]h l hat qo %@2*Q. &) pk pda n]` e]h)
i a` e]j )
]j ` qj h]n j anr ao+
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p]j akqo b]p ]j ` pdaj oal ]n]pa ej pk ] ` aal l hat qo s de_d
ej j anr ]pao r ]o_qh]n ]j ` ]` j at ]h opnq_pqnao) ]j ` ] oql an*
be_e]h l hat qo s de_d ]o_aj ` o pk ] l hat qo ej pda l ]l ehh]nu
` ani eo+ Qda ogej ]hok d]o ]qpkj ki e_ j anr a be^ano s de_d
pn]r ah ej epe]hhu s epd pda oaj oknu be^ano) ^qp pdaj ^n]j _d
kbb pk oql l hu ej j anr ]pekj pk ch]j ` o) ^hkk` r aooaho) ]j `
pda pej u ]nna_pkn l ehe i qo_hao+
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bnaa ]j ` _knl qo_qh]n _ki l kj aj po+ Cnaa j anr a aj ` ej co ]na
l nei ]nehu j kj i uhaj ]pa` @*be^ano) s de_d ]na s e` ahu
` eopne^qpa` pdnkqcdkqp pda l ]l ehh]nu ` ani eo) ogej ]l l aj *
` ]cao) ]j ` d]en bkhhe_hao+ Fj panaopej chu) ej ]na]o s dana
bej a ` eo_nei ej ]pekj eo namqena` ) bkn at ]i l ha) ej pda bej can*
pel o) a]_d j anr a be^an i ]u ej j anr ]pa ] oej cha ` ani ]h
l ]l ehh]+ Qdeo ha]` o pk ]j ]t kj ]h ` aj oepu ]o decd ]o . - - -
]t kj o l an . omq]na _aj pei apan kb ogej oqnb]_a) ]j ` nal *
naoaj po n]l e` hu ]` ]l pej c na_al pkno %03&+ Qdaoa @*be^ano
]__kqj p bkn pda oaj o]pekj kb pkq_d ]j ` pai l an]pqna) ]j `
pk oki a ` acnaa) l ]ej ]j ` ep_d+ ? qp pdana eo ] cnkql kb i uhe*
j ]pa` oaj oknu be^ano) j ]i ahu > 3*be^ano s de_d i ]u l h]u ]
oecj ebe_]j p nkha ej l ]ej ]j ` ep_d %04&+
Qdana ]na oar an]h ol a_e]heva` opnq_pqnao ej pda ogej
ej r khr a` ej r ]nekqo ]ol a_po kb oaj o]pekj s de_d i anep
i aj pekj ]p pdeo l kej p+ J angah _ahho) ]o ` eo_qooa` a]nhean)
]na opnq_pqn]hhu _kj oeopaj p s epd ] j aqnkaj ` k_nej a knecej
]j ` bkni _ahh*] t kj _ki l hat ao s epd @*be^ano i kophu
]i kj c pda ^]o]h gan]pej k_upao ej pda bej canpel o) hel o) ]j `
j ]eh^a` o+ Qdau bkni ok _]hha` ëpkq_d ol kpo)í ]j ` d]r a
^aaj ei l he_]pa` pk bqj _pekj i kophu ]o pda ohks ]` ]l pej c
i a_d]j kna_al pkno kb pda ogej + Qdeo ohks naol kj oa eo
naol kj oe^ha bkn ^kpd _d]j cej c ]j ` op]pe_ _kj ` epekj o ]j `
pdaoa _kj pej qa pk bena ]bpan pda opei qhqo d]o _a]oa` +
M]_ej e]j _knl qo_hao ]na aj _]l oqh]pa` na_al pkno s de_d
]na i qhpeh]uana` ]j ` d]r a ]j kj ekj h]uana` ]l l a]n]j _a
]j ` _kj oeop kb ]j kqpan l anej aqn]h h]uan) ]j ` ]j ej j an
opnq_pqna s epd ]j ]t kj oqnnkqj ` a` ^u P_ds ]j j _ahho _kh*
h]caj ) ah]opej ) ]j ` be^nk^h]opo+ Qdaen cna]paop _kj _aj *
pn]pekj eo ej pda l ]hi o ]j ` okhao) ]j ` pdau d]r a ^aaj
odks j pk ]_p ]o ] n]l e` hu ]` ]l pej c i a_d]j kna_al pkn ]j `
naol kj ` pk l naooqna s deha pda ogej eo ^aej c ej ` aj pa` + Fj
kpdan s kn` o) pdau kj hu naol kj ` s daj pda ogej eo ^aej c
` abkni a` + J aeoj anîo _knl qo_hao ]na hk_]pa` ]p pda
` ani ]h al e` ani ]h fqj _pekj ) ]j ` hega pda kpdan ol a_e]heva`
_ahho heopa` ) ]na l nei ]nehu hk_]pa` kj pda l ]hi ]n ]j `
l h]j p]n ogej + Qdau ]na _uhej ` ne_]h ej od]l a ]j ` d]r a oql *
l knpej c opnq_pqnao _kj oeopej c kb i k` ebea` P_ds ]j j _ahho)
]j ` ]j qj i uhej ]pa` ]bbanaj p pani ej ]h) s de_d naol kj ` o pk
pkq_d+
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ouopai kb pda ogej d]o ^aaj odks j pk ^a ej pei ]pahu
ej r khr a` ej pda ej bh]i i ]pknu l nk_aoo) ]o at ai l hebea` ^u
pda Qnel ha naol kj oa kb I as eo+ Pk) j kp kj hu ]na pda ]bbanaj p
@*be^ano naol kj oe^ha bkn naol kj ` ej c pk j kt ekqo opei qhe s epd
oaj o]pekj kb l ]ej ) ep_d) s ]ni ) ]j ` _kh` ) ^qp pdau ]hok _]j
ej epe]pa ] hk_]h ej bh]i i ]pknu na]_pekj + > o pda ]_pekj l kpaj *
pe]ho ]na _]nnea` pks ]n` pda @KP) ql kj ]nner ej c ej pda
ol ej ]h _dkn` ) ]j ]` ` epekj ]h l ]pds ]u eo ej epe]pa` s dana^u
napnkcn]` a ]j pe` nki e_ ei l qhoao _]qoa pda naha]oa kb j aqnk*
l al pe` ao opkna` ]hkj c pda l anel dan]h j anr a+ Qdeo l nk` q_ao
hk_]h anupdai ]) bkhhks a` ^u ] s ]r a kb ]npane]h r ]ok` eh]p]*
pekj at paj ` ej c ^aukj ` pda ]na] kb ej fqnu %bh]na&+ Cej ]hhu)
ej _na]oa` l ani a]^ehepu kb r aj qhao naoqhpo ej l h]oi ] at pn]*
r ]o]pekj ) ej bhqt kb ej bh]i i ]pknu _ahho) ]j ` s da]h
bkni ]pekj +

*2'
H][` Se S ; ^Wj [T^W DdYS`
Qdkqcd pa_dj khkcu hega aha_pnkj i e_nko_kl ao) i kha_qh]n
^ekhkcu) ]j ` l nkpaej ol a_ebe_ op]ej o ` e` j kp at eop ]p pda
pei a H]nh I ]j can ` e` deo _h]ooe_ at l anei aj po kj ogej
paj oekj ]j ` at paj oe^ehepu) oei l ha k^oanr ]pekj kb ej _eoa`
ogej c]r a _hqao pk pda opnq_pqnao s de_d s a j ks gj ks
at eop+ > j ]s h eo j kp namqena` pk qj ` anop]j ` pd]p pdaoa l nkl *
anpeao kb pda ogej ]na qncaj phu ei l knp]j p) aol a_e]hhu pk pda
l h]ope_ oqncakj b]_a` s epd pn]qi ]pe_ okbp peooqa ` aba_po
namqenej c _hkoqna) kn s epd e]pnkcaj e_]hhu l nk` q_a` ` aba_po
ej pda l nk_aoo kb pqi kn at _eoekj + Fp eo a]ou pk oaa pda ` ebban*
aj _a ^aps aaj pda n]l e` oj ]l kb pda _daag kb ] ^]^u
aj _kqj panej c pda benop _kj p]_p s epd ]j kr anva]hkqo ]qj p)
]j ` pda ohqcceod napqnj pk l koepekj kb pda hks an he` kb
pd]p ah` anhu ]qj p ]o oda eo at ]i ej a` bkn dan benop ^hal d]nk*
l h]opu+ Fp eo ]hok _ha]n pd]p pda ej ah]ope_) paj oekj naoeop]j p
ogej pd]p s a ` al aj ` ql kj pk dahl qo cn]ol pd]p r ]hq]^ha)
bhks an behha` ]j pemqa _nuop]h r ]oa) s kqh` j kp ^a r anu
qoabqh oepq]pa` kj pda ah^ks s de_d s a s ehh bhat pk d]r a ]
o]peobuej c bhkn]h s debb+ Pk ` ebbanaj _ao at eop j kp kj hu
^aps aaj pda ogej kb ` ebbanaj p ej ` er e` q]ho) ^qp ]hok
^aps aaj pda ogej kb ] oej cha ej ` er e` q]h+ Cqnpdan) pdaoa
l nkl anpeao _]j _d]j ca s daj ]cej c) at l koqna) pn]qi ] ]j `
o_]nnej c) ]o s ahh ]o hk_]pekj kj pda ^k` u r ]nu+ Cej ]hhu)
pdaoa l nkl anpeao _]j ^a at l hkepa` s daj ej j kr ]pkno hega
O]` kr ]j ) > ncaj p]) ]j ` > qop]` oaa pda kl l knpqj epu pk
opnap_d pda ogej s daj pda o_]hl kb ] ^qnj a` _deh` j aa` o
naoqnb]_ej c+
+)'
: j fW` e[T[^[fk he' : ^Sef[U[fk
Pgej eo j kp ] nece` opnq_pqna+ Fp eo bhat e^ha) ]h^aep r ]ne]^hu
^aps aaj ` ebbanaj p ]na]o ej ]j u kj a ej ` er e` q]h ]j `
^aps aaj ej ` er e` q]ho) ]o ` ao_ne^a` a]nhean+ Pgej îo ]^ehepu
pk naol kj ` pk ]_qpa opnaoo d]o ps k s ahh*` abej a` _ki *
l kj aj po7 at paj oe^ehepu) kn pda ]^ehepu pk naoeop paj oekj ) ]j `
ah]ope_epu) kn epo ]^ehepu pk napqnj pk epo knecej ]h od]l a
s daj paj oekj eo naha]oa` + > o ` ao_ne^a` a]nhean) _khh]caj
eo ]^qj ` ]j p ej pda ogej ) ]j ` ep eo pdeo) s de_d eo naol kj oe^ha
bkn at paj oe^ehepu+ Kkni ]hhu) pdeo _nkoo*hej ga` ) pnel ha dahe_]h
opnq_pqna
]l l a]no
nah]t a` )
hkkoa)
]j `
_kj r khqpa`
XCec+ . +. 1%> &Y+ ? qp ]o paj oekj eo ]l l hea` pda be^ano paj `
pk p]ga kj ] i kna l ]n]hhah l ]ppanj XCec+ . +. 1%? &Y) ]j ` ]
_h]ooe_ opnaoo*opn] ej _qnr a k__qno %Cec+ . +. 2&+ Qdeo at paj *
oe^ehepu d]o hei epo ]o ]j u oqncakj s dk _hkoao okbp peooqa
` aba_po _]j a]oehu ]ppaop+ Bh]opej ) kj pda kpdan d]j ` ) cer ao
ogej pda ]^ehepu pk oj ]l ^]_g ]bpan ^aej c opnap_da` + I ega _kh*
h]caj ) ep eo ne_d ej l nkhej a) chu_ej a) ]j ` du` nkt u l nkhej a+
? qp) qj hega _khh]caj ) ep d]o j k du` nkt uhuoej a) ]j ` eo j kp
chu_kouh]pa` + Fpo ] *dahe_] h oaci aj po ]na _nkoo*hej ga`
pdnkqcd _kr ]haj p ^kj ` o ]j ` _k]pa` s epd ] oda]pd kb chu_k*
l nkpaej o gj ks j ]o be^nehhej + Bh]opej eo j kp ` eopej _p bnki _kh*
h]caj ) ^qp ej opa]` bkni o ] hkkoa j aps kng s epdej pda
_khh]caj bn]i as kng+ Fj panaopej chu) i qp]pekj o ej be^nehhej
Ca^_TacXTb ^U cWT FZX]

