Functional and Aesthetic Reconstruction of Burn Patients

ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb

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9XVdaT ) 1&1
Qda ej banekn k^hemqa i qo_ha %]nnks & oal ]n]pao pda i a` e]h ]j ` _aj pn]h hks an he` b]p l ]` o+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki
We` a ]j ` Gahgo %. 1&+Y
ql s deha pda at ]i ej an l qodao pda _daag ]j ` hks an he` ql pk
` apani ej a eb pda hks an he` _]j ^a n]eoa` + Ckn ql l an he` napn]_*
pekj ) pda l ]peaj p hkkgo ` ks j s deha pda ^nks eo ` al naooa`
s ]p_dej c bkn ql l an he` _hkoqna+ Fb pda oqncakj eo ]^ha pk
ahar ]pa pda hks an he` kn ` al naoo pda ql l an he` ) pdaj kj hu
pda ]j panekn h]i ahh] eo odknpaj a` + Fb pda oqncakj eo
qj oq__aoobqh) pda i e` ` ha h]i ahh] d]o ]hok ^aaj ej r khr a`
]j ` naha]oa kb pdeo peooqa l h]j a eo namqena` pk ]hhar e]pa pda
he` napn]_pekj +
Fb ] ^qnj ej fqnu at paj ` o ` ks j pk p]noqo kn pdnkqcd
kn^ep]h oal pqi ) ^hal d]nkl pkoeo eo l kooe^ha bnki ` ]i ]ca
pk pda har ]pkn ]l kj aqnkoeo ]j ` i qo_ha+ > _qpahu) l pkoeo
9XVdaT ) 1&) (
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9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
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Qda kn^ep]h oal pqi ]j ` l na]l kj aqnkpe_ b]p d]r a ^aaj hebpa` pk at l koa T depj ] hhîo hec]i aj p %]nnks & ]^kr a pda har ]pkn
i qo_ha %' & ]j ` epo ]l kj aqnkoeo %]&+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki We` a ]j ` Gahgo %. 1&+Y
eo j kp ] l nk^hai ` qa pk _e_]pne_e]h he` napn]_pekj + > bpan
]j panekn h]i ahh] na_kj opnq_pekj eo l anbkni a` ) l pkoeo
i ]u pdaj l naoaj p epoahb+ Oa]pp]_dej c har ]pkn i qo_ha pk
pda p]noqo s ehh ahar ]pa pda ql l an auahe` ^qp _]na i qop ^a
p]gaj ` qa pk ` a_na]oa` kn^e_qh]neo bqj _pekj + Rj ` an*
_knna_pekj kb pda l pkoeo nal ]en i ]u ^a j a_aoo]nu pk
l nar aj p at l koqna gan]pkl ]pdu) ` qa pk ` a_na]oa` ^hej g
]j ` h]ckl dpd]hi ko+
Fb pda ^qi ej fqnu ej r khr ao pda bqhh pde_gj aoo kb pda auahe` )
] p]no]h ]j ` _kj fqj _per ]h cn]bp) bh]l ) kn oq^opepqpa s ehh ^a
j aa` a` pk nal h]_a pda hkop l kopanekn h]i ahh]+ T epdkqp pda
beni oql l knp opnq_pqna ]j ` j kj gan]pej eva` al epdahe]h oqnb]_a)
pda auahe` o _]j j kp bqj _pekj pk l nkpa_p pda chk^a+
4+
8 S` fZS^ I W` Va` e
Qda h]pan]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj eo ] _kj j a_per a peooqa ^]j `
at paj ` ej c bnki pda p]no]h l h]pa+ Mnap]no]h kn^e_qh]neo
i qo_ha bnki pda ql l an ]j ` hks an he` dahl o bkni pda
oql anekn ]j ` ej banekn _nqo kb pda h]pan]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj +
/87<:6 $, !$% J qhhanîo i qo_ha %J & eo bkqj ` qj ` anj a]pd pda har ]pkn i qo_ha %]nnks & ]j ` ej oanpo kj pk pda oql anekn ^kn` an kb pda p]noqo
%Q&+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki We` a ]j ` Gahgo %. 1&+Y

ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb

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9XVdaT ) 1&) +
> nnks o7 I k_gs kk` îo oqol aj oknu hec]i aj p+ %' & Fj ` e_]pao ej banekn k^hemqa i qo_ha+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekee bnki
We` a ]j ` Gahgo %. 1&+Y
Qda paj ` kj ej oanpo kj pk T depj ]hhîo kn h]pan]h kn^ep]h pq^an*
_ha ] bas i ehhei apano ]^kr a pda i a` e]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj ]j `
2 i i ^adej ` pda kn^ep]h nei %Cec+ . 6+. 3& %. 0&+ > ohecdp
ql s ]n` oh]j p bnki pda i a` e]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj pks ]n`
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Qda _]l oqhkl ]hl a^n]h b]o_e]) cn]ol a` ^u pda
bkn_al o) _ki ao kbb pda ej banekn na_pqo i qo_ha %]nnks & ]j `
ej oanpo kj pk pda ej banekn ^kn` an kb pda hks an he` p]noqo %Q&+
XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki S e_pkn ]j ` E qns epv %. 3&+Y
pda h]pan]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj i qop ^a l naoanr a` pk gaal ]
j kni ]h ëi kj ckhke` oh]j pí %Cec+ . 6+. 4& %. 0&+
Mnap]no]h ]j ` l naoal p]h kn^e_qh]neo k_qhe i qo_hao
_kj pne^qpa pk pda i a` e]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj ) s de_d d]o ]
oql anbe_e]h ]j ` ` aal da]` + Qda oql anbe_e]h da]` l ]ooao
]j panekn pk pda h]_nei ]h o]_ ]j ` ]pp]_dao pk pda ]j panekn
h]_nei ]h _naop ]j ` bnkj p]h l nk_aoo kb pda i ]t ehh]+ Qda
` aal da]` l ]ooao l kopanekn pk pda h]_nei ]h o]_ ]j ` ej oanpo
kj pk pda l kopanekn h]_nei ]h _naop kb pda h]_nei ]h ^kj a
%Cec+ . 6+. 5& %. 0&+ E ki anîo i qo_ha) ] i a` e]h at paj oekj kb
9XVdaT ) 1&) -
CRO KX^O\ SY\ KXN ZY] ^O\ SY\ VKWOVVKO YP ^RO
OcOVSN$ IAOZ\ SX^ON a S^R ZO\ WS] ] SYX P\ YW > O\ KN ' ) !$J

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Qda h] pan]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj ej oanpo kj pk T dep*
j ] hhîo pq^an_ha+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Kan]` %. 0&+Y
pda l nap]no]h kn^e_qh]neo i qo_ha) i ]gao ] oecj ebe_]j p _kj *
pne^qpekj pk pda ` aal da]` + Qdeo l kopanekn i a` e]h _]j pd]h
paj ` kj eo pda l nei ]nu opnq_pqna gaal ej c pda i a` e]h hks an
auahe` ]l l koa` pk pda chk^a+
Oal ]enej c pda ` aal da]` kb pda i a` e]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj eo
` ebbe_qhp ` qa pk pda l nkt ei epu kb pda _]j ]he_qhe ]j ` h]_nei ]h
o]_ %Cec+ . 6+. 6& %. 0&+ Eks ar an) ^a_]qoa kb pda oar anepu
kb pda ^qnj s daj pda ` aal da]` kb pda i a` e]h _]j pd]h
paj ` kj eo ej r khr a` ) ennar anoe^ha ` ]i ]ca pk pda _]j ]he_qhe
eo ]hok qoq]hhu l naoaj p+ Fj pd]p _]oa) ^kpd ] i a` e]h _]j pdk*
l h]opu pk pda l kopanekn h]_nei ]h _naop ]j ` ] _kj fqj _per k*
` ]_nuk_uopkndej kopki u %@*A@O& ]na ej ` e_]pa` +
/ + HW` eadk CWdhWe
Paj oknu j anr ao kb pda auahe` o knecej ]pa bnki _n]j e]h j anr a
S) kl dpd]hi e_ ]j ` i ]t ehh]nu ` er eoekj o+ Qda kl dpd]hi e_
` er eoekj d]o pdnaa ^n]j _dao h]_nei ]h) bnkj p]h) ]j ` j ]ok*
_ehe]nu) ]hh kb s de_d pk oki a at paj p ej j anr ]pa pda ql l an
9XVdaT ) 1&) 0
Qda i a` e]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj + XOal nej pa` s epd
l ani eooekj bnki Kan]` %. 0&+Y
auahe` + Qda h]_nei ]h j anr a oql l heao pda h]pan]h ql l an
auahe` + Qda bnkj p]h ^n]j _d ol hepo ej pk pda oql n]kn^ep]h ]j `
oql n]pnk_dha]n j anr ao+ Qda oql n]kn^ep]h ^n]j _d ha]r ao pda
kn^ep pdnkqcd pda oql n]kn^ep]h j kp_d kb pda bnkj p]h ^kj a
]j ` oql l heao pda ogej kb pda bknada]` ) o_]hl ) ]j ` _aj pn]h
ql l an auahe` + Qda oql n]pnk_dha]n ^n]j _d at epo pda kn^ep
]^kr a pda pnk_dha] ]j ` oql l heao pda i a` e]h bknada]` ]j `
i a` e]h ql l an auahe` + Qda ej bn]pnk_dha]n j anr a) pani ej ]h
^n]j _d kb pda j ]ok_ehe]nu j anr a) ha]r ao pda kn^ep ^ahks
pda pnk_dha] ]j ` oql l heao pda i a` e]h ql l an ]j ` hks an
auahe` o) ]o s ahh ]o pda _kj fqj _per ] ]j ` j ]okh]_nei ]h o]_+
Qs k ^n]j _dao kb pda _n]j e]h j anr a S ) i ]t ehh]nu ` er *
eoekj ) _ki l hapa pda ej j anr ]pekj kb pda hks an auahe` + Qda
vucki ]pe_kb]_e]h j anr a pdnkqcd pda vucki ]pe_kb]_e]h
bkn]i aj kb pda vucki ] oql l heao pda ogej kb pda h]pan]h
hks an auahe` + Qda ej bn]kn^ep]h j anr a at epo bnki pda kn^ep
9XVdaT ) 1&) /
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ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb

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i ]h o]_+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Kan]` %. 0&+Y
r e] pda ej bn]kn^ep]h bkn]i aj kb pda i ]t ehh] oql l huej c i kop
kb pda hks an he` ogej ) ]o s ahh ]o pda ej banekn _kj fqj _per ]+
@ki l hapej c pda oaj o]pekj pk pda ql l an b]_a) pda vucki ]*
pe_kpai l kn]h j anr a ej j anr ]pao pda ogej kb pda ]j panekn
pai l ha pk pda h]pan]h kn^ep]h i ]ncej XCec+ . 6+/ - %> *@&Y %. 0&+
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j anr a eo at pnai ahu ei l knp]j p pk l nar aj p l ]n]hupe_ ^nks
l pkoeo) h]ckl dpd]hi ko) ]j ` hks an he` a_pnkl ekj + Bi ]j ]pej c
bnki pda l ]nkpe` ch]j ` ) pda ql l an pai l knkb]_e]h ^n]j _d
kb pda b]_e]h j anr a bqnpdan ol hepo ej pk pda pai l kn]h ]j `
vucki ]pe_ ^n]j _dao oql l huej c pda ql l an b]_a ]j ` auahe` o
%Cec+ . 6+/ . & %. 0&+
Qda pai l kn]h ^n]j _d pn]r aho kr an pda l nkt ei ]h kj a*
pden` kb pda vucki ]pe_ ]n_d kj epo l anekopa]h oqnb]_a+ Qda
j anr a ]p pdeo l kej p eo qoq]hhu / +2 _i ]j panekn pk pda at panj ]h
]q` epknu i a]pqo) s epd ] n]j ca kb - +5*0+2 _i + Qda j anr a
_kj pej qao ej ]j k^hemqa b]odekj kj pda qj ` anoqnb]_a kb pda
oql anbe_e]h pai l kn]heo b]o_e] . +2 _i h]pan]h pk pda h]pan]h
^nks ]j ` aj pano pda bnkj p]heo i qo_ha 9 / _i ]^kr a pda
^nks + Qda pai l kn]h ^n]j _d oql l heao pda bnkj p]heo) _knnqc]*
pkn oql an_ehee) l nk_anqo) ]j ` ql l an kn^e_qh]neo i qo_hao+ Qda
vucki ]pe_ ^n]j _d pn]r aho ]_nkoo pda vucki ]pe_ ^kj a pk
ej j anr ]pa pda hks an kn^e_qh]neo i qo_hao %. 2&+
> hh b]_e]h i qo_hao) ej _hq` ej c pda kn^e_qh]neo k_qhe
i qo_hao) ]na ej j anr ]pa` bnki pdaen l kopanekn oqnb]_ao+
Qdanabkna) ` eooa_pekj aepdan oql anbe_e]h pk pda i qo_hao kn
oq^c]ha]h ^aj a]pd pda _kqnoa kb pda b]_e]h j anr a s ehh
l nar aj p ` ]i ]ca pk pda i qo_ha ej j anr ]pekj %. 2&+
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7 ^aaV KWeeW^e
Qda auahe` o d]r a ] ne_d r ]o_qh]n j aps kng s de_d eo ]
_ki ^ej ]pekj kb pani ej ]h ^n]j _dao bnki pda ej panj ]h ]j `
at panj ]h _]nkpe` ]npanu ouopai o+ Qda kl dpd]hi e_ ]npanu)
pda benop ^n]j _d kbb pda ej panj ]h _]nkpe` ) pn]r aho bnki
s epdej pda kn^ep pk pda auahe` o cer ej c neoa pk pda ` knok*
j ]o]h) oql n]pnk_dha]n) oql n]kn^ep]h) ]j ` h]_nei ]h ]npaneao+
> j ]opki koao s epd ^n]j _dao kb pda at panj ]h _]nkpe` ouopai )
ej _hq` ej c pda ]j cqh]n) b]_e]h) ej bn]kn^ep]h) ]j ` oql anbe_e]h
pai l kn]h ]npaneao) _ki l hapa pda ^hkk` oql l hu pk pda auahe` o
XCec+ . 6+/ / %> *@&Y %. 0&+
Qda ` knokj ]o]h ]npanu) s de_d baa` o pda j ]o]h ^ne` ca ]j `
i a` e]h bknada]` ) at epo pda kn^ep ^aps aaj pda i a` e]h a]j pd]h
paj ` kj ]j ` pda pnk_dha] ]j ` ]j ]opki koao s epd pda ]j cqh]n
]npanu+ Qdau l nk_aa` pk bkni pda i a` e]h oql anekn ]j `
ej banekn l ]hl a^n]h ]npaneao+ Lj pda h]pan]h oe` a kb pda
auahe` o) pda h]_nei ]h ]npanu ol hepo pk bkni pda h]pan]h
oql anekn ]j ` ej banekn l ]hl a^n]h ]npaneao+ Qdaoa l ]hl a^n]h
]npaneao bkni pda auahe` ]n_]` ao) s de_d i ]u ^a e` aj pebea`
` qnej c auahe` oqncanu+ Qda oql anekn l ]hl a^n]h ]npaneao
ol hep pk bkni pda l anel dan]h ]j ` i ]ncej ]h ]n_]` ao kb pda
ql l an auahe` + Qda l anel dan]h ]n_]` a eo bkqj ` ^aps aaj pda
har ]pkn ]l kj aqnkoeo ]j ` J qhhanîo i qo_ha ]p pda oql anekn
^kn` an kb pda p]noqo+ Qda i ]ncej ]h ]n_]` a pn]r aho ]pkl pda
p]noqo j a]n pda auahe` i ]ncej + Fj pda hks an auahe` ) pdana
eo qoq]hhu kj hu ] i ]ncej ]h ]n_]` a) s de_d at paj ` o bnki
pda ej banekn l ]hl a^n]h ]npaneao) ]hok hk_]pa` j a]n pda
auahe` i ]ncej ]j panekn pk pda p]noqo+
Qda oql n]pnk_dha]n ]npanu at epo pda kn^ep ]^kr a pda
pnk_dha] ]j ` pn]r aho oql aneknhu pk oql l hu pda i a` e]h bkna*
da]` ]j ` aua^nks + Qda oql n]kn^ep]h ]npanu l nk_aa` o
pdnkqcd pda oql n]kn^ep]h j kp_d oql aneknhu l nkr e` ej c pda
i ]ej ^hkk` oql l hu pk pda bknada]` ]j ` aua^nks + Qda
b]_e]h ]npanu bnki pda at panj ]h _]nkpe` ouopai pn]r aho
]nkqj ` pda i ]j ` e^ha) l nk_aa` o oql ankj ]o]hhu nqj j ej c l ]n*
]hhah pk pda j ]okfqc]h bkh` pani ej ]pej c ej pk pda ]j cqh]n
]npanu+ Fj ]j at panj ]h ` ]_nuk_uopkndej kopki u) _]nabqh
^hqj p ` eooa_pekj eo namqena` pk l nar aj p h]_an]pekj kb pda
]j cqh]n r aooaho+ Qda ej bn]kn^ep]h ]npanu aj pano pda kn^ep
pdnkqcd pda ej banekn kn^ep]h beooqna) l ]ooao ]j paneknhu
s epdej pda ej bn]kn^ep]h cnkkr a ]j ` _]j ]h) at epej c kqp kb
pda ej bn]kn^ep]h bkn]i aj + Qda ]npanu oql l heao pda _daag
]j ` hks an auahe` +Qda oql anbe_e]h pai l kn]h ]npanu l ]ooao
oql ankj ]o]hhu bnki fqop ]j panekn pk pda at panj ]h ]q` epknu
_]j ]h pks ]n` pda h]pan]h kn^ep ]j ` pai l ha s de_d ep oql l heao+
? n]j _dao ]j ]opki koa s epd pda oql n]kn^ep]h ]npanu) s de_d
i ]u ^a e` aj pebea` ` qnej c aua^nks oqncanu %. 0&+
2+
ASUd[_ S^ Eg_ b
Qda l nap]no]h ]j ` l naoal p]h kn^e_qh]neo i qo_hao ]na _kj pe*
cqkqo s epd pda l nkt ei ]h h]_nei ]h ouopai ]j ` l h]u ]j ej pa*
cn]h nkha ej pda h]_nei ]h l qi l + Gkj ao ]j ` T k^ec %. 4& ej
. 643 l nkl koa` pd]p auahe` _hkoqna ]j ` oq^oamqaj p