) -
9XVdaT ) &) ,
%>& Qul e_]h opnaoo*opn] ej _qnr a kb dqi ]j ogej ej
paj oekj + %T epd l ani eooekj bnki De^okj Q) Haj a` e OJ +& %? & Qda
opnaoo nah]t ]pekj pd]p k__qno ej ogej ej _na]oao s epd pda ]l l hea`
hk]` + %T epd l ani eooekj bnki De^okj Q) Haj a` e OJ + Qda opnq_*
pqn]h _ki l kj aj po kb pda ` ani eo+ Fj 7 J kj p]cj ] T ) ? aj phau GM)
Ak^okj OI ) a` o+ Qda Aani eo) . 64-+ @kqnpaou kb > l l hapkj *
@aj pqnu*@nkbpo) Mq^heodej c Aer eoekj kb Mnaj pe_a*E]hh) Fj _+)
Bj chas kk` @hebbo) KG+&
ha]` pk ] opnq_pqn]h ej op]^ehepu ej ah]opej ) ]j ` naoqhp ej
J ]nb]j îo ouj ` nki a+
Cej ]hhu) ep eo ei l knp]j p pk qj ` anop]j ` pd]p _khh]caj ]j `
ah]opej ` k j kp at eop ej ] r ]_qqi + Qdeo j aps kng eo hq^ne_]pa`
s epd ] i q_kl khuo]__d]ne` a ne_d cnkqj ` oq^op]j _a) s de_d
ej oqh]pao ej ` er e` q]h be^ano ]j ` ]hhks o bkn kl pei ]h bqj _pekj +
Qda ` ani eo eo ]hok ej panol anoa` s epd ^hkk` r aooaho) j anr ao)
]j ` hui l d]pe_o) a]_d kb s de_d i ]u ^a ]bba_pa` ^u ogej
` abkni ]pekj ) ]j ` i ]u qhpei ]pahu) pdkqcd j kp j a_aoo]nehu
` ena_phu) ]bba_p pda bhat e^ehepu kb ogej + S ]o_qh]n l hat ao
i ]u ^a k^opnq_pa` ^u ` abkni ]pekj ]h bkn_ao) ]j ` ha]` pk
_kj caopekj ) eo_dai e]) j a_nkoeo) ]j ` qhpei ]pahu peooqa hkoo
] j ` ,kn o_]nnej c+ Kanr ao _]j ^a opnap_da` ]j ` _]qoa l ]ej
]j ` hui l d]pe_o _]j ^a k^opnq_pa` _]qoej c aepdan ]_qpa kn
_dnkj e_ a` ai ]+

) .

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
F caPX]
9XVdaT ) &) -
P_]j j ej c aha_pnkj i e_nko_kl a %PBJ & l dkpkcn]l d
kb pda _khh]caj be^ano kb nah]t a` dqi ]j ` ani eo+ %T epd l ani eooekj
bnki De^okj Q) Haj a` e OJ + Qda opnq_pqn]h _ki l kj aj po kb pda
` ani eo+ Fj 7 J kj p]cj ] T ) ? aj phau GM) Ak^okj OI ) a` o+ Qda
Aani eo) . 64- + @kqnpaou kb > l l hapkj *@aj pqnu*@nkbpo) Mq^heodej c
Aer eoekj kb Mnaj pe_a*E ]hh) Fj _+) Bj chas kk` @hebbo) KG+&
+*'
K[eUaW^Sef[U[fk
Qda b]_p pd]p ogej d]o pda ]^ehepu pk opnap_d eo kj a pd]p l na*
oaj po epoahb ej ar anu` ]u heba ej ^kpd ]_qpa ]j ` _dnkj e_
r aj qao+ Qda _kj _al p kb r eo_kah]ope_epu ` a]ho s epd pda
bkni an) ]j ` pda ps k pani o ]na _h]ooe_]hhu ]l l hea` pk
` ao_ne^a pda ogej îo ei i a` e]pa naol kj oa pk ]j ]l l hea`
bkn_a+ Qdaoa ]na _naal ]j ` opnaoo nah]t ]pekj ) ]j ` ]o ukq
s ehh oaa) pdau ]na ^]oe_]hhu ] s ]u kb ` ao_ne^ej c ] oej cha
l daj ki aj kj bnki ps k ` ebbanaj p l kej po kb r eas + T epd
_naal ) s a k^oanr a pd]p ogej paj ` o pk at paj ` s daj ] _kj *
op]j p bkn_a eo ]l l hea` kr an pei a+ Ppnaoo nah]t ]pekj eo pda
k^oanr ]pekj pd]p s daj pda ogej eo opnap_da` pk ] cer aj
haj cpd) pda bkn_a namqena` pk dkh` ep pdana ` a_na]oao kr an
pei a+ L^r ekqohu) pda opn]ej _qnr ao ` aner a` bnki pdaoa
at l anei aj po ]na j kp hej a]n ]j ` bh]ppaj ]o pda ` ani eo
na]_dao epo at l ]j ` ]^ha hei epo+ Qdaoa hei epo) ]o kj a i ecdp
oqni eoa) ]na nah]pa` pk pda ]^ehepu kb pda naoe` aj p _khh]caj
]j ` ah]opej pk ëcer aí ^u qj s ej ` ej c ]j ` ^a_ki ej c i kna
l ]n]hhah+ Cqnpdan) ep eo ]hok ` al aj ` aj p kj pda r eo_kqo i kh*
a_qhao) s de_d oqnnkqj ` ]j ` _qodekj pda opnq_pqn]h _ki *
l kj aj po) pk ëi kr a kqp kb pda s ]uí ]o pda ogej opnap_dao
]j ` pdej o) j ]i ahu) pda ]bknai aj pekj a` i q_kl khuo]__]ne` a
ne_d) cnkqj ` oq^op]j _a+
@hej e_]hhu) pdaoa l daj ki aj ] ]na r ep]hhu ei l knp]j p)
aol a_e]hhu s daj kj a aj ` a]r kno pk l h]j pda kneaj p]pekj kb
]j ej _eoekj %Cec+ . +. 3&) kn na_nqep ]` f]_aj p peooqa pk _hkoa
okbp peooqa ` aba_po s epd hk_]h bh]l o hega W*l h]opeao
%Cec+ . +. 4&+ Fj pda . 64- o) De^okj ]j ` Haj ` e l naoaj pa`
pda _kj _al p kb ëhk]` _u_hej c)í l kej pej c kqp pd]p ogej
9XVdaT ) &) .
T daj ogej eo opnap_da` ) i ]j u kb pda be^ano
^a_ki a ]hecj a` ej ] opn]ecdp i ] j j an ej pda ` ena_pekj kb opnap_d)
pdqo ei l koej c ] hei ep kj at paj oe^ehepu ej pd]p ` ena_pekj + %T epd l an*
i eooekj bnki ? nks j F> + Ppnq_pqn]h ]j ` J a_d]j e_ Pgej + Md+A+
Qdaoeo) Rj er anoepu kb Ppn]pd_hu` a) Dh]ocks ) . 64. +&
_kqh` ^a opnap_da` pk ] cna]pan at paj p eb pda hk]` s ana
]l l hea` pdaj nah]t a` ] j qi ^an kb pei ao) pdana^u ^appan ` eo*
l h]_ej c pda cnkqj ` oq^op]j _a ]j ` cappej c pd]p oki apei a
_nq_e]h bas i ehhei apano kb haj cpd %Cec+ . +. 5&+ Pei eh]nhu)
ëei i a` e]pa peooqa at l ]j oekj í l nkl kj aj po %05&) d]r a
k^oanr a` pd]p ej _na]oa` peooqa haj cpd _]j ^a k^p]ej a`
s epd hk]` _u_hej c) ^qp pd]p heppha pnqa ej _na]oa ej ogej
haj cpd ]_pq]hhu k__qno+ Qdeo pdkqcd) eo j kp pda _]oa s epd
_dnkj e_ kn pnqa peooqa at l ]j oekj ]o ` ao_ne^a` ej pda bkhhks *
ej c pat p+
/ / +
I [eegW : j bS` e[a`
Qda e` a] pd]p ogej _]j opnap_d s daj bkn_a eo ]l l hea` kr an ]
hkj c l anek` kb pei a _]j a]oehu ^a k^oanr a` ) bkn ej op]j _a) ej
pda k^aoa l ]peaj p+ Br aj ^appan) ]j ]l l ]naj p ej _na]oa ej ogej
]na] oaai o pk k__qn s daj pdeo k^aoa l ]peaj p hkoao oecj ebe*
_]j p s aecdp ]j ` ]j ai l pu d]j cej c l ]j j qo naoqhpo+ Qda
mqaopekj ]neoao) eo pdeo ej _na]oa ej ]na] ] naoqhp kb ]_pq]h
ogej cnks pd) kn oei l hu pda na]hecj ej c kb _khh]caj )
ah]opej ) ]j ` cnkqj ` oq^op]j _a s epd ] i a]oqna kb ` ani ]h
pa]nej c pd]p k__qno s epd ëopnap_d i ]ngoí < Qdkqcd ej pda
l ]peaj p ` ao_ne^a` a]nhean) ep eo l nk^]^hu ] _ki ^ej ]pekj kb
^kpd kb pdaoa) ep d]o ^aaj _ha]nhu odks j pd]p _dnkj e_
bkn_a ]l l hea` pk ogej _]j i ]ga ep cnks ) ]j ` pd]p pdeo
cnks pd _]j ^a _hej e_]hhu ]` r ]j p]cakqo s daj ] j aa` pk

Ca^_TacXTb ^U cWT FZX]

) /
9XVdaT ) &) /
I ]j can hej ao kj pda hac+ T daj pda ogej kj pda
bnkj p kb pda pdecd s ]o _qp ]hkj c pda _ha]r ]ca hej ao) i kop kb
pda be^ano kj pda _qp a` ca _kqh` ^a oaaj nqj j ej c l ]n]hhah pk pda
hej ao+ T daj ep s ]o ej _eoa` ]p necdp ]j chao pk pda hej ao) i kop kb pda
be^ano d]` ^aaj _qp pn]j or anoahu kn k^hemqahu+ %T epd l ani eooekj
bnki De^okj Q+ Mduoe_]h l nkl anpeao kb ogej + Fj 7 J _@]npdu GD)
a` + Mh]ope_ Pqncanu+ S kh+ . + Daj an]h Mnej _el hao+ Mdeh]` ahl de]7
T +? + P]qj ` ano @k+) . 66- 7/ - 4*/ / - &+
naoqnb]_a h]nca ]na]o kb pda ^k` u ]neoao %Cec+ . +. 6&+ Cqnpdan)
at l anei aj p]pekj d]o i ]` a ep _ha]n pd]p pdeo bkn_a _]j ^a
]l l hea` ) s epd pda l h]_ai aj p kb oehe_kj a nq^^an at l ]j ` ano
qj ` an j kni ]h ogej ) ]` f]_aj p pk pda ]na] pk ^a naoqnb]_a` +
Qdeo ^]hhkkj _]j pdaj ^a oamqaj pe]hhu behha` ) ej epe]pej c pda
cnks pd kb j kni ]h ogej ) qhpei ]pahu ]hhks ej c pda at _eoekj
kb pda ]^j kni ]h kn o_]nna` peooqa ]j ` ]` r ]j _ai aj p kb
j kni ]h ogej kr an pda ]na]+
Qdkqcd An+ @d]nhao Kaqi ]j j d]o ^aaj _na` epa` s epd
benop pda qoa kb ] h]pat ^]hhkkj pk at l ]j ` pda ogej ej ] a]n
na_kj opnq_pekj ej . 623) pda i ]fkn ` ar ahkl i aj po ]j ` o_eaj *
pebe_ ej r aopec]pekj _]i a oki a / - ua]no h]pan s epd pda s kng
kb An+ @da` ki en O]` kr ]j ]j ` An+ Bne_ > qop]` ej pda
. 64- o+ O]` kr ]j %l anokj ]h _ki i qj e_]pekj & ` ar ahkl a`
pda _hkoa` ouopai oehe_kj a ^]hhkkj at l ]j ` an) ]j ` > qop]`
%06& s ]o _na` epa` s epd pda ` ar ahkl i aj p kb ]j koi kpe_]hhu
` ner aj ) oahb*ej bh]pej c at l ]j ` an+ > hkj c s epd pdaoa ps k ej j k*
r ]pkno) An+ Dkn` kj P]o]ge ]j ` An+ > ncaj p] _]j ]hok ^a
_na` epa` s epd a]nhu s kng ha]` ej c pk pda s e` aol na]` qoa
kb pdeo pa_dj khkcu ej pda na_kj opnq_per a ]naj ] %Cec+ . +/ - &+
Qda _hej e_]h ` ap]eho kb peooqa at l ]j oekj ]na ` eo_qooa` ahoa*
s dana ej pdeo pat p) ^qp ep eo ei l knp]j p pk j kpa pda l duoe_]h
GX\ T % F TR^ ] Sb
9XVdaT ) &) 0
W*l h]opu pa_dj emqa+ %T epd l ani eooekj bnki
J _@]npdu GD+ Fj pnk` q_pekj pk l h]ope_ oqncanu+ Fj 7 J _@]npdu GD)
a` + Mh]ope_ Pqncanu+ S kh+ . + Daj an]h Mnej _el hao+ Mdeh]` ahl de] 7
T +? + P]qj ` ano @k+) . 66- 7. *35+&
_d]j cao pk peooqa*at l ]j ` a` ogej pd]p i ]ga pdeo l nk_a` qna
l kooe^ha+
Fj pda al e` ani eo) ] mq]j pep]per a ej _na]oa ej pde_gj aoo
k__qno kr an pda pul e_]h at l ]j oekj l anek` kb 3*. / s aago+
Qdeo eo pda naoqhp kb ` er eoekj kb pda naoe` aj p gan]pej k_upao+
E eopkhkce_]hhu) pda ej _na]oa ej pde_gj aoo eo ej pda opn]pqi
ol ej koqi ) ]j ` j kp]^hu) ] oecj ebe_]j p bh]ppaj ej c kb pda napa
l aco k__qno+ Qdaoa _d]j cao d]r a ^aaj odks j pk nacnaoo
kr an pda j at p oar an]h ua]no+ Aani ]h _d]j cao paj ` pk
k__qn i kop l nki ej aj phu ej pda nape_qh]n l knpekj ) ]j `
ej _hq` a ]j kr an]hh pdej j ej c s de_d l anoeopo bkn oar an]h
ua]no bkhhks ej c at l ]j oekj ) ] pde_gaj ej c kb pda _khh]caj
^qj ` hao s epd ] l na` e_p]^ha i kna l ]n]hhah ]nn]j cai aj p)
]j ` bn]ci aj p]pekj kb pda ah]opej s de_d paj ` o j kp pk
l naoaj p ]o opne]a+ Qda j qi ^an ]j ` ` eopne^qpekj kb naoe` aj p
_ahho hega be^nk^h]opo) i ]op _ahho) ]j ` i ]_nkl d]cao ` k j kp
]l l na_e]^hu _d]j ca) pdkqcd l naoqi ]^hu pda ]_per epu kb
pda be^nk^h]opo eo ]hpana` ` qnej c pda at l ]j oekj l d]oa+ Qda
` ani ]h ]l l aj ` ]cao hega d]en bkhhe_hao) oa^]_akqo ]j `
a__nej a ch]j ` o ` k j kp ej _na]oa ej j qi ^an ]j ` d]r a ^aaj
odks j pk ]pnkl du) ` al aj ` ej c kj pda ]ccnaooer aj aoo kb
pda at l ]j oekj + Qdkqcd peooqa at l ]j oekj d]o ^aaj qoa`
s epd cna]p abba_per aj aoo ej ]` ` naooej c o_]hl ]hkl a_e] ]o
s epd pul a F ]j ` oki a pul a FFo ]o ej pda o_]ha l nkl koa` ^u
J _@]qhau %06]&) pda b]ehqna kb pda d]en bkhhe_hao pk