*- *

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]hhks ej c pa]no pk na*aj pan ]j ` op]np pda _u_ha ]c]ej
%Cec+ . 6+/ 0& %. 1&+ Fb pda bqj _pekj kb pda kn^e_qh]neo
i qo_ha eo dej ` ana` ^u ] ^qi ej fqnu) al el dkn] k__qno ` qa
pk h]_nei ]h l qi l b]ehqna+ > hpdkqcd pa]no i ]u ^a ]^qj ` ]j p
s de_d i ]u ha]` ukq pk ^ahear a pda aua s ehh gaal
i keop) ^hej g eo na` q_a` ]j ` h]ckl dpd]hi ko aj oqao+ Qdeo
s ehh dej ` an at _d]j ca kb pa]no kr an pda aj pena oqnb]_a
9XVdaT ) 1&*(
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` er eoekj o7 kl dpd]hi e_ %@KS L) i ]t ehh]nu %@KS /&) ]j ` i ]j ` e^qh]n %I KS 0&+ %@& Qda pani ej ]h ^n]j _dao kb pda kl dpd]hi e_ %@KS e& ]j `
i ]t ehh]nu %@KS /& ` er eoekj o kb pda pnecai ej ]h j anr a+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Kan]` %. 0&+Y
_kj pn]_pekj kb pda ` aal da]` kb pda l naoal p]h kn^e_qh]neo
i qo_ha) Gkj aoî i qo_ha) ]pp]_da` pk pda h]_nei ]h o]_
b]o_e]) _na]pa j ac]per a l naooqna ]hhks ej c pa]no pk aj pan
pda kl aj a` h]_nei ]h o]_+ Qda l nap]no]h i qo_hao dahl ^u
l qodej c pa]no pdnkqcd pda _]j ]he_qhe ej pk pda h]_nei ]h o]_+
Rl kj nah]t ]pekj ) pda o]_ _khh]l oao ]` r ]j _ej c pa]no ej pk
pda j ]okh]_nei ]h ` q_p ]j ` j koa+ Qda _]j ]he_qhe nakl aj

ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb

*- +
kb pda _knj a] ]j ` ) pdanabkna) _]qoa oecj ebe_]j p at l koqna
gan]pkl ]pdu+
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ASUd[_ S^ 6 ` Sfa_ k
@ki l hapa ar ]hq]pekj kb auahe` ^qi o i qop ej _hq` a at ]i ej *
]pekj kb pda j ]okh]_nei ]h ouopai ) ej l ]npe_qh]n pda l qj _p]
]j ` _]j ]he_qhe) pk l nar aj p l anoeopaj p al el dkn]+ Qda ql l an
]j ` hks an l qj _p] ]na hk_]pa` ]p pda i q_k_qp]j akqo
fqj _pekj ) ej r anpa` pks ]n` pda chk^a) ok kj hu s epd ohecdp
ar anoekj i ]u pdau ^a oaaj + Qdau kl aj 2 *4 i i h]pan]h pk
pda i a` e]h _]j pdqo+ Qda hks an he` l qj _pqi eo . */ i i
h]pan]h pk pda ql l an he` l qj _pqi + Qda l qj _p] eo - +0 i i
ej ` e]i apan) aj h]ncej c ej pk . */ i i ` e]i apan _]j ]he_qhe+
Qda ej epe]h _]j ]he_qhqo pn]r aho / i i r anpe_]hhu pdaj
_d]j cao ` ena_pekj dknevkj p]hhu bkn 5 i i pks ]n` pda
9XVdaT ) 1&*)
CRO L\KXMRO] YP ^RO PKMSKV XO\ ` O 3 > E X!$ IAOZ\ SX^ON a S^R ZO\WS] ] SYX P\ YW > O\ KN ' ) !$J

*- ,

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
9XVdaT ) 1&**
%> & Qda oql anbe_e]h ]npaneao kb pda f]s + %? & Qda ]j ]opki koao kb pda ]j panekn kn^ep]h ]j ` b]_e]h ]npaneao+ XOal nej pa` s epd
l ani eooekj bnki Kan]` %. 0&+Y

ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb

*- -
/87<:6 $, !%& Qda h]_nei ]h l qi l eo ` al aj ` aj p kj pda l nkl an
bqj _pekj ej c kb pda kn^e_qh]neo k_qhe i qo_hao+ XOal nej pa` s epd
l ani eooekj bnki We` a ]j ` Gahgo %. 1&+Y
i a` e]h _]j pdqo+ Roq]hhu) pda ql l an ]j ` hks an _]j ]he_qhe
_ki a pkcapdan pk bkni ] _ki i kj _]j ]he_qhqo l nekn pk
aj panej c pda h]_nei ]h o]_+ Fj bnamqaj phu) pda _]j ]he_qhe
aj pan pda h]_nei ]h o]_ ej ` er e` q]hhu+ Qda _]j ]he_qhe ]na
_kr ana` ^u l nap]no]h kn^e_qh]neo i qo_ha h]pan]hhu ]j `
i a` e]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj be^ano i a` e]hhu %Cec+ . 6+/ 1& %. 1&+
> p pda aj ` kb pda _ki i kj _]j ]he_qhqo) ]o ep aj pano pda
h]_nei ]h o]_) eo pda r ]hr a kb Okoaj i qhhan+ Qdeo i q_ko]h
bh]l l nar aj po nabhqt kb pa]no ^]_g ej pk pda _]j ]he_qhe+ Qda
_ki i kj _]j ]he_qhqo aj pano pda h]_nei ]h o]_) s de_d heao
ej pda h]_nei ]h bkoo] bkni a` ^u pda bnkj p]h l nk_aoo kb
pda i ]t ehh] ]j ` pda h]_nei ]h ^kj a+ Qda bqj ` qo kb pda o]_
hk_]pa` ]^kr a pda oql anekn i ]ncej kb pda i a` e]h _]j pd]h
paj ` kj eo 0*2 i i + Qda ^k` u kb pda o]_ at paj ` o . - i i
ej baneknhu na]_dej c pda j ]okh]_nei ]h _]j ]h kb pda i ]t ehh]nu
^kj a+ Qda j ]okh]_nei ]h ` q_p ^acej o ]p pdeo l kej p bkn . / i i
s epdej pda _]j ]h qj peh ep aj pano pda ej banekn i a]pqo+ Qda
` q_p _kj pej qao 2 i i ]hkj c pda h]pan]h s ]hh kb pda j koa
%Cec+ . 6+/ 2& %. 1&+
J a` e]h auahe` ^qnj o i qop ^a at ]i ej a` _]nabqhhu bkn
l nkt ei ]h h]_nei ]h ` n]ej ]ca ouopai ` ]i ]ca ]j ` pna]pa`
ei i a` e]pahu %. 5&+ Fb l qj _p]h opaj koeo eo e` aj pebea` ) ep
odkqh` ^a ` eh]pa` ]j ` l nk^a` pk ` apani ej a pda ]i kqj p kb
naoeop]j _a+ Fb pda peooqa ej fqnu ]j ` naoeop]j _a ]na i eh` )
pdaj na*ar ]hq]pekj ar anu . */ ` ]uo s epd bhqknao_aej ` ua
` eo]l l a]n]j _a paopej c ]j ` l kooe^ha l nk^ej c i ]u ` aban
oqnce_]h _knna_pekj + Fb ]bpan . s aag) j k oecj o kb k^opnq_pekj
]na l naoaj p) pdaj pda h]_nei ]h ouopai odkqh` _kj pej qa pk
bqj _pekj s epdkqp al el dkn]+
Eks ar an) eb pda l qj _p] ]na j kp e` aj pebe]^ha ] j ` ,kn pda
_]j ]he_qhe _]j j kp ^a a]oehu l nk^a` ) pdaj l qj _pkl h]opu
] j ` ,kn _]j ]he_qhkl h]opu s epd oehe_kj a pq^a ej pq^]pekj eo
ej ` e_]pa` + Qda pq^a odkqh` nai ]ej ej l h]_a bkn 0*3
i kj pdo+ I ]pan nal ]en kb l qj _p]h*_]j ]he_qh]n ^qnj o ^u pdeo
i apdk` d]o l kkn kqp_ki ao+ > @*A@O s epd ch]oo) Gkj aoî
pq^a ej oanpekj eo pda i kop oq__aoobqh pna]pi aj p ]bpan
k^hepan]pekj kb pda l nkt ei ]h h]_nei ]h ouopai +
4+
9 SUdkaUkefadZ[` aefa_ k
Fb ] j ]okh]_nei ]h ` q_p k^opnq_pekj eo r anebea` ^u l qj _p]h
ennec]pekj ) pdaj ] ` ]_nuk_uopkndej kopki u %A@O& eo ej ` e*
_]pa` + Qdeo l nk_a` qna _na]pao ]j ]j ]opki koeo ^aps aaj
pda j ]o]h _]r epu ]j ` pda h]_nei ]h o]_ ]p pda har ah kb pda
i e` ` ha i a]pqo ^ul ]ooej c pda ` q_p k^opnq_pekj +
Qda l nk_a` qna i ]u ^a l anbkni a` aepdan qj ` an caj an]h
kn hk_]h i kj epkna` ]j aopdaoe] _]na %J > @&+ Fb pda l ]peaj p
_]j pkhan]pa hk_]h ]j aopdaoe]) ej pn]kl an]per a ^haa` ej c ]j `
na_kr anu pei a eo qoq]hhu haooaj a` + T de_dar an ]j aopdape_
i apdk` eo qoa` ) ] . 7. okhqpekj kb / " he` k_]ej a s epd al e*
j al dnej a ]j ` - +2" J ]n_]ej a s epd al ej al dnej a eo ej fa_pa`
ej pk pda kl an]per a oepa+ Qdeo ej _hq` ao oq^_qp]j akqo ej behpn]*
pekj ]p pda ej _eoekj oepa) ]j ej bn]pnk_dha]n j anr a ^hk_g
]^kr a pda i a` e]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj ]p pda ]j panekn ]j `
l kopanekn h]_nei ]h _naopo) ]j ` oq^i q_ko]h ej fa_pekj kb pda
h]pan]h j ]o]h s ]hh j at p pk pda ]j panekn pel kb pda i e` ` ha
pqn^ej ]pa+ Qda i e` ` ha i a]pqo eo l ]_ga` s epd ps k j aqnk*
oqnce_]h _kppkj ke` l ha` capo ok]ga` ej ] 1" okhqpekj kb
_k_]ej a+
> 0 _i ) k^hemqa) opn]ecdp hej a eo i ]nga` kj pda ogej fqop
^ahks pda i a` e]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj ]j ` 5 i i j ]o]h pk pda
i a` e]h _ki i eooqna) at paj ` ej c kr an pda ej banekn j ]o]h
nei kb pda kn^ep %Cec+ . 6+/ 3& %. 6&+ Qda ogej eo ej _eoa`
s epd ] j k+ . 2 ? ]n` *M]ngan ^h]` a+ Qda oq^_qp]j akqo
peooqa ` ks j pk pda l anekopaqi eo ^hqj phu ` eooa_pa` s epd
od]nl eneo o_eookno+ @]na odkqh` ^a p]gaj j kp pk h]_an]pa
pda ]j cqh]n r aooaho %Cec+ . 6+/ 4& %. 6&+

*- .