) 0

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9XVdaT ) &) 1
? qi _deh` qj ` anckej c o_]hl at l ]j oekj bkn _kr an*
]ca kb ^qi ]hkl a_e]+ %@kqnpaou O+ I + J _@]qhau) J A) Pdnej ano
E kol ep]ho bkn @deh` naj ) D]hr aopkj ) QU+&
` er e` a) at l h]ej o epo hei epa` qoabqhj aoo ej h]nca ] j ` ,kn
l ]p_du d]en hkoo ]o s epd oki a pul a FF ]j ` pul a FFF ]hkl a_e]+
T epd h]nca hkooao) pda d]en ^a_ki ao j kpe_a]^hu pdej j an
s epd ]j ej _na]oa` ej panbkhhe_qh]n ` eop]j _a+ S ]o_qh]nepu d]o
^aaj odks j pk pn]j oeaj phu ej _na]oa) ]j ` pda j aqn]h
j aps kng odks o bas _d]j cao s epd at l ]j oekj +
Cej ]hhu) kr an pda l ]op ` a_]` a) at paj oer a s kng d]o ^aaj
l ]e` pk pda eooqa kb peooqa at l ]j oekj ]j ` pda qoa kb
l kopkl an]per a n]` e]pekj ej l ]peaj po s epd ^na]op _]j _an+ >
oecj ebe_]j phu decdan n]pa kb _ki l he_]pekj o hega _]l oqh]n
_kj pn]_pqna ]j ` ei l h]j p at l koqna) d]r a ^aaj e` aj pebea` )
]j ` peooqa at l ]j oekj ) eb j kp _kj pn]ej ` e_]pa` ) d]o _h]ooe_]hhu
^aaj ` eo_kqn]ca` %1- )1. &+ Qda deopkhkce_]h at l h]j ]pekj o
d]r a nar khr a` ]nkqj ` pda ennar anoe^ha ` ani ]h ej fqnu)
s de_d k__qno s epd oq^oamqaj p be^nkoeo) pdkqcd pda deopk*
hkce_]h at l h]j ]pekj d]o nai ]ej a` qj at l h]ej a` +
+, '
HUSd
Kkni ]hhu) ]bpan ogej eo ej fqna` ) ep ckao pdnkqcd ] oaneao kb
l d]oao) j ]i ahu pda ej bh]i i ]pknu) l nkheban]per a) ]j ` nai k*
` ahej c+ B]nhu ej pda ej bh]i i ]pknu l d]oa) l h]pahapo ]j ` haq*
gk_upao naha]oa ] dkop kb ej bh]i i ]pknu i a` e]pkno hega
QDC,0) CDC) MADC) s de_d ]_p pk ]hhks bkn dai kop]oeo)
]j ` _dai kp]t eo+ > o pda ej bh]i i ]pknu l d]oa cer ao s ]u pk
pda l nkheban]per a l d]oa) pdaoa ]j ` kpdan cnks pd b]_pkno
opei qh]pa gan]pej k_upao ]j ` be^nk^h]opo pk ` er e` a ]j `
i ecn]pa ej pk pda s kqj ` ha]` ej c pk ]j cekcaj aoeo) al epdahe]*
hev]pekj ) _kj pn]_pekj ) ]j ` _khh]caj l nk` q_pekj + Fj pda nai k*
` ahej c l d]oa) ]o pda j ]i a oqccaopo) _ki l kj aj po kb pda
da]hej c s kqj ` hega be^nkj a_pej ) l nkpakchu_]j o) ]j ` _kh*
h]caj ]na _kj r anpa` bnki ] ` eoknc]j eva` ]nn]u pk ] op]^ha
da]ha` s kqj ` kn o_]n pdnkqcd ej pan]_pekj o s epd i ]pnet
i ap]hhkl nkpaej ]oa %J J Mo& %1/ & ]j ` peooqa ej de^epkn i ap]h*
hkl nkpaej ]oa %QFJ Mo& %10&+
Qda bej ]h kqp_ki a kb pdeo l nk_aoo) pda o_]n kn _e_]pnet ) eo
` abej a` ej i a` e_]h ` e_pekj ]neao ]o ] i ]ng habp kr an ]bpan
pda da]hej c kb ] s kqj ` + Fj panaopej chu) pdeo l daj ki aj kj
` kao j kp k__qn ej a]nhu bap]h heba %11)12&) ^qp ^acej o ]p
]^kqp pda bebpd i kj pd kb caop]pekj + Qda b]_p pd]p ep at eopo
]bpan pdeo l kej p oqccaopo pd]p ep l nkr e` ao ] oqnr er ]h
]` r ]j p]ca) ]j ` ]hpdkqcd ar aj ]p epo opnkj caop) ep kj hu l nk*
r e` ao x5- " kb pda opnaj cpd kb j kni ]h ogej ) o_]nnej c
]hhks o qo pk da]h s kqj ` o mqe_ghu) pdana^u ]hhks ej c qo pk
na*aop]^heod ] l nkpa_per a) k__hqoer a) ]j ` opqn` u ^]nnean
%13&+ Gqop ]o s kqj ` o da]h ^u al epdahev]pekj ]j ` _kj pn]_*
pekj ) kj _a _hkoa` ) pda naoqhpej c o_]n ckao pdnkqcd l d]oao
kb i ]pqn]pekj +
> o _]j ^a k^oanr a` ej i ]j u _hej e_]h o_aj ]neko) o_]nnej c
^acej o s epd ]j ei i ]pqna l d]oa %Cec+ . +/ . &+ @ki i kj hu
pdaoa o_]no ]na na` ]j ` n]eoa` + > o pda o_]n i ]pqnao) ep
okbpaj o) bh]ppaj o) ]j ` p]gao kj ] _khkn _hkoan pk pda oqn*
nkqj ` ej c ogej + Qda haj cpd kb pei a pd]p pdeo p]gao eo r ]ne*
]^ha) ^qp i kop ]qpdknepeao ]cnaa pd]p o_]no i ]pqna kr an ]
. * pk / *ua]n l anek` +
> j qi ^an kb ]ppai l po pk _h]ooebu pdeo l nkcnaooekj d]r a
^aaj i ]` a) i kop j kp]^hu pda S ]j _kqr an P_]n P_]ha+ Fp
naheao kj ] oq^fa_per a n]pej c) s dana ]j k^oanr an ]ooecj o
l kej po ^]oa` kj pda oeva) od]l a) pat pqna) ]j ` l he]^ehepu kb
pda o_]n kr an pei a+ Qda nahe]^ehepu ]j ` r ]he` epu kb oq_d ]
ouopai d]r a ^aaj mqaopekj a` ]j ` ]ppai l po pk _na]pa ]
i kna k^fa_per a ar ]hq]pekj _kj pej qa %14)15&+
P_]n i ]pqn]pekj i ]u ^a ]hpana` ^u ]cej c) caj ape_
l na` eol koepekj ) kn aj r enkj i aj p]h _en_qi op]j _ao) ]j ` _]j
]hok naoqhp ej ]^j kni ]h kqp_ki ao hega gahke` ) dul anpnkl de_
%16&) s e` aj a` ) ]pnkl de_) kn _kj pn]_pa` o_]no+ Qda i a_d]j *
eoi o kb ^kpd j kni ]h ]j ` ]^j kni ]h s kqj ` da]hej c) ]o s ahh
]o pda ^aop s ]u pk pna]p o_]nnej c ]o ] l daj ki aj kj ) eo qj ` an
ej paj oa ej r aopec]pekj +
Eul anpnkl de_ ]j ` gahke` o_]no nal naoaj p ckk` at ]i l hao
kb ]^j kni ]h o_]nnej c+ E ul anpnkl de_ o_]no paj ` pk nai ]ej
s epdej pda ^kqj ` ]neao kb pda knecej ]h ej fqnu) ]j ` kbpaj
^acej pk nacnaoo ol kj p]j akqohu ]bpan ]^kqp ] ua]n l kop*
ej fqnu+ Qdau ]na na` ) n]eoa` ) ej bh]i a` ) ]j ` kbpaj ` eol h]u
oui l pki o kb ep_dej c ]j ` l ]ej + Qdau ]na kbpaj hk_]pa`
]nkqj ` fkej po ]bpan ^qnj ej fqnu ]j ` _]j ha]` pk o_]n _kj *
pn]_pqnao+ > _upkgej a ^]oa` apekhkcu bkn pdeo _kj ` epekj

Ca^_TacXTb ^U cWT FZX]

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9XVdaT ) &*(
Qda 2pd K]pekj ]h Qeooqa Bt l ]j oekj Pui l koeqi ) qj ` an pda ]qol e_ao kb pda Mh]ope_ Pqncanu B` q_]pekj ]h Ckqj ` ]pekj ) s ]o
dah` ]p pda @aj pqnu Mh]v] Ekpah ej @aj pqnu @epu) @> ) ej . 656+ I abp pk necdp7 Ano+ Bnj aop J ]j ` ano) > ni ]j ` S ano]_e) > h]j Dkh` ) E ehpkj
? a_gan) pda ]qpdkn) G]_e_ Ceodan) Bne_ > qop]` ) ]j ` Gkdj De^j au+ %T epd l ani eooekj bnki P]o]ge DE+ Eeopknu ]j ` ar khqpekj kb peooqa at l ] j *
oekj + Fj 7 Qeooqa Bt l ]j oekj ej Oa_kj opnq_per a ]j ` > aopdape_ Pqncanu+ J ko^u) . 6657/ *4+&
d]o ^aaj oqccaopa` ^u [` h[ha at l anei aj po odks ej c ]hpan]*
pekj o ej pda pul a F7FFF _khh]caj n]peko) ahar ]pa` oanqi
QDC,0. har aho) ]o s ahh ]o [` h[fda at l anei aj po odks ej c
]hpan]pekj o ej J J M,QFJ M n]peko %2- )2. &+ Hahke` o i ]u
]hok ^a ej bh]i a` n]eoa` ]na]o ` eol h]uej c oei eh]n ep_du)
l ]ej bqh oui l pki o) ^qp pdau ` ebban ej pd]p pdau at paj `
^aukj ` pda ^kqj ` ]neao kb pda knecej ]h ej fqnu ]j ` ` k j kp
nacnaoo+ Qdkqcd j k apekhkcu d]o ^aaj _ha]nhu ahq_e` ]pa` )
]hpan]pekj o ej gahke` be^nk^h]op QDC,0. oaj oeper epu %2/ &)
]j ` ]hpan]pekj o ej _upkgej ao hega FI *3 d]r a ^aaj odks j
[` h[fda %20&+ Rhpei ]pahu) ^kpd ha]` pk ]j ]^j kni ]h ]^qj *
` ]j _a kb _khh]caj ) naoqhpej c ej ogej s epd pde_gaj a` ) ej ah]o*
pe_ l nkl anpeao+
+-'
HbWU[S^ 8 SeWe
Qdana ]na i qhpel ha b]_pkno pd]p _]j ]bba_p pda l nkl anpeao kb
ëj kni ]hí ogej + Qdaoa i ]u ej _hq` a at pnej oe_ b]_pkno hega
oqj at l koqna ]hkj c s epd ej pnej oe_ b]_pkno hega ]cej c+
Qdkqcd pdaoa l nk_aooao k__qn oei qhp]j akqohu ej ]j u kj a
ej ` er e` q]h) pdau ]na j kp pda o]i a+ Qda ` ]ng) pde_gaj a` )
ha]pdanu) ogej kj pda b]_a kb pda ]cej c oqj s knodel an eo
r anu ` ebbanaj p bnki pda hecdpan haoo s nej gha` ogej kj pda
^]pdej c oqepa _kr ana` ]na]o+ Cqnpdan) o_]nna` ogej ]l l a]no
r anu ` ebbanaj p bnki j kni ]h ogej s dapdan ep eo ëj kni ]h)í
dul anpnkl dea` ) kn gahke` + Kaepdan ` kao ep bqj _pekj pda
o]i a ]o eo at ai l hebea` ^u pda j aa` bkn o_]n naha]oao ok
kbpaj namqena` ]nkqj ` pda _kj pn]_pa` fkej po kb pda ^qi
l ]peaj p+
/ 2+
EZafaVS_ SYW
@h]ooe_]hhu) pda RS *? s ]r ahaj cpdo %/ 6- *0/ - j i & d]r a
^aaj ^h]i a` bkn pda i ]fknepu kb pda ej fqnu %21)22&) ^qp
i kna na_aj p s kng d]o ]hok ei l he_]pa` RS *> %0/ - *
1- - j i & %23)24&+ Qda pani okh]n ah]opkoeo d]o ^aaj qoa`
pk ` ao_ne^a pdeo pde_gaj a` ) j k` qh]n) ` ]ngaj a` ogej + Qda
_d]j cao ej _hq` a ] pde_gaj ej c kb pda al e` ani eo s epd
ej _na]oa` ]pul e] ]j ` hkoo kb gan]pej k_upa l kh]nepu) ]j
ej _na]oa` ` aj oepu kb i ah]j k_upao) ]j ` pde_gaj ej c,dul an*
l h]oe] kb pda ah]ope_ be^ano+ Qdeo ]__qi qh]pekj kb ah]opej
]hkj c s epd _khh]caj o F ]j ` FFF) i e_nkbe^qhh]n l nkpaej o)
]j ` be^nkj a_pej ar aj pq]hhu ` acn]` ao ha]r ej c ] ^]okl dehe_)
]i knl dkqo h]uan ej pda l ]l ehh]nu ` ani eo %25&+ Fj panaop*
ej chu) ]j ` qj hega ah]opej ) _khh]caj l nk` q_pekj eo ` a_na]oa`
ej oqj *` ]i ]ca` ogej + Pl a_ebe_]hhu) pul ao F ]j ` FFF) pda l na*
` ki ej ]j p bkni ej ogej ) ]na ` a_na]oa` bnki / - " pk 0- " ej
pda l ]l ehh]nu ` ani eo %26&+ @khh]caj _nkoo*hej gej c d]o ^aaj
odks j pk ^a ` a_na]oa` %3- &) ]j ` pdana eo ]j ej _na]oa ej
i ap]hkl nkpa]oa ]_per epu %3. *30&+ Cej ]hhu) _dnkj e_ ej bh]i *
i ]pekj %31& k__qno) ]j ` ]hh kb pdaoa pkcapdan ha]` pk ]
pkp]h hkoo kb r eokah]ope_ bhat e^ehepu kb pda ogej +