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
/87<:6 $, !%' Mnkt ei ]h h] _nei ]h ` n]ej ]ca ouopai + M7 l qj _p]8 @P7 _ki i kj _]j ]he_qhqo8 I P7 h] _nei ]h o]_8 MI @7 l kopanekn h]_nei ]h _naop8
> I @7 ]j panekn h]_nei ]h _naop+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki We` a ]j ` Gahgo %. 1&+Y
/87<:6 $, !%( Aeop] h h]_nei ]h ` n]ej ]ca ouopai + > nnks 7 i a` e]h _]j pd]h paj ` kj 8 I P7 h]_nei ]h o]_8 KI A7 j ]okh]_nei ]h ` q_p+ XOal nej pa`
s epd l ani eooekj bnki We` a ]j ` Gahgo %. 1&+Y

ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb

*- /
9XVdaT ) 1&*.
Pgej ej _eoekj bkn ` ]_nuk_uopkndej kopki u+
XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Ppas ]np %. 6&+Y
Qda l anekopaqi eo ej _eoa` s epd ] j k+ . 2 ? ]n` *M]ngan
^h]` a x 2 i i i a` e]h pk pda ]j panekn h]_nei ]h _naop+ S eoq]h*
ev]pekj bkn pdeo opal eo ei l nkr a` ^u napn]_pej c s epd ps k
oi ]hh n]gao+ Qda h]_nei ]h o]_ eo nabha_pa` h]pan]hhu ^u
hebpej c pda l anekopaqi bnki pda h]_nei ]h bkoo] s epd ]
Cnaan ahar ]pkn+ Qda l anekopaqi eo ]hok hkkoaj a` ]j paneknhu
kr an pda j ]o]h ^kj a pk ]hhks a]oean na]l l koepekj kb pda
l anekopaqi ]p pda aj ` kb pda l nk_a` qna+ ? abkna nai kr ej c
pda h]_nei ]h bkoo] ^kj a) pda _kppkj ke` opnel o odkqh` ^a
nai kr a` bnki pda j koa pk dahl l nar aj p j ]o]h i q_ko]h
pn]qi ] bnki pda ^qn+ Qda ]j panekn h]_nei ]h _naop eo pdaj
_]nabqhhu nai kr a` qoej c ] i a` eqi *oeva` ) kher a*pel ^qn
%Cec+ . 6+/ 5& %. 6&+ Qn]qi ] pk pda j ]o]h i q_ko] odkqh` ^a
]r ke` a` ^u l h]_ej c kj hu hecdp l naooqna kj pda ^kj a ^u
pda ^qn+ Qda h]_nei ]h o]_ eo l nkpa_pa` ^u ej oanpej c pda
Cnaan ahar ]pkn ^aps aaj pda ^kj a ]j ` o]_+ T daj ej oe` a
pda j koa) pda naop kb pda h]_nei ]h bkoo] eo at pn]_pa` s epd
nkj caqno ]j ` Hanneokj l qj _dao pk bkni ] - +5 t . +2 _i
kl aj ej c XCec+ . 6+/ 6%> & ]j ` %? &Y %. 6&+ ? kj a s ]t ]j `
_]qpanu i ]u ^a qoa` pk ]_mqena dai kop]oeo+
Qda h]_nei ]h o]_ eo e` aj pebea` ^u l h]_ej c ] - - j ]ok*
h]_nei ]h l nk^a ej pk pda _]j ]he_qhqo ]j ` paj pej c pda o]_
%Cec+ . 6+0- & %. 6&+ Qda l anekopaqi ]j ` pa]n o]_ ]na _qp
s epd ] j k+ . / ? ]n` *M]ngan ^h]` a pd]p eo s n]l l a` s epd
Ppane*Ppnel o ok pd]p kj hu pda pel nai ]ej o _ha]n+ Qda ]j panekn
h]_nei ]h o]_ bh]l eo bkni a` ^u i ]gej c ] oai e_en_qh]n
ej _eoekj ) p]gej c _]na j kp pk ck pkk ` aal hu ]j ` pdana^u
l ean_a pda kpdan oe` a kb pda o]_ ]j ` aj pan pda kn^ep]h b]p+
> l kopanekn h]_nei ]h o]_ bh]l eo nai kr a` s epd T ao_kpp
o_eookno pk s e` aj pda kl aj ej c+ Qda j ]okh]_nei ]h l nk^a
odkqh` ^a oaaj _ki ej c pdnkqcd pda o]_+ Fb j kp) pda o]_
s ]o j kp _ki l hapahu ej _eoa` ) kn pdana eo ]j k^opnq_pekj ]p
pda _ki i kj ej panj ]h l qj _pqi + Qda ^hk_ga` _ki i kj
ej panj ]h l qj _pqi eo kl aj a` ^u paj pej c ep ql s epd pda j ]ok*
h]_nei ]h l nk^a ]j ` oj el l ej c ep s epd T ao_kpp o_eookno+
T ]pan eo ej fa_pa` s epd ] h]_nei ]h _]j j qh] ej pk pda
_]j ]he_qhqo+
Qda ]j panekn h]_nei ]h o]_ bh]l eo eokh]pa` s epd kj a kn ps k
1*- r e_nuh oqpqnao kj ] oi ]hh d]hb*_en_ha j aa` ha+ Qda oqpqna
eo l h]_a` pdnkqcd kj _a ]j ` habp hkj c+ Qda ps k aj ` o ]na dah`
pkcapdan s epd ] oannabej a+ Qda oqpqna eo qoa` h]pan pk ]l l koa
pda h]_nei ]h o]_ ]j ` j ]o]h i q_ko]h bh]l o+
9XVdaT ) 1&*/
4 OOZ LV_X^ NS] ] OM^SYX \ O` OKVSXQ WONSKV MKX^RKV
^OXNYX KXN ^RO KXQ_ VK\ \OSX$ IAOZ\ SX^ON a S^R ZO\WS] ] SYX P\ YW
B^Oa K\^ ' / !$J

9XVdaT ) 1&*0
? VS` O#^SZ L_\\ M\OK^O] Y] ^OY^YWc$ IAOZ\ SX^ON
a S^R ZO\ WS] ] SYX P\ YW B^Oa K\ ^ ' / !$J

*- 0

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
9XVdaT ) 1&*1
%> & Bj h]ncej c h]_nei ]h bkoo] kopakpki u s epd ] Hanneokj l qj _d+ %? & Cqnpdan aj h]ncai aj p kb pda kopakpki u s epd ]
nkj caqn+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Ppas ]np %. 6&+Y
> ppaj pekj eo pdaj bk_qoa` kj _na]pej c ]j ]j panekn j ]o]h
i q_ko]h bh]l s epd ] j k+ . / ? ]n` *M]ngan ^h]` a ej ] oai e*
_en_qh]n b]odekj + > oi ]hh dai kop]p ej oanpa` ej pk pda j koa
pk paj p pda j ]o]h i q_ko] h]pan]hhu ]e` o ej i ]gej c pda bh]l +
Qda l kopanekn bh]l eo at _eoa` s epd T ao_kpp o_eookno+
E ai knnd]ca eo _ki i kj ]p pdeo l kej p ^a_]qoa pda j ]o]h
i q_ko] eo mqepa r ]o_qh]n+ M]_gej c pda oepa s epd j aqnkoqnce*
_]h l ha` capo ok]ga` ej hk_]h ]j aopdape_ bkn ] bas i ej qpao
s ehh ]e` ej dai kop]oeo+ Fb j a_aoo]nu) cahbk]i ok]ga`
ej pdnki ^ej i ]u ^a l h]_a` ej pda j koa pai l kn]nehu kn
]hhks a` pk nai ]ej pdana l ani ]j aj phu+
9XVdaT ) 1&+(
COX^SXQ ^RO VKM\ SWKV ]KM SX Z\OZK\K^SYX PY\ S^]
POXO] ^\K^SYX$ IAOZ\ SX^ON a S^R ZO\WS] ] SYX P\ YW B^Oa K\ ^ ' / !$J
Fb pda _ki i kj ej panj ]h l qj _pqi s ]o k__hq` a` ) ]
@n]s bkn` pq^a odkqh` ^a ej oanpa` + Lj a kb pda @n]s bkn`
l nk^ao eo ej oanpa` pdnkqcd pda oql anekn l qj _pqi ]j ` ej pk
pda j koa+ Qda l nk^a eo nai kr a` bnki pda j koa s epd ]
@n]s bkn` _nk_dap*pul a dkkg+ Qda kpdan @n]s bkn` l nk^a
eo ej oanpa` pdnkqcd pda ej banekn l qj _pqi ]j ` nai kr a`
bnki pda j koa+
Ri ^ehe_]h p]l a cna]oa` ej ]j pe^ekpe_*opanke` kej pi aj p eo
l h]_a` pdnkqcd pda j kopneh ej pda oqnce_]h oepa bkn dai kop]*
oeo+ > l l nkt ei ]pahu / - _i eo l ]_ga` ej pda oepa ]j ` pdaj _qp
]p pda j kopneh8 ep eo nai kr a` kj l kopkl an]per a ` ]uo . */ + Qda
@n]s bkn` pq^a i ap]haj ` o ]na l qhha` kbb) ]j ` pda pq^ao ]na
pea` pkcapdan ej ] . t . t . omq]na gj kp %Cec+ . 6+0. & %. 6&+
Qda oannabej a eo naha]oa` bnki pda 1*- r e_nuh oqpqna)
]j ` ej pannql pa` oqpqnao ]na l h]_a` pk ]l l koa pda h]_nei ]h
o]_ ]j ` j ]o]h i q_ko]h bh]l o+ @]na eo p]gaj j kp pk ej _hq` a
pda qi ^ehe_]h p]l a+ Qda l anekopaqi eo na]l l koa` s epd pda
1*- r e_nuh oqpqna+ Pq^_qp]j akqo peooqa eo oqpqna` s epd
^qnea` ej pannql pa` 2*- r e_nuh oqpqnao+ Qda ogej eo _hkoa`
s epd ej pannql pa` 3*- i eh` _dnki e_ oqpqnao+ > j pe^ekpe_ kej p*
i aj p eo l h]_a` kj pda ej _eoekj ) ]j ` ] bkh` a` aua l ]` eo
p]l a` kr an pda oqnce_]h oepa+ Qda @n]s bkn` pq^a odkqh`
^a habp ej l h]_a bkn / i kj pdo pdaj nai kr a` pdnkqcd pda
j koa %/ - &+
Qda j at p l nk_a` qna eo nabanna` pk ]o @*A@O+ O]pdan
pd]j j ]okh]_nei ]h ` q_p k^opnq_pekj ) al el dkn] ej ^qi
l ]peaj po i kna _ki i kj hu naoqhpo bnki aepdan l qj _p]h*
_]j ]he_qh]n k__hqoekj kn b]ehqna kb pda h]_nei ]h l qi l + Fj
pdaoa _]oao) ] @*A@O eo ej ` e_]pa` + Qda l nei ]nu ` ebbanaj _a
^aps aaj ] A@O ]j ` ] @*A@O eo l h]_ai aj p kb ] Gkj ao pq^a+

ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb
9XVdaT ) 1&+)
Pehe_kj a pq^a l h]_ai aj p ej pda l nkt ei ]h
h]_nei ]h ` n]ej ]ca ouopai ]j ` pea` ej oe` a pda j koa+ XOal nej pa`
s epd l ani eooekj bnki Ppas ]np %. 6&+Y
Qdeo Munat pq^a ]_po ]o ] _kj ` qep bkn pda l ]oo]ca kb pa]no
bnki pda h]_nei ]h h]ga ej pk pda j koa ^ul ]ooej c l nkt ei ]h
j ]okh]_nei ]h k^opnq_pekj o kn) ej pda _]oa kb h]_nei ]h
l qi l b]ehqna) ]hhks ej c ` n]ej ]ca ` qa pk pda du` nkl dehe_
l nkl anpeao kb ch]oo+
> A@O eo l anbkni a` qj peh pda l kej p kb _na]pej c pda
]j panekn h]_nei ]h o]_ ]j ` j ]o]h i q_ko]h bh]l o+ Qda _]nqj _ha
eo at _eoa` s epd T aop_kpp o_eookno+ > 33 ? a]r an ^h]` a
l kej pa` ej ]j ej banekn) l kopanekn) j ]o]h ` ena_pekj eo
]` r ]j _a` pdnkqcd pda l nekn oepa kb pda _]nqj _ha+ > beopqh]
eo _na]pa` l kopanekn pk pda h]_nei ]h o] _*j ] o] h i q_ko]h
bh]l o ]j ` aj pano pda j koa j a]n pda ]j panekn pel kb pda
i e` ` ha pqn^ej ]pa %Cec+ . 6+0/ & %. 6&+
> j k+ . ? ks i ]j l nk^a eo l h]_a` pdnkqcd pda kl aj ej c
qj peh pda j ]o]h oal pqi eo bahp+ Qda l nk^a eo _h]i l a` s epd
] i komqepk dai kop]p ]p pda har ah kb pda _]nqj _ha ]j `
nai kr a` pk i a]oqna pda haj cpd bnki pel pk _h]i l + ? u oq^*
pn]_pej c 0 i i bnki pdeo i a]oqnai aj p) pda _knna_p haj cpd
kb pda Gkj ao pq^a eo ` apani ej a` + Qda bh]j ca kj pda l nkt ei ]h
aj ` kb pda pq^a odkqh` ^a 0+2 kn 1 i i ` al aj ` ej c kj pda
oeva kb pda h]_nei ]h h]ga+ > ` kq^ha*]ni a` 3*- r e_nuh)
s de_d s ehh h]pan ^a qoa` pk l nar aj p at pnqoekj kb pda pq^a)
odkqh` ^a gj kppa` ]nkqj ` pda ^]oa kb pda bh]j ca+
Qda l nkl anhu oeva` Gkj ao pq^a eo pdna]` a` kj pk pda j k+ .
? ks i ]j l nk^a+ Qda l nk^a eo ej oanpa` ^]_g ej pk pda beopqh]
]j ` pda pq^a ]` r ]j _a` ej pk pda j koa+ Fb pda ]j panekn pel kb
pda i e` ` ha pqn^ej ]pa k^opnq_po pda aj ` ) pdaj ]j ]j panekn
pqn^ej a_pki u eo l anbkni a` s epd nkj caqno+ Qk r anebu ` n]e*
j ]ca) ] ` nkl kb ^]h]j _a` o]hp okhqpekj eo l h]_a` ej pk
pda h]_nei ]h h]ga pk k^oanr a bkn epo ` eo]l l a]n]j _a+ Qda
l koepekj ] j ` ,kn oeva kb pda Gkj ao pq^a odkqh` ^a ]` fqopa`
]o j a_aoo]nu+ B]_d j aa` ha kb pda ` kq^ha*]ni a` 3*- r e_nuh
odkqh` ^a ` ner aj pdnkqcd pda bqhh pde_gj aoo kb pda i a` e]h
hks an he` ]j ` pea` pk pda ogej + Qda kl an]pekj _]j pdaj ^a
_ki l hapa` ]o ej ] A@O %Cec+ . 6+00& %. 6&+
Gkj ao pq^ao _]j d]r a ] paj ` aj _u pk at pnq` a ]j ` ^a_ki a
k^opnq_pa` + Qda l ]peaj p odkqh` ^a nai ej ` a` pk _hkoa pdaen
auao s daj j koa ^hks ej c) oj aavej c) kn _kqcdej c+ Qda
Gkj ao pq^a i qop ^a ei i a` e]pahu nal h]_a` eb ` eohk` ca`
^a_]qoa pda beopqh] i ]u _hkoa s epdej dkqno+ Qk dahl _ha]n
pda pq^a kb i q_qo) ]npebe_e]h pa]no odkqh` ^a ` nkl l a` ej pk
pda h]_nei ]h h]ga s epd pda l ]peaj p ej d]hej c bkn_abqhhu
pdnkqcd pda j koa %/ . &+
*- 1
9XVdaT ) 1&+*
> beopqh] eo _na]pa` bnki pda oepa kb pda _]nqj _ha ej pk pda i e` ` ha i a]pqo kb pda j koa+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki
Ppas ]np %. 6&+Y

*. (

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
9XVdaT ) 1&++
Gkj ao pq^a oqpqna` ej pk l h]_a+ XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Ppas ]np %. 6&+Y
6 &
4 RdcT @P] PVT\ T] c P] S 8 Pa[h
ETR^ ] bcadRcX^ ]
M]peaj po s epd ]_qpa b]_e]h ^qnj o ej r khr ej c pda auahe` o
namqena _]nabqh kl dpd]hi e_ ar ]hq]pekj + Qda qoa kb
bhqknao_ej ` ua eo _nq_e]h ej pda ej epe]h ar ]hq]pekj + Pq_d ]j
ar ]hq]pekj eo _nq_e]h ]p pda pei a kb ]` i eooekj + Pej _a
auahe` os ahhej c k__qno a]nhu) pdeo l na_hq` ao ]j ]__qn]pa
at ]i ej ]pekj h]pan+ > hpdkqcd pdani ]h ej fqneao ` k j kp
ej r khr a pda _knj a]) s daj pda _knj a] eo ej r khr a` 42" kb
_knj a]h ej fqneao da]h s epd _kj oanr ]per a i ]j ]cai aj p %/ / &+
Fp eo s ahh gj ks j pd]p bqhh*pde_gj aoo ej fqneao ej r khr ej c pda
kn^e_qh]neo k_qhe _]j k__qn+ Eks ar an) ej r khr ai aj p kb pda
` aal opnq_pqnao oq_d ]o pda har ]pkn i qo_ha ]j ` p]noqo eo
n]na+ Lbpaj oq_d ej fqneao k__qn ej qj _kj o_ekqo l ]peaj po kn
ej _deh` naj qj ]^ha pk ao_]l a bnki benao+ Fj . 542) T khba
9XVdaT ) 1&+,
%> & Bt pnej oe_ hks an*auahe` a_pnkl ekj bnki ] Dn]` a FS j a_g _kj pn]_pqna+ %? & @hkoa*ql kb hks an*auahe` a_pnkl ekj o+
%@kqnpaou kb O+ I + J _@]qhau) J A+&

ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb

*. )
s ]o nal knpa` hu pda benop oqncakj pk ` ao_ne^a pda qoa kb ]
bqhh*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bp pk _knna_p ] ^qi he` a_pnkl ekj
` qa pk ^qi o_]n _kj pn]_pqna %/ / &+ Qda ]_qpa i ]j ]cai aj p
kb pdani ]h ej fqneao pk pda auahe` o ej _hq` ao pda qoa kb
pkl e_]h ]j pe^ekpe_o) da]` ahar ]pekj ) ]j ` oq^oamqaj p ` a^ne*
^ai aj p kb ` ar ep]heva` peooqa eb j a_aoo]nu ]j ` naoqnb]_ej c
s epd ogej cn]bpo+ > hpdkqcd p]noknn]l deao d]r a ^aaj qoa`
ej pda l ]op) pk` ]u) epo caj an]h qoa eo ` eo_kqn]ca` +Q]noknn]*
l du ` kao j kp l nar aj p auahe` napn]_pekj ) j kn eo ep ] oq^opepqpa
bkn ]l l nkl ne]pa nal ]en kb auahe` o s epd ogej cn]bpo+ Vap ej
n]na _]oao) pdeo i ]u ^a pda kj hu kl pekj bkn l nkpa_pekj kb
pda chk^a %1)/ 0*/ 3&+
@ki a]h at l koqna ` qnej c pda ]_qpa l d]oa kb pna]pi aj p eo
]__ki l ]j ea` ^u oecj ebe_]j p _ki l he_]pekj o eb j kp _knna_pa`
%0&+ Kkj oqnce_]h ]l l nk]_dao d]r a ^aaj qoabqh ]o ] pai l kn*
]nu i apdk` pk l nar aj p _ki a]h l anbkn]pekj + P_han]h _kj p]_p
haj oao d]r a ^aaj qoabqh qj ` an pdaoa _en_qi op]j _ao ]o s ahh
]o pda qoa kb ] pdej l khuapduhaj a behi %P]n]j s n]l &+
L l dpd]hi e_ hq^ne_]pej c kej pi aj p eo qoa` pk k__hqoer ahu
oa]h pda behi + Par an]h oqnce_]h l nk_a` qnao d]r a ^aaj
qoabqh ` qnej c pda ]_qpa l d]oa kb ej fqnu pk l nar aj p
_ki a]h qh_an]pekj o+ Qda ql l an ^qh^]n _kj fqj _per ]h bh]l )
_ki i kj hu nabanna` pk ]o pda Dqj ` anokj l nk_a` qnao) eo
mqepa qoabqh ej l naoanr ej c pda ej pacnepu kb pda chk^a %/ / &+
> hpdkqcd ej epe]hhu ` ao_ne^a` ej . 625) pdeo l nk_a` qna _kj *
pej qao pk ^a qpeheva` ej _qnnaj p ` ]u i ]j ]cai aj p kb pda
at l koa` _knj a]+
*'
GWUa` efdgUf[a`
Ppnq_pqn]h ` abkni epeao pk pda auahe` o ej pdani ]hhu ej fqna`
l ]peaj po ` k k__qn+ Qda l nar aj pekj kb ^qi o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao
9XVdaT ) 1&+.
%>& ? eh]pan]h ql l an* ]j ` hks an*auahe` a_pnkl ekj o+ %? & @knna_pekj kb hks an*he` a_pnkl ekj o s epd bqhh*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bpo+
%@& Fj _ki l hapa _hkoqna kb auao+ %A& @knna_pekj kb ql l an*auahe` a_pnkl ekj o s epd ol hep*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bpo+ %B& Cej ]h ]l l a]n]j _a+
%@kqnpaou kb O+ I + J _@]qhau) J A+&
9XVdaT ) 1&+-
> l l nk]_d pk _knna_pekj kb auahe` a_pnkl ekj + XOal nej pa` s epd l ani eooekj bnki Eq]j c ap ]h+ %4&+Y

*. *
9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
9XVdaT ) 1&+/
%> & Oecdp hks an*he` a_pnkl ekj ej ] ukqj c ^ku s epd b]_e]h ^qi o+ %? & @hkoa*ql kb a_pnkl ekj + %@ ]j ` A& L n^e_qh] neo kneo
i uk_qp]j akqo bh]l ` aoecj a` bnki ql l an auahe` bkn _knna_pekj kb hks an*he` a_pnkl ekj + %B ]j ` C& Cej ]h ]l l a]n]j _a+ %@kqnpaou kb An+ Qa`
Q+ E q]j c) Pdnej ano ? qnj E kol ep]h) D]hr aopkj ) QU+&
kb pda auahe` o eo ` ebbe_qhp+ Mnaooqna c]ni aj po ` k j kp _kr an
pda ]na]o ]j ` ol hej pej c) ]hpdkqcd ` ao_ne^a` ) eo ej abba_per a
%/ 4&+ Lj _a _knj a]h l nkpa_pekj eo ]_dear a` ) ep eo opehh ]__al *
p]^ha pk s ]ep qj peh pda o_]n i ]pqnao ^abkna ai ^]ngej c kj
` abej eper a na_kj opnq_pekj + Qdaoa ` abkni epeao i ]u ^a
_h]ooebea` ]o ql l an ]j ` hks an he` a_pnkl ekj o) i a` e]h
_]j pd]h dkk` ej c) l ]hl a^n]h beooqna opaj koeo) ]j ` _]j j ehe_q*
h]n k^opnq_pekj %4&+ Cqhh*pde_gj aoo ej fqneao i ]u ej r khr a j kp
kj hu l ]npe]h kn _ki l hapa hkoo kb pda he` o) ^qp ]hok ` ]i ]ca pk
pda har ]pkn) pda kn^e_qh]neo k_qhe) ]j ` p]no]h l h]pa+ Oa_kj *
opnq_pekj kb pdaoa ` aba_po eo mqepa _d]hhaj cej c+
/ +
: kW^[Ve
? qnj o ej r khr ej c pda i k^eha ql l an auahe` kn pda op]pe_ hks an
auahe` ) eb ` aal aj kqcd) _]j qj ` anck s kqj ` _kj pn]_pekj +
Qda ql l an he` j kni ]hhu l nkpa_po pda _knj a]+ Br aj s epd
]` amq]pa a]nhu naha]oa) ql l an*he` a_pnkl ekj i ]u opehh
k__qn %/ 5&+
, '
: Ufdab[a` e
B_pnkl ekj o _kj pej qa pk ^a ] l nk^hai ej ^qi o pk pda
auahe` o+ Qda a]nhu qoa kb ogej cn]bpo ]j ` _kj bkni ano ` kao

ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb

*. +
j kp ahei ej ]pa pdeo l nk^hai + Lj a i qop ]hhar e]pa l nk^hai o
]ook_e]pa` s epd at pnej oe_ a_pnkl ekj o ^abkna ]` ` naooej c
pda auahe` epoahb+ ? qnj o_]n _kj pn]_pqnao kb pda _daag
]j ` j a_g _]j l nk` q_a at pnej oe_ hks an*he` a_pnkl ekj o+ Fj
]` ` epekj ) _kj pn]_pqnao kb pda bknada]` i ]u ^a ei l he_]pa`
ej at pnej oe_ ql l an*auahe` a_pnkl ekj o+ Qdaoa l nk^hai o
odkqh` ^a ]` ` naooa` benop+ Fj pnej oe_ a_pnkl ekj o ]na kj hu
pna]pa` s daj at pnej oe_ bkn_ao ]na j kp l naoaj p kn d]r a
^aaj ahei ej ]pa` + Fj oki a l ]peaj po s epd i ]fkn pdani ]h
^qnj o pk pda b]_a ]j ` j a_g) auahe` a_pnkl ekj o i ]u ^a
] _ki ^ej ]pekj kb ^kpd ej pnej oe_ ]j ` at pnej oe_ b]_pkno
%Cec+ . 6+01&+
Qda _h]ooe_ ]l l nk]_d pk _knna_pekj kb auahe` a_pnkl ekj o
d]o ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` ^u Eq]j c %3&+ %Cec+ . 6+02&+ > hpdkqcd
a]nhu _knna_pekj kb auahe` a_pnkl ekj o i ]u ^a ej ` e_]pa` )
na_qnnaj _a eo hegahu pk k__qn %/ 6&+ Fj pda _knna_pekj kb
hks an*he` a_pnkl ekj o) ep d]o ^aaj na_ki i aj ` a` pd]p ej _eoekj o
^a _]nnea` bnki pda i a` e]h _]j pdqo pk pda h]pan]h _]j pdqo ]j `
]p ha]op . 2 i i ^aukj ` pda _]j pdqo s epd ] . 2Ü ]j cqh]pekj
ql s ]n` + Qdeo ej _eoekj ]h naha]oa eo ^ahear a` pk _knna_p pda
i ]fknepu kb a_pnkl ekj o aj _kqj pana` ) nac]n` haoo kb oar anepu+
Oaoqnb]_ej c kb pda ` aba_po s epd ol hep*pde_gj aoo ogej cn]bpo
pk pda ql l an he` %- +- . 5*- +- / - ej +& ]j ` bqhh*pde_gj aoo ogej
cn]bpo pk pda hks an he` odkqh` l nkr e` a ]` amq]pa _kr an]ca+
Aqa pk pda neog kb na_qnnaj _a) i ]j u oqncakj o baah pd]p
kr an_knna_pekj kb pda ` aba_p eo _nq_e]h+ T epd pdeo ej i ej ` )
kj hu kj a he` eo na_ki i aj ` a` bkn oqnce_]h ej panr aj pekj ]p
] pei a %Cec+ . 6+03&+ Roq]hhu) pdeo eo pda auahe` s epd pda
i kop oar ana _kj pn]_pqna+ @knna_pekj kb a_pnkl ekj o kb pda
9XVdaT ) 1&+0
%> & Kej a*ua]n*kh` > oe]j s epd i a` e]h _]j pd]h
dkk` ej c+ %? & Pet *ua]no h]pan8 bej ]h _knna_pekj s epd l an_aj p hei ^
W*l h]opeao8 .
i kj pd oej _a pda h] op kl an]pekj + %@kqnpaou kb
O+ I + J _@]qhau) J A+&
9XVdaT ) 1&+1
%>& Pet *ua]n*kh` l ]peaj p s epd i k` an]pa i a` e]h
_]j pd]h dkk` ej c ei l ]enej c ql l an*he` i kr ai aj p %? & Cer a ua]no
]bpan
_knna_pekj
s epd
hk_]h
ogej
bh]l o+
%@kqnpaou
kb
O+ I + J _@]qhau) J A+&