*(

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
9XVdaT ) &*)
> ukqj c _deh` s epd qj pna]pa` ei i ]pqna ^qi o
s epd j a_g _kj pn]_pqnao ]j ` ei i ]pqna dul anpnkl de_ o_]no+
%@kqnpaou kb O+ I + J _@]qhau) Pdnej ano Ekol ep]ho bkn @deh` naj )
D]hr aopkj ) QU+&
+/ '
>` fd[` e[U 6 Y[` Y
> j u ej panj s dk d]o ^aaj _]hha` pk pda ^a` oe` a kb ]j ah` anhu
l ]peaj p ]j ` ]oga` pk l h]_a ]j FS ) d]o l anokj ]h at l aneaj _a
s epd pda _hej e_]h _d]j cao pd]p k__qn ej pda ogej ]o s a ]ca
%Cec+ . +/ / &+ Fp qoq]hhu ]l l a]no pdej s epd ] i kppha` ]l l a]n*
]j _a+ Fp eo hkkoa ]j ` d]o l kkn ah]ope_epu+ Fp kbpaj baaho ` nu
s epd ] ` a_na]oa` d]en ` aj oepu) ]j ` kj _a ej fqna` ) ep p]gao
hkj can pk da]h pd]j ukqj c ogej + Qdaoa l daj ki aj ] ]na
at l h]ej a` ^u pda oecj ebe_]j p ]hpan]pekj o ej ^kpd pda al e` an*
i eo ]j ` pda ` ani eo+
Qdej j ej c kb pda al e` ani eo d]o ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` ) ^qp eo
i kna nah]pa` pk ] bh]ppaj ej c kb pda napa l aco+ Ckn pda i kop
l ]np pdana eo heppha ]hpan]pekj ej pda opn]pqi _ki aqi )
ol ej qo) kn cn]j qh]n h]uano+ Qda ^]o]h h]uan eo ]hpana` ej
pd]p pdana eo ] hkoo kb pda _kj r khqpa` ej panb]_a ^aps aaj
pda al e` ani eo ]j ` ` ani eo _]qoa` ^u ] ` a_na]oa ej i e_nkr eh*
h]n l nkfa_pekj o ^aps aaj pda al e` ani ]h ^]o]h _ahho ]j ` pda
` ani eo %32&+ Qdeo bh]ppaj ej c ha]` o pk ]j kr an]hh ` a_na]oa
ej pda od]na` ` ani ] h*al e` ani ] h oqnb]_a ]na] %33&) ]j `
s epd pda ` a_na]oa ej pda r ehhkqo _upkl h]oi e_ l nkfa_pekj o)
s de_d dahl pk oqop]ej pda ` ani ] h*al e` ani ] h ]` danaj _a)
9XVdaT ) &**
Qda hej ao kb i ej ei ]h paj oekj kb pda b]_a ]j ` j a_g+
%T epd l ani eooekj bnki J _@]npdu GD+ Fj pnk` q_pekj pk l h]ope_
oqncanu+ Fj 7 J _@]npdu GD) a` + Mh]ope_ Pqncanu+ S kh+ . + Daj an]h
Mnej _el hao+ Mdeh]` ahl de]7 T +? + P]qj ` ano @k+) . 66- 7. *35+&
]j ej _na]oa` neog kb oda]nej c ]j ` kr an]hh ogej bn]cehepu
` ar ahkl o+ Qdana eo ] 3*5" ` a_na]oa ej pda j qi ^an kb
i ah]j k_upao ej a]_d ` a_]` a ]bpan 0- %34&) ha]` ej c pk pda
i kpphej c ]hhq` a` pk a]nhean) ]j ` Deh_dnaop ]hok odks a` ]
` a_na]oa ej pda j qi ^an kb I ]j cand]j o _ahho ej ]ca` ogej
]bba_pej c pda ei i qj a naol kj oa+
Kkp]^ha ` ani ]h _d]j cao ]hok k__qn+ Qdana eo ] ` a_na]oa
ej pkp]h ` aj oepu) _khh]caj _kj paj p) cnkqj ` oq^op]j _a) ]j `
r ]o_qh]nepu+ Qda kr an]hh j qi ^an kb be^nk^h]opo ` a_na]oao
]j ` pda ah]opej ` acn]` ao kr an pei a ha]` ej c pk pda pdej j ej c)
h]t epu) ]j ` bej a s nej ghej c _d]n]_panevej c ]ca` ogej %/ / &+
Cqnpdan) be^nk^h]opo d]r a ] hei epa` ]^ehepu pk ` er e` a %2- *
. - - l kl qh]pekj ` kq^hej co ej _qhpqna&+ Qdeo _knnah]pao pk
pdaen ]_per epu [` h[ha ]j ` ]o ogej ]cao) be^nk^h]opo ^a_ki a
oaj ao_aj p ]j ` pdaen ]^ehepu pk naol kj ` pk ej fqnu ` a_na]oao+
Qdaen ouj pdape_ _]l ]_epu ` a_na]oao) ]j ` pdqo) pdana eo ]
` a_na]oa` ]^ehepu pk naol kj ` pk ej fqnu s epd l nk_khh]caj
l nk` q_pekj %35&+ Qdau kr anat l naoo _khh]caj ]oao %36&) ]j `
qj ` anat l naoo QFJ Mo %4- &+ Dnkqj ` oq^op]j _a i kha_qhao
hega ` ani ]p]j oqhb]pa ]j ` du]hqnkj e_ ]_e` ]hok ` a_na]oa
ha]` ej c pk ] hkoo kb du` n]pekj + Qda j qi ^an kb ogej ]l l aj *
` ]cao _d]j cao s epd ] hkoo kb a__nej a os a]p ch]j ` o) ^qp
pdana eo ]j ej _na]oa ej pda oeva ]j ` j qi ^an kb oa^]_akqo
ch]j ` o %]hpdkqcd pdana eo ] ` a_na]oa ej pdaen ]_per epu&+
Cej ]hhu) d]en bkhhe_hao ` a_na]oa ej j qi ^an) oeva) ]j ` ]_per epu
ha]` ej c pk bas an) pdej j an haoo l eci aj pa` d]eno+

Ca^_TacXTb ^U cWT FZX]