*. ,

9d] RcX^] P[ P] S 4 TbcWTcXR ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS CPcXT] cb
ql l an ]j ` hks an auahe` o oei qhp]j akqohu ` kao j kp ]hhks bkn
kr an_knna_pekj +
- +
AaUS^ ; ^Sbe
T daj auahe` ^qi o ej r khr a kj hu pda ql l an kn hks an he` )
kpdan l kooe^ehepeao bkn na_kj opi _pekj at eop+ > hpdkqcd
ogej cn]bpo) d]nr aopa` bnki pda b]_a) j a_g) kn ql l an ]ni
l nkr e` a ckk` _khkn i ]p_d) pda qoa kb hk_]h bh]l o i ]u
l nkr e` a ]j kpdan ` ei aj oekj pk pdeo pul a kb na_kj opnq_pekj +
Rj ^qi a` peooqa bnki aepdan pda ql l an he` kn pda hks an
he` d]o ^aaj ` ao_ne^a` ]o ] i apdk` bkn _knna_pekj kb
` aba_po) ] h]pan]h auahe` pn]j ol koepekj bh]l + Qdeo l nk_a` qna
s ]o l kl qh]neva` ^u Dki au ap ]h+ %0- & ]j ` > j ` anokj ]j `
B` s ]n` %0. &+ Qda s e` pd kb pda bh]l eo ` apani ej a` s epd
pda auahe` o _hkoa` pk l nar aj p oa_kj ` ]nu a_pnkl ekj o+ Qda
ej _hqoekj kb pda kn^e_qh]neo k_qhe i qo_ha i ]u aj oqna bh]l
oqnr er ]h+ Hkop]gkchk ]j ` Lv_]j %0/ & nal knpa` oq__aoobqh
qoa kb pda ql l an*he` kn^e_qh]neo k_qhe i uk_qp]j akqo bh]l
bkn _knna_pekj kb hks an*auahe` a_pnkl ej ej oar aj l ]peaj po
s epd ql pk 1- i kj pdo bkhhks *ql + Qda ej _hqoekj kb i qo_ha
ej pk pdeo bh]l ]l l a]no pk ^a pda gau pk epo oqnr er ]h oej _a
pda haj cpd pk s e` pd n]pek ]l l a]no pk ^a i ]nga` hu ej _na]oa`
%Cec+ . 6+04&+
. '
I [eegW : j bS` e[a`
Qda qoa kb peooqa at l ]j ` ano bkn auahe` na_kj opi _pekj s ]o
nal knpa` ^u S e_pkn ]j ` E qns epv %. 3& s dk _knna_pa` ] _]oa
kb _e_]pne_e]h a_pnkl ekj bkhhks ej c ^hal d]nkl h]opu+
Fj . 653) D]n^an ]j ` I qg]od %00& nal knpa` pda benop _]oa
kb peooqa at l ]j oekj ej oq^pkp]h ql l an ]j ` hks an auahe`
na_kj opi _pekj ej ] l ]peaj p s epd oar ana aua ^qnj o+ Rl kj
_ki l hapekj kb pda at l ]j oekj l nk_aoo) _kj _d]h _]npeh]ca
s ]o qoa` bkn auahe` oql l knp l nekn pk l h]_ai aj p kb pda
k_qh]n l nkopdaoeo+ Qda naoqhp s ]o kqpop]j ` ej c+ I ]pan ej
. 660) Qoa ]j ` J _@]bbanpu %01& nal knpa` oet _]oao kb
peooqa at l ]j oekj ej pda k_qh]n nacekj 7 kj a ql l an*auahe`
at l ]j oekj ]j ` ber a l anek_qh]n at l ]j oekj o bkn _knna_pekj
kb r ]nekqo l anek_qh]n ` aba_po+ Qs k _ki l he_]pekj o s ana
j kpa` ) kj a l ]peaj p s epd ] dai ]pki ] ]j ` ]j kpdan l ]peaj p
s dk ` ar ahkl a` l ]npe]h bh]l j a_nkoeo+ Fj . 665) Ckopan
ap ]h+ %/ . & nal knpa` ] oaneao kb / 3 l ]peaj po s epd auahe`
` aba_po s dk qj ` ans aj p n]l e` ej pn]kl an]per a peooqa
at l ]j oekj %OFQB& qoej c ] . 1*Cnaj _d Ckhau _]pdapan+
Qda _]pdapan s ]o l h]_a` qj ` an pda i qo_ha ogej bh]l ]j `
ej bh]pa` ps e_a bkn 2 i ej + Qda hej a]n at paj p kb pda auahe`
i ]ncej s ]o ` a_na]oa` ^u 03" qoej c pdeo pa_dj emqa+
J kna na_aj phu) T aeoh]j ` an ]j ` T aeoh]j ` an %02& ej ]j
at l anei aj p]h opq` u s epd l eco) l nab]^ne_]pa` ]` r ]j _ai aj p
bh]l o bkn pda na_kj opi _pekj kb hks an*auahe` ]j ` _daag
` aba_po ej l eco+ Fp s ]o bahp pd]p pda at l ]j ` an _]l oqha
_kqh` oanr a ]o ] _kj fqj _per ]h oq^opepqpa l nkr e` ej c ]
pai l kn]nu l duoe_]h odeah` ]j ` ] pai l h]pa bkn i q_ko]h
nacaj an]pekj +
/87<:6 $, !' # %> & Becdp*ua]n*kh` l ]peaj p s epd oecj ebe_]j p
b]_e]h o_]nnej c ]j ` oar ana necdp aua ` eopknpekj s epd ei l ]ena` he`
bqj _pekj oa_kj ` ]nu pk o_]nnej c+ %? & Qdnaa*ua]n bkhhks *ql ]bpan
_knna_pekj kb ql l an ]j ` hks an he` o s epd ogej cn]bpo8 hk_]h bh]l o
s ana qoa` pk _knna_p pda i a` e]h _]j pd]h dkk` ej c+ %@kqnpaou kb
O+ I + J _@]qhau) J A+&
/ '
; dWW&I [eegW I dS` eXWd
Qda qoa kb bnaa*peooqa pn]j obano pk na_kj opnq_p auahe` ^qi o
]l l a]no pk ^a ] h]op naoknp %03*1- &+ > hpdkqcd pda qoa kb
bnaa*peooqa pn]j obano i ]u ^a _nepe_eva` ej ^qi b]_e]h
na_kj opnq_per a ^a_]qoa kb ^qhgej aoo) pda hkoo kb b]_e]h
at l naooekj ) ]j ` l kkn _khkn i ]p_d) ep kbpaj l nkr e` ao
pda kj hu r e]^ha okhqpekj pk ] oecj ebe_]j p l nk^hai s epd
auahe` ^qi o+ ? kpd pda l ]peaj p ]j ` pda oqncakj na_kcj eva
pd]p ej pdaoa _en_qi op]j _ao) ]aopdape_ s ehh ^a _ki l nk*
i eoa` + Roq]hhu) pdaoa l ]peaj po d]r a oar ana ql l an ]j `
i e` ` ha pden` b]_e]h ` abkni epeao ej s de_d pda qoa kb hk_]h
peooqa eo j kp ba]oe^ha+ Qda l nkr eoekj kb okbp peooqa pk
_knna_p oar ana ` abkni epeao _]j kj hu ^a ]_dear a` ^u
bnaa*peooqa pn]j oban+ Qda n]` e]h ]npanu bkna]ni bh]l ) pda
o_]l qh]n bh]l ) ]j ` pda ` kno]heo l a` eo bh]l d]r a ]hh ^aaj
qoa` oq__aoobqhhu bkn pda na_kj opi _pekj kb bqhh*pde_gj aoo
auahe` ^qi o+