*)
E898E8A6 8F
. +
D]j ` ]nehh]o >+ Bl e` ani ]h ` ebbanaj pe]pekj ) ]l kl pkoeo) ]j `
oaj ao_aj _a7 _ki i kj l ]pds ]uo< Bt l Dankj pkh / - - - 8
02720*3/ +
/ +
T aeobahj an J B) Dkpphea^ > ? + Qda nkha kb ]l kl pkoeo ej
dqi ]j al e` ani ]h gan]pej k_upao+ G Anqco Aani ]pkh / - - 08
/ 7052*06. +
0+
P]u]i ] H) E]j ]g]s ] V) Pden]g]p] V) V]i ]o]ge H)
P]s ]` ] V) Pqj I ) V]i ]j eode H) F_defk E) E]odei kpk H+
> l kl pkoeo oecj ]h*nacqh]pej c gej ]oa . %> PH. & eo ]j ej pn]*
_ahhqh]n ej ` q_an kb gan]pej k_upa ` ebbanaj pe]pekj + G ? ekh
@dai / - - . 8 / 437666*. - - 1+
1+
Gkj ao ME+ Fokh]pekj ]j ` _d]n]_panev]pekj kb dqi ]j al e` an*
i ]h opai _ahho+ @hej Pae %I kj ` +& . 6638 6. 7. 1. *. 13+
2+
E ]h]^]j O) Cqj ]o]g] V) I aa M) Oq^ej G) Okj A)
? enj ^]qi A+ Ce^nk^h]op cnks pd b]_pkno ej j kni ]h ]j ` i ] hec*
j ]j p i ah]j k_upao+ > j j K V > _]` Pae . 66. 8 3057/ 0/ */ 10+
3+
> ^` ah*J ] hag W) Ps kl a S ? ) Pqvqge F) > g_]he @)
E ]nnecan J A) ? ku_a PQ) Rn]^a H) Ea]nej c S G+ J epkcaj e_
]j ` i ah]j kcaj e_ opei qh]pekj kb j kni ]h dqi ]j i ah]j k_upao
^u i ah]j kpnkl e_ l al pe` ao+ Mnk_ K]ph > _]` Pae RP> . 6628
6/ 7. 456*. 460+
4+
@qi ^an^]p_d J ) Aa]ni ]j OG) Hei ^an F+ I ]j cand]j o _ahho
namqena oecj ]ho bnki ^kpd pqi kqn j a_nkoeo b]_pkn ]hl d] ]j `
ej panhaqgej . ^ap] bkn i ecn]pekj + > ` r Bt l J a` ? ekh . 6648
1. 47. / 2*. / 5+
5+
R_de E) Fi ]u]i ] P) Hk^]u]ode V) Cqnqa J + I ]j cand]j o
_ahho at l naoo i ]pnet i ap]hhkl nkpaej ]oa*6 ej pda dqi ]j al e*
` ani eo+ G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 6658 . . . 7. / 0/ *. / 00+
6+
Oks ` aj D) I as eo J D) Pqhher ]j > H+ F] ]j pecaj at l naooekj
kj dqi ]j al e` ani ]h I ]j cand]j o _ahho+ K]pqna . 6448
/ 357/ 14*/ 15+
. -+
Lc]s ] E+ Qda J angah _ahh ]o ] l kooe^ha i a_d]j kna_al pkn
_ahh+ Mnkc Kaqnk^ekh . 6638 1670. 4*001+
. . +
J khh F) J khh O) Cn]j ga T T + Ckni ]pekj kb al e` ani ]h ]j `
` ani ]h J angah _ahho ` qnej c dqi ]j bap] h ogej ` ar ahkl i aj p+
G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 6538 547446*454+
. / +
K]neo]s ] V) E ]odei kpk H) Hkd` ] E+ J angah _ahho l ] npe_e*
l ]pa ej pda ej ` q_pekj ]j ` ]hecj i aj p kb al e` ani ]h aj ` o kb
]nna_pkn l ehe i qo_hao kb dqi ]j bap]h ogej + ? n G Aani ]pkh
. 6638 . 017161*165+
. 0+
Hei AH) Ekh^nkkg H> + Qda ]l l a]n]j _a) ` aj oepu) ]j ` ` eo*
pne^qpekj kb J angah _ahho ej dqi ]j ai ^nukj e_ ]j ` bap]h
ogej 7 pdaen nah]pekj pk os a]p ch] j ` ]j ` d]en bkhhe_ha ` ar ahkl *
i aj p+ G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 6628 . - 171. . *1. 3+
. 1+
H]` han HB) Ekhi ao AC) Qnkppan G> ) @d]l i ]j G> + @khh]caj
be^neh bkni ]pekj + ? ek_dai G . 6638 0. 3%Mp . &7 . ê . . +
. 2+
Hhej ca R) Pe WV) Wdaj c E) P_dqi l ahe_g S ) ? d]n` s ]f OP)
Hhkopand]hbaj ? + > ^j kni ]h _khh]caj F pk FFF ` eopne^qpekj ej
pda ogej kb l ]peaj po s epd ej _eoekj ]h danj e]+ Bqn Pqnc Oao
/ - - - 8 0/ 710*15+
. 3+
Md]j QQ) I ei FG) ? ]u ? E) Ne O) Equj d EQ) I aa PQ)
I kj c]gan J Q+
Aebbanaj _ao
ej
_khh]caj
l nk` q_pekj
^aps aaj j kni ]h ]j ` gahke` *` aner a` be^nk^h]opo ej oanqi *
i a` e] _k*_qhpqna s epd gahke` *` aner a` gan]pej k_upao+ G Aan*
i ]pkh Pae / - - / 8 / 67/ 3*01+
. 4+
P]g]e I V) Haaj a AO) Bj cr ]hh B+ Ce^nehhej ) ] j as 02- *gA
chu_kl nkpaej ) eo ] _ki l kj aj p kb at pn]_ahhqh]n i e_nkbe^neho+
G @ahh ? ekh . 6538 . - 07/ 166*/ 2- 6+
. 5+ P]g]e I V) Haaj a AO) J knneo KM) ? qncaokj OB+ Qul a S FF
_khh]caj eo ] i ]fkn opnq_pqn]h _ki l kj aj p kb ]j _dknej c
be^neho+ G @ahh ? ekh . 6538 . - 07. 244*. 253+
. 6+ Rodege Q+ @khh]caj be^ano) nape_qh] n be^ano ]j ` ah]ope_ be^ano+
> _ki l nadaj oer a qj ` anop]j ` ej c bnki ] i knl dkhkce_]h
r eas l kej p+ > n_d E eopkh @upkh / - - / 8 327. - 6*. / 3+
/ - + Reppk G+ Rj ` anop]j ` ej c l nai ]pqna ogej ]cej c+ K Bj ch G J a`
. 6648 0047. 130*. 132+
/ . + Mkl a CJ ) ? qnnks o KM+ Bdhano*A] j hko ouj ` nki a d]o r ]nea`
i kha_qh]n i a_d]j eoi o+ G J a` Daj ap . 6648 0171- - *1. - +
/ / + J kj p]cj ] T ) @]nheoha H+ Ppnq_pqn]h _d]j cao ej ]cej c
dqi ]j ogej + G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 6468 40714*20+
/ 0+ Aaoi kqheana > ) Daej kv > ) D]^^e] j e C) D]^^e]j e D+
Qn] j obkni ej c cnks pd b]_pkn*,Z . ej ` q_ao ]*oi kkpd i qo_ha
]_pej at l naooekj ej cn]j qh]pekj peooqa i ukbe^nk^h]opo ]j `
ej mqeao_aj p ]j ` cnks ej c _qhpqna` be^nk^h]opo+ G @ahh ? ekh
. 6608 . / / 7. - 0*. . . +
/ 1+ Meppap ? ) Oq^^e]*? n]j ` p I ) Aaoi kqheana > ) P]l l ej k > M)
Okccank
M)
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P)
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G> )
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O)
J kj p]j ` kj A) D]^^e]j e D+ Bbba_p kb u*ej panbankj kj pda
_hej e_]h ]j ` ^ekhkce_ ar khqpekj kb dul anpnkl de_ o_]no ]j `
Aql qupnaj îo ` eoa]oa7 ]j kl aj l ehkp opq` u+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6618 607. / / 1*. / 02+
/ 2+ Qdk` u > G) Pdqopan P+ @kj pnkh ]j ` bqj _pekj kb oa^]_akqo
ch]j ` o+ Mduoekh Oar . 6568 367050*1. 3+
/ 3+ G]dk` ] @> ) Lher an OC) Oauj kh` o >G) Cknnaopan G@)
Dehhaol ea GT ) @oand]hi e*Cnea` i ]j M? ) @dneope]j k > J )
E ki a H>+ Qn]j o*ol a_eao d]en cnks pd ej ` q_pekj ^u dqi ]j
d]en bkhhe_ha ` ani ]h l ]l ehh]a+ Bt l Aani ]pkh / - - . 8 . - 7/ / 6*/ 04+
/ 4+ Ppaj j HP) I ]s naj _a I ) S aeo A) Hknoi auan P) Pae^anc J +
Bt l naooekj kb pda ^_h*/ l nkpkkj _kcaj a ej pda _u_hej c ]` qhp
i kqoa d]en bkhhe_ha+ G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 6618 . - 07. - 4*. . . +
/ 5+ Q]g]gqn] K) Vkode` ] E) Hqj eo]` ] Q) Keodeg]s ] P)
Keodeg]s ] PF+ Fj r khr ai aj p kb l h]pahap*` aner a` cnks pd
b]_pkn na_al pkn*]7 ej d]en _]j ]h bkni ]pekj + G Fj r aop
Aani ]pkh . 6638 . - 4744- *444+
/ 6+ ? haooej c J ) K]j j au I ? ) Hej c I B) Gkj ao @J ) Ekc]j ? I +
Qn]j ocaj e_ i e_a ]o ] i k` ah pk opq` u pda nkha kb QDC*,0*nah]pa`
i kha_qhao ej d]en bkhhe_hao+ Daj ao Aar . 6608 47/ - 1*/ . 2+
0- + Ppaj j HP) Behanpoaj H+ J kha_qh]n ^]oeo kb d]en cnks pd
_kj pnkh+ G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 6638 . - 47336*34- +
0. + Danh] _d E) Bol koepk @) Ppai AJ + J k` qh]pekj kb aj ` k*
pdahe]h dai kop] pe_ l nkl anpeao7 ]j ]_per a nkha ej pda dkop
naol kj oa+ > j j q Oar J a` . 66- 8 1. 7. 2*/ 1+
0/ + T ej j O) S a` ` an K) O]i ]i kknpdu @) Pd]n]n P) E]nh]j G+ Bj ` k*
pdahe]h ]j ` haqgk_upa ]` daoekj i kha_qhao ej ej bh]i i ]pekj ]j `
` eoa]oa+ ? hkk` @k]cqh Ce^nej khuoeo . 6658 6%oql l h / &7P. 4*P/ 0+
00+ P]h]o > ) Pdei ]kg] J ) @daj P) @]ni ]j @S ) Pl nej can Q+
Qn]j oepekj bnki nkhhej c pk beni ]` daoekj eo nacqh]pa` ^u
pda _kj bkni ]pekj kb pda F ` ki ]ej kb pda ej pacnej hui l dk*
_upa bqj _pekj *]ook_e]pa` ]j pecaj *. + G ? ekh @dai / - - / 8
/ 4472- / 22*2- / 3/ +
01+ Q]uhkn DF) M]hi an GE+ Qda r ]o_qh]n pannepkneao %]j cek*
oki ao& kb pda ^k` u7 at l anei aj p]h opq` u ]j ` _hej e_]h ]l l he*
_]pekj o+ ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 6548 1- 7. . 0*. 1. +
02+ Oeo]q T + J a_d]j eoi o kb ]j cekcaj aoeo+ K]pqna . 6648
053734. *341+
03+ @]qj ] K+ Cej a i knl dkhkce_]h _d]n]_paneope_o ]j ` i e_nk*
pkl kcn]l du kb pda bnaa j anr a aj ` ej co kb pda dqi ]j ` ecep]h
ogej + > j ]p Oa_ . 65- 8 . 657310*323+

**

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
04+ I uj j ? + @qp]j akqo oaj o]pekj + Fj 7 Dkh` oi epd I > ) a` +
Mduoekhkcu) ? ek_dai eopnu) ]j ` J kha_qh]n ? ekhkcu kb pda
Pgej + Kas Vkng7 L t bkn` Rj er anoepu Mnaoo) . 66. 7446*5. 2+
05+ J ]_de` ] ? H) I eq*Pdej ` k J ) P]o]ge DE) Oe_a AE)
@d]j ` n]oki ] M+ Fi i a` e]pa r anoqo _dnkj e_ peooqa at l ]j *
oekj + > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 66. 8 / 37/ / 4*/ 0/ +
06+
> qop] ` BA) Okoa DI + > oahb*ej bh]pej c peooqa at l ]j ` an+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 65/ 8 4- 7255*261+
06]+ J _@]qhau OI ) L hel d]j p GO) Ok^okj J @+ Qeooqa at l ]j oekj
ej pda _knna_pekj kb ^qnj ]hkl a_e]7 _h]ooebe_]pekj ]j `
i apdk` o kb _knna_pekj + > j j Mh]op Pqnc . 66- 8 / 27. - 0*. . 2+
1- + Pl a]n PI ) L j uas q @+ Pp]ca` ^na]op na_kj opnq_pekj s epd
o]hej a*behha` ei l h]j po ej pda enn]` e]pa` ^na]op7 na_aj p pnaj ` o
]j ` pdan]l aqpe_ ei l he_]pekj o+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc / - - - 8
. - 2760- *61/ +
1. + Br ]j o DO) P_dqopani ]j J > ) Hnkhh PP) J ehhan J G)
Oaa_a DM) Ok^^ DI ) > ej ohea K+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj ]j ` pda
n]` e]pa` ^na]op7 eo pdana ] nkha bkn ei l h]j po< Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6628 637. . . . *. . . 28 ` eo_qooekj ) . . . 3*. . . 5+
1/ +
O]r ]j pe I ) H]d]ne S J + J ]pnet i ap]hhkl nkpaej ]oao ej s kqj `
nal ]en %nar eas &+ Fj p G J kh J a` / - - - 8 3706. *1- 4+
10+
Oauj kh` o GG+ @khh]caj ]oao ]j ` peooqa ej de^epkno kb i ap] h*
hkl nkpaej ]oao7 ] bqj _pekj ]h ^]h]j _a ej peooqa ` acn]` ]pekj +
Ln]h Aeo . 6638 / 74- *43+
11+ A]j c @) Qej c H) Pkk @) I kj c]gan J Q) I knaj v EM+ Cap]h
s kqj ` da] hej c _qnnaj p l anol a_per ao+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc / - - 08
0- 7. 0*/ 0+
12+ Cancqokj J T ) T dep^u AG) Pd]d J ) > ni opnkj c G)
Pea^anp GT ) I kj c]gan J Q+ P_]n bkni ]pekj 7 pda ol a_pn]h
j ]pqna kb bap] h ]j ` ]` qhp s kqj ` nal ]en+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6638 647521*53- +
13+ ? ]u]p > ) J _Dnkqpdan A> ) Cancqokj J T + Pgej o_]nnej c+
? n J a` G / - - 08 0/ 3755*6/ +
14+ Ka` aha_ ? ) Pd]j gks ogu E>) Qna` cap BB+ O]pej c pda naokhr ej c
dul anpnkl de_ o_]n7 _ki l ]neokj kb pda S ]j _kqr an P_]n P_]ha
]j ` o_]n r khqi a+ G ? qi @]na Oad]^eh / - - - 8 / . 7/ - 2*/ . / +
15+ Mks ano MP) P]ng]n P) Dkh` ckb A? ) @nqoa @T ) Qo]l I S +
P_]n ]ooaooi aj p7 _qnnaj p l nk^hai o ]j ` bqpqna okhqpekj o+
G ? qnj @]na Oad]^eh . 6668 / - 721*3- +
16+ Keaooaj C? ) Pl ]qs aj ME) P_d]hgs efg G) Hkj J + Lj pda
j ]pqna kb dul anpnkl de_ o_]no ]j ` gahke` o7 ] nar eas + Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6668 . - 17. 102*. 125+
2- + Qna` cap BB) Pd]j gks ogu E> ) M]j j q O) Ka` aha_ ? )
Fs ]odej ] Q) Dd]d]nu > ) Q]anqi QS ) P_kpp MD+ Qn] j obkn*
i ej c cnks pd b]_pkn*,0 ej pdani ]hhu ej fqna` l ]peaj po s epd
dul anpnkl de_ o_]no7 abba_po kb ej panbankj S&+T' Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6658 . - / 7. 0. 4*. 00- +
2. + Qna` cap BB) Ka` aha_ ? ) P_kpp MD) Dd]d]nu > + E ul an*
pnkl de_ o_]no) gahke` o) ]j ` _kj pn]_pqnao+ Qda _ahhqh]n ]j `
i kha_qh]n ^]oeo bkn pdan]l u+ Pqnc @hej Kknpd > i . 6648
4474- . *40- +
2/ + ? appej can A> ) V]can AO) Aeacahi ]j j OC) @kdaj FH+ Qda
abba_p kb QDC*,0 kj gahke` be^nk^h]op l nkheban]pekj ]j ` _kh*
h]caj ouj pdaoeo+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6638 6575/ 4*500+
20+ Uqa E) J _@]qhau OI ) Wd]j c T + Bhar ]pa` ej panhaqgej *3
at l naooekj ej gahke` be^nk^h]opo+ G Pqnc Oao / - - - 8 56741*44+
21+ I au OA) Pa` ep] > ) Dnq^a AA) Cnu OG+ Fj ` q_pekj ]j ` l anoeop*
aj _a kb l unei e` ej a ` ei ano ej pda al e` ani ]h AK> kb ps k
opn]ej o kb d]enhaoo i e_a+ @]j _an Oao . 6448 0470/ 10*0/ 15+
22+
> j ]j pd]os ]i u EK) I kqcdhej PJ ) @kt M) Br ]j o OI )
Rhhne_d PB) Hnel ga J I + Pqj hecdp ]j ` ogej _]j _an7 ej de^epekj
kb l 20 i qp]pekj o ej RS *enn]` e]pa` i kqoa ogej ^u oqj *
o_naaj o+ K]p J a` . 6648 072. - *2. 1+
23+
@]r ]nn] B) Cei e] j e J ) I qj c]nahh] D) > j ` na]ooe I )
` a P]j pe J ) J ]vv]paj p] @) @e__khe I + RS > hecdp opei qh]pao
pda l nk` q_pekj kb _]pdal oej D ]j ` ah]op]oa*hega aj vui ao ^u
` ani ]h be^nk^h]opo7 ] l kooe^ha _kj pne^qpekj pk pda nai k` ah*
ej c kb ah]opkpe_ ]na]o ej oqj *` ]i ]ca` ogej + ? ekh @dai
/ - - / 8 0507. 66*/ - 3+
24+
Bn` aj Fj ]h J ) H]dn]i ]j > ) Hkgaj Q+ ? aj abe_e]h abba_po kb
mqan_apej kj kt e` ]per a opnaoo ej ` q_a` ^u qhpn] r ekhap >+ @hej
Bt l Aani ]pkh / - - . 8 / 37203*206+
25+
@daj S I ) Chaeo_di ]fan O) P_ds ]npv B) M]h]e] J ) Qei l h O+
Fi i qj k_dai eopnu kb ah]opkpe_ i ]pane]h ej oqj *` ]i ]ca`
ogej + G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 6538 547001*004+
26+
? anj opaej BC) @daj VN) Hkl l G? ) Ceodan I ) ? nks j A? )
E]dj MG) Ok^au C> ) I ]gg]gknl e G) Reppk G+ I kj c*pani
oqj at l koqna ]hpano pda _khh]caj kb pda l ]l ehh]nu ` ani eo+
@ki l ]neokj kb oqj *l nkpa_pa` ]j ` l dkpk]ca` ogej ^u j knpd*
anj ]j ]huoeo) ei i qj kdeopk_dai e_]h op]ej ej c) ]j ` _kj bk_]h
h] oan o_]j j ej c i e_nko_kl u+ G > i > _]` Aani ]pkh . 6638
017/ - 6*/ . 5+
3- +
V]i ]q_de J ) Mneo]u]j d M) E ]mqa W) T kk` hau AQ+ @kh*
h]caj _nkoo*hej gej c ej oqj *at l koa` ]j ` qj at l koa` oepao kb
]ca` dqi ]j ogej + G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 66. 8 647605*61. +
3. +
Ceodan DG) @dke E@) ? ]p]*@oknck W) Pd]k V) A]pp] P)
T ]j c WN) H]j c P) S kkndaao GG+ Rhpn]r ekhap enn]` e]pekj
ej _na]oao i ]pnet i ap]hhkl nkpaej ]oa*5 l nkpaej ej dqi ]j
ogej [` h[ha' G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh / - - . 8 . . 47/ . 6*/ / 3+
3/ +
Ceodan DG) T ]j c WN) A]pp] P@) S ]n]j e G) H]j c P) S kkndaao GG+
M]pdkl duoekhkcu kb l nai ]pqna ogej ]cej c ej ` q_a` ^u qhpn]*
r ekhap hecdp+ K Bj ch G J a` . 6648 0047. 1. 6*. 1/ 5+
30+ S ]n]j e G) Pl a]ni ]j A) Mankj a M) Checeah PB) A]pp] P@)
T ]j c WN) Pd]k V) H]j c P) Ceodan DG) S kkndaao GG+ Fj de*
^epekj kb pul a F l nk_khh]caj ouj pdaoeo ^u ` ]i ]ca` _khh]caj
ej l dkpk]ca` ogej ]j ` ^u _khh]caj ]oa*` acn]` a` _khh]caj
[` h[fda' > i G M]pdkh / - - . 8 . 25760. *61/ +
31+ Hheci ]j > J ) ? ] gan QG) Dkn` kj EI + I kj c*pani deopkhkce_
bkhhks *ql kb l daj kh b]_a l aaho+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6528
42732/ *326+
32+
I ]r gan OJ + Ppi _pqn]h ]hpan]pekj o ej at l koa` ]j ` qj at *
l koa` ]ca` ogej + G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 6468 40726*33+
33+ H]pv^anc >+ Qda ]na] kb pda ` ani k*al e` ani ]h fqj _pekj ej
dqi ]j ogej + > j ]p Oa_ . 6258 . 0. 74. 4*4/ 0+
34+ Deh_dnaop ? > ) ? hkc C? ) Pv]^k D+ Bbba_po kb ]cej c ]j `
_dnkj e_ oqj at l koqna kj i ah]j k_upao ej dqi ]j ogej +
G Fj r aop Aani ]pkh . 6468 407. 1. *. 10+
35+
Cqnpd GG+ Qda opa]` u*op]pa har aho kb pul a F _khh]caj i OK>
]na na` q_a` ej oaj ao_aj p be^nk^h]opo+ G Dankj pkh . 66. 8
137? . / / *? . / 1+
36+
T aop J A) Manaen]*Pi epd LJ ) Pi epd GO+ Oal he_]per a
oaj ao_aj _a kb dqi ]j ogej be^nk^h]opo _knnah]pao s epd ]
hkoo kb nacqh]pekj ]j ` kr anat l naooekj kb _khh]caj ]oa
]_per epu+ Bt l @ahh Oao . 6568 . 517. 05*. 14+
4- +
J ehheo > G) Ekuha J ) J _@qa EJ ) J ]npej e E+ Aebbanaj pe]h
at l naooekj kb i ap]hhkl nkpaej ]oa ]j ` peooqa ej de^epkn kb
i ap]hhkl nkpaej ]oa caj ao ej ]ca` dqi ]j be^nk^h]opo+
Bt l @ahh Oao . 66/ 8 / - . 7040*046+

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s kqj ` o s epd i ej ei ]h kn j k o_]nnej c+ Eks ar an) ^qnj
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pda ogej l kooaoo ] daecdpaj a` _d]hhaj ca pk ar aj pda i kop
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pdaoa ol a_e]heva` s kqj ` o pk da]h ej ] pei ahu b]odekj s epd
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l qh]pa` pk oki a at paj p s epd ckk` _hej e_]h kqp_ki a+ Qda
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l nk_aoo kb pda s kqj ` ) b]_pkno ]bba_pej c s kqj ` da]hej c)
]j ` _upkgej a i ]j el qh]pekj kb pda s kqj ` +
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s kqj ` o ]na i ]j ]ca` + Qda ]_qpa ^qi s kqj ` pd]p da]ho
ej 9 / s aago l naoaj po s epd i ej ei ]h o_]nnej c) l kooe^hu
ahei ej ]pej c bqpqna na_kj opnq_per a abbknpo+
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abba_po i a` e]pa` ^u dkop naol kj oao pd]p _]j oki apei ao
^a r anu ` ar ]op]pej c+ B]nhu at _eoekj ]j ` cn]bpej c kb ^qi
s kqj ` o _]j ahei ej ]pa oki a kb pda ouopai e_ naol kj oa ]j `
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pdnaa vkj ao ^]oa` kj deopkhkce_]h bej ` ej co ]o l nkl koa`
^u G]_gokj %1& ej pda a]nhu . 62- o %Cec+ / +. &+
Qda l ]np kb pda ogej s dana pda ej epe]h _kj p]_p eo i ]` a eo
gj ks j ]o pda vkj a kb _k]cqh]pekj %j a_nkoeo&+ Qdeo vkj a eo
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pdani ]h aj ancu %2&+ Mnkpaej ` }j ]pqn]pekj s epd oq^oamqaj p
peooqa j a_nkoeo ` al aj ` o i ]ej hu kj pda pai l an]pqna pk
s de_d peooqao ]na at l koa` ]j ` pda ` qn]pekj kb _kj p]_p+
Qdeo l daj ki aj kj d]o ^aaj s ahh l nkr aj ^u J knepv ]j `
E aj nemqav %2& ej pdaen _h]ooe_]h l ]l an ej . 614+
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s epd _kj _ki ep]j p na` q_pekj ej kt ucaj ` aher anu %5&+
? hkk` bhks ei l ]eni aj p _kj pej qao bkn ql pk / 1 d s epd _ao*
o]pekj ej ]^kqp 15 d ]bpan oqop]ej ej c pda ^qi ej fqnu %6&+ Fp
eo ^ahear a` pd]p qj ` an b]r kn]^ha _kj ` epekj o) op]oeo ]j `
eo_dai e] i ]u ^a nar anoa` s epd _ahh na_kr anu s epdej ]
s aag %6&+ Qda _ahho ej pdeo vkj a ]na r anu oqo_al pe^ha pk
bqnpdan ej oqhp ` qnej c na_kr anu %. - &+ Fj ba_pekj ) _d]j cao ej
l naooqna ]o ej dul kr khai e] ]j ` kr annaoqo_ep]pekj ) ]j `
ar aj aha_pnkhupa ]^j kni ]hepeao oq_d ]o dul anj ]pnai e] _]j
_]qoa bqnpdan j a_nkoeo ` qnej c pda na_kr anu l d]oa %. - &+
Ok^okj ]j ` kpdano d]r a at paj oer ahu opq` ea` pda l ]pdkl du*
oekhkcu kb pdeo vkj a) ]j ` pda eo_dai e_ abba_po kb l nkop]*
ch]j ` ej s +S ]j ` pdnki ^kt ]j a > / %3)5). . ). / &+ Pl a_ebe_
pdnki ^kt ]j a ej de^epkno ]j ` i kna caj an]heva` ej de^epkno
kb l nkop]j ke` o d]r a ^aaj qoa` at l anei aj p]hhu s epd oki a
oq__aoo ej ei l nkr ej c ` ani ]h l anbqoekj ]bpan pdani ]h
ej fqnu %6). . ). / &+
Qda vkj a kb dul anai e] oqnnkqj ` o pda vkj a kb op]oeo+
Qdana eo ej _na]oa` r ]o_qh]n l ani a]^ehepu oa_kj ` ]nu pk l nk*
j kqj _a` r ]ok` eh]pekj + B` ai ] aj oqao bnki at pn]r ]o]pekj
kb bhqe` bnki pda ej pn]r ]o_qh]n ol ]_a pk pda ej panopepe]h
ol ]_a+ Pki apei ao pdeo _]j ^a kr ans dahi ej c) ha]` ej c pk
dul kr khai e_ odk_g+ @ahhqh]n na_kr anu ej pdeo vkj a _]j
l nk_aa` pk pkp]h na_kr anu+
B` ai ] ej ^qnj s kqj ` o _]j ^a i kna l nkj kqj _a` ej
_ki l ]neokj pk kpdan s kqj ` o+ Qdeo l nk` q_ao d]ni bqh
abba_po kj j qpneaj p ]j ` kt ucaj ` aher anu) ]o s ahh ]o
_]qoej c oecj ebe_]j p ` a_na]oao ej ej pn]r ]o_qh]n r khqi a
%. 0*. 2&+ Fj ]` ` epekj ) h]nca mq]j pepeao kb l nkpaej ha]g
pdnkqcd pda ^qi *ej ` q_a` aj ` kpdahe]h _ahh c]l %. 3). 4&+
@dai e_]h i a` e]pkno oq_d ]o deop]i ej a) ^n]` ugej ej )
oaj oknu j aqnkl al pe` ao) ]j ` kt ucaj *bnaa n]` e_]ho _]j
_]qoa oki a kb pda ej _na]oao ej r ]o_qh]n l ani a]^ehepu ` qa
pk pdaen ks j r ]ok` eh]pknu abba_po %. 4*. 6&+ Mnkop]j ke` o
bkqj ` ej ^qnj bhqe` i ]u ]hok ]__kqj p bkn oki a kb pda
a` ai ] bkni ]pekj + Pki a opq` eao d]r a ` ai kj opn]pa` pd]p
pda ej de^epkno kb l nkop]ch]j ` ej l nk` q_pekj oq_d ]o e^ql nk*
baj ]j ` ej ` ki apd]_ej _]j ^a kb qoa s epd oki a oq__aoo pk
na` q_a a` ai ] bkni ]pekj %/ - */ 0&+ L pdan _]qoao kb a` ai ]
ej _hq` a ahar ]pa` _]l ehh]nu behpn]pekj l naooqnao bnki
ei l ]ena` kqpbhks ej pda r aj kqo ouopai ) oa_kj ` ]nu pk ohq` *
cej c ]j ` ]cchqpej ]pekj kb anupdnk_upao ej pda l kop_]l ehh]nu
r aj qhao %/ 1&+ Pankpkj ej i a` e]pa` r aj qh]n _kj opne_pekj ]hok
oanr a pk ahar ]pa _]l ehh]nu behpn]pekj l naooqna ]j ` oq^*
oamqaj p ej _na]oa` a` ai ]+ E u` nkop]pe_ l naooqna na` q_pekj
k__qno ej pda ej panopepeqi ej pda a]nhu l kop^qi l anek`
%/ 2&+ Qdana _kj pej qao pk ^a abbhqt kb ej pn]r ]o_qh]n bhqe` )
oej _a pda ej panopepe]h l naooqnao ]na pkk hks pk _kqj pan]_p
pdeo abba_p+ Qda pei a _kqnoa bkn a` ai ] bkni ]pekj eo r anu
ei l knp]j p+ Qda bkni ]pekj kb a` ai ] eo n]l e` ) k__qnnej c
s epdej pda benop 0 d ]bpan ej fqnu+ > ^el d]oe_ l ]ppanj at l h]ej o
pdeo l daj ki aj kj s epd ] pn]j oeaj p l d]oa h]opej c x. 2 i ej
bkhhks a` ^u ] oqop]ej a` l d]oa+ Qda a` ai ] eo i ]t ei eva`
s epdej / 1 d l kopej fqnu ]j ` _]j l anoeop bkn ql pk 0 ` ]uo+
Qda oar anepu kb pda ^qnj ej fqnu ` apani ej ao pda at paj p pk
s de_d ]j ` dks n]l e` hu pda a` ai ] bkni o+ Pq^oamqaj phu)
pda a` ai ] naokhr ao) ^qp ohks hu) ` al aj ` ej c kj pda l duoek*
hkce_ _kj ` epekj kb pda s kqj ` ]j ` kr an]hh da]hpd op]pqo kb

J ^d] S ; TP[X] V

*-
&, ( 0/2- ' , 64326, 6
pda l ]peaj p+ Qda l ]pdkl duoekhkcu kb pda ^qi s kqj ` _kj *
pej qao pk ^a qj _kr ana` ha]` ej c pk ^appan i ]j ]cai aj p kb
pda ]_qpa l d]oa kb ^qi ej fqnu+ Fp eo kj hu s daj pdeo
l nk_aoo eo i ]t ei ]hhu _kj pnkhha` pd]p a]nhu s kqj ` _hkoqna
eo l kooe^ha+ Pq^oamqaj phu) kqn na_kj opnq_per a abbknpo i ]u
^a i kna bnqepbqh) ueah` ej c ^appan _koi aoeo ]j ` bqj _pekj +
<<<&
E8 C4 E4 GT kqj ` da]hej c eo ] _ki l hat ) ` uj ]i e_) ]j ` ej pan]_per a
l nk_aoo pd]p l nkcnaooao ej ]j kn` anhu ]j ` l na` e_p]^ha
b]odekj ) qj haoo ej pannql pa` + Qdeo _]o_]` a ej r khr ao okhq^ha
i a` e]pkno) ` ebbanaj p _ahh pul ao ]j ` ahai aj po) ]j ` pda at pn]*
_ahhqh]n i ]pnet %B@J &+ Qda da]hej c _]o_]` a bkn s kqj ` o
` ebbano ]i kj c ` ebbanaj p peooqa pul ao+ Fj pdeo ` eo_qooekj )
s a s ehh bk_qo kj pda ^nk]` ol a_pi i kb pda s kqj `
da]hej c l nk_aoo+ Qdeo _]o_]` a ej r khr ao pdnaa i ]ej
l d]oao7 ej bh]i i ]pknu %_k]cqh]pekj ]j ` ej bh]i i ]pekj &)
l nkheban]per a %_ahh l nkheban]pekj ]j ` i ]pnet nal ]en&) ]j `
nai k` ahej c kb pda o_]n peooqa+ Qdaoa l d]oao ]na ] _kj pe*
j qqi ]j ` kr anh]l ) ]j ` _]j h]op ql pk oar an]h i kj pdo
%Cec+ / +/ &+ Ckn oei l he_epu ]j ` _h]nepu l qnl koao) pda l d]oao
kb s kqj ` da]hej c s ehh ^a ` ao_ne^a` ej ] hej a]n b]odekj +
9XVdaT *&+
Qda ei i a` e]pa naol kj oa pk ej fqnu bkni o ] be^nej i aod _hkp s epd l h] pahapo pd] p naha]oa _k]cqh]pekj b]_pkno ]j ` _upkgej ao)
ej epe]pej c da]hej c+ XT epd l ani eooekj bnki Mdehhel o %/ 3&+Y
/87<:6 %!% P_dai ]pe_ kb s kqj ` da]hej c _kj pej qqi + XT epd l ani eooekj bnki Mdehhel o %/ 3&+Y