9XVdaT ) 1&, )
%> & Qdnepaaj *ua]n*kh` l ]peaj p s epd l ]hl a^n]h beooqna opaj koeo ]bpan oar ana b]_e]h ^qnj o ]j ` pda qoa kb p]noknnd]l du oqpqnao
bkn _knj a]h l nkpa_pekj + %? & Qs k*ua]no ]bpan na_kj opnq_pekj kb ^kpd pda ql l an ]j ` hks an auahe` o s epd ogej cn]bpo+ %@& Cqhh _hkoqna kb auao
j kpa` + %@kqnpaou kb O+ I + J _@]qhau) J A+&
4+
B WV[S^ 8 S` fZS^ = aaV[` Y
Ekk` ej c ]nkqj ` pda i a` e]h al e_]j pdqo eo ] _ki i kj
l nk^hai oaaj ej l ]peaj po s epd ^qi o ej r khr ej c pda auahe` o
]j ` j koa+ Qda a]nhu qoa kb ogej cn]bpo s epd at paj oekj o
i a` e]hhu i ]u ]__aj pq]pa pdeo ` abkni epu %4&+ Qda oqnce_]h
_knna_pekj kb pdeo l nk^hai eo a]oehu ]__ki l heoda` s epd
pda qoa kb i qhpel ha W*l h]opeao ] j ` ,kn _ki ^ej a` s epd ogej
naoa_pekj + Fb pda dkk` ej c k^opnq_po pda i a` e]h _]j pdqo)
]` ` epekj ]h naha]oao kb pda ql l an kn hks an he` o i ]u ^a
s ]nn]j pa` %Ceco+ . 6+05*. 6+1- &+
1'
ES^bWTdS^ ; [eegdW HfW` ae[e
Fj l ]peaj po s epd bqhh*pde_gj aoo ^qnj o pk pda aua) _e_]pne_e]h
]` daoekj ]hkj c pda p]no]h i ]ncej i ]u _]qoa opaj koeo kb pda
l ]hl a^n]h beooqnao+ Qdeo _kj ` epekj ) s de_d d]o ^aaj
` ao_ne^a` ^u Eq]j c ap ]h+ %4&) naoqhpo ej ] _d]n]_paneope_
ol dane_]h _kj pn]_pqna kb pda auahe` i ]ncej l nk` q_ej c pda
ël knp dkhaí ` abkni epu+ Qdeo ` abkni epu eo ej _kj pn]op pk ]
oei eh]n ` abkni epu _na]pa` pk l nkpa_p pda _knj a] ej l ]peaj po
ej s dki pda ` ]i ]ca pk pda auahe` o bnki bqhh*pde_gj aoo
auahe` ^qnj o eo _ki l nki eoa` + Qda kl an]per a i ]j ]cai aj p
ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8hT[XSb

*. -

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kb pdeo l nk^hai ej _hq` ao _knna_pekj kb peooqa ` abe_epo ej pda
ql l an ]j ` hks an he` o l nekn pk ej _na]oej c pda s e` pd kb pda
l ]hl a^n]h beooqna ogej + Qda i q_ko]h a` cao ]na qoq]hhu na]l *
l nkt ei ]pa` s epd 2*- _dnki e_ _]pcqp oqpqnao+ Mnaoaj phu) j k
_hej e_]h oaneao ]` ` naooao pdeo qj emqa l nk^hai %Cec+ . 6+1. &+
2' 8 S` S^[Ug^Sd DTefdgUf[a`
L__]oekj ]hhu) l ]peaj po l naoaj p s epd hks an*he` a_pnkl ekj
]j ` al el dkn]+ Qda i ]fknepu kb pda pei a) _knna_pekj kb pda
a_pnkl ekj s epd cn]bpo kn bh]l o nal koepekj o pda hks an he` pk
]hhks pda ` n]ej ]ca kb pa]no+ Rj ` an j kni ]h _en_qi op]j _ao
pda hks an he` ]__kqj po bkn pda i ]fknepu kb pda ` n]ej ]ca
ouopai + Lj n]na k__]oekj o) _knna_pekj kb pda hks an he`
a_pnkl ekj ` kao j kp _knna_p pda al el dkn]+ @]j ]he_qh]n
k^opnq_pekj eo _]qoa` ^u o_]nnej c kb pda he` i ]ncej o+
Lj _a _]j ]he_qh]n k^opnq_pekj eo ` e]cj koa` ) ] @*A@O eo
ej ` e_]pa` + Qdeo l nk_a` qna _na]pao ] j as beopqhkqo pn]_p
s daj ] i a` e]hhu ^]oa` _kj fqj _per ]h i q_ko]h bh]l eo
_na]pa` pdnkqcd ] ^kj u s ej ` ks ej pda h]pan]h j ]o]h
^kj ao+ Qda Gkj ao pq^a eo l h]_a` ]hkj c pda l ]pd kb pda
bh]l ]j ` ^nkqcdp kqp pdnkqcd pda j kopneh+ Eq]j c ap ]h+ %4&
nal knpa` ] oaneao kb bkqn l ]peaj po s dk oq__aoobqhhu qj ` an*
s aj p _knna_pekj kb al el dkn] oa_kj ` ]nu pk _]j ]he_qh]n
k^opnq_pekj qoej c @*A@Oo+ Qdaen naoqhpo s ana qj ebkni hu
oq__aoobqh+
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6 BA6 ? HF? qnj o pk pda auahe` o ]j ` ]` j at ] _kj opepqpa i ]fkn l nk*
^hai o+ Rj ` anop]j ` ej c kb auahe` ]j ]pki u eo ei l an]per a
bkn ` apani ej ]pekj kb ] oqnce_]h l h]j + Cqhh*pde_gj aoo
ej fqneao) kn i kna _ki i kj hu _e_]pne_e]h he` napn]_pekj )
namqena ]ccnaooer a pna]pi aj p pk ]r ke` l nk^hai o kb
_knj a]h at l koqna s de_d _]j ha]` pk ^hej ` j aoo+ > ook_e]pa`
` abkni epeao ]na j qi ankqo ]j ` eb ei l nkl anhu pna]pa` ) _]j
naoqhp ej oecj ebe_]j p ]aopdape_ ]j ` bqj _pekj ]h l nk^hai o+
Oa_kj opnq_per a abbknpo bkn i ]fkn ql l an ]j ` hks an*he`
` aba_po _kj pej qa pk ar khr a+ > hpdkqcd _kr an]ca d]o ^aaj
nal knpa` s epd pda qoa kb ogej cn]bpo) bh]l o) ]j ` bnaa*peooqa
pn]j oban) nabej ai aj po ej kqn pa_dj emqao i ]u ]hhks pda
^haj ` ej c kb bqj _pekj ]j ` ]aopdape_o+
E8 98 E8 A6 8 F
. +
? nkq G> ) Ok^okj J @) J _@]qhau OI ) Eanj ` kj AK)
Mdehhel o I D) L npac] J ) Br ]j o B? ) > hr ]n]` k J F+ Fj r aj pknu
kb l kpaj pe]h na_kj opnq_per a j aa` o ej pda l ]peaj p s epd ^qnj o+
G ? qnj @]na Oad]^eh . 6568 . - %3&7222*23- +
/ +
? qi o ? C) J _@]qhau OI ) J qnl du BI ) Ok^okj ) J @+
Oa_kj opnq_per a i ]j ]cai aj p kb l ]peaj po s epd ; 5- "
Q? P > ^qi o+ ? qi o . 6608 . 6%2&71/ 6*100+
0+
? ]nnks OB) Gao_dga J D) E anj ` kj AK+ B]nhu naha]oa
kb pden` ` acnaa auahe` ^qnj o l nar aj po aua ej fqnu+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc / - - - 8 . - 2753- *530+
1+
Dqu O) ? ]h` s ej G) Hs a` ]n P) I ]s BG+ > pdnaa ua]n at l ane*
aj _a ej ] nacekj ]h ^qnj _aj pan s epd ^qi o kb pda auao
]j ` auahe` o+ Ll pd]hi e_ Pqnc . 65/ 8 . 0%2&7050ê 053+
2+ Cn]j g AE) T ]_dpah Cn]j g E> + Qda a]nhu pna]pi aj p
]j ` na_kj opnq_pekj kb auahe` ^qi o+ G Qn]qi ] . 6508
/ 07541*544+
3+ Ppanj GA) Dkh` b]nhk I T ) Ph]pan E+ L l dpd]hi khkce_]h
_ki l he_]pekj o ]o ] i ]j ebaop]pekj kb ^qnj ej fqnu+ ? qnj o
. 6638 / / 7. 02*. 03+
4+
Eq]j c QQ) ? h]_gs ahh PG) I as eo PO+ ? qnj ej fqneao kb pda
auahe` o+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc . 6458 2724. *25. +
5+ Mahhapean @O) Gkn` ]j AO+ > j qj qoq]h ]j ` oar ana pdani ]h
^qnj pk pda aua ]j ` ]` j a]+ @]j G Ll pd]hi kh . 6638
0. 7 0. 6*0/ 0+
6+
H]heod B) Ppae^ah*H]heod E) T khb V) Ok^ej l kqn J ) E]q^aj
AG+ P_kn_da` auah]odaoê ` k s a pna]p pdai necdp< ? qnj o
. 6658 / 17. 40*. 42+
. -+
J ]j j eo J G) J ehhan O? ) Hn]_di an GE+ @kj p]_p pdani ]h
^qnj o kb pda _knj a] bnki aha_pne_ _qnhej c enkj o+ > i G
Ll pd]hi kh . 6518 657003*006+
. . +
Pdkgqh] M@+ L _qh]n ^qnj o bnki i e_nks ]r a` acco+ Ma` e]pn
Bi anc @]na . 6618 . - 7/ / 6*/ 0. +
. / + S ]fl ]uaa O? ) Dql p] KH) > j cn] ap ]h+ @kj p]_p pdani ]h
^qnj o kb pda _knj a]+ @]j G Ll pd]hi kh . 66. 8 / 37/ . 2*/ . 5+
. 0+ Kan]` G> + L_qhkl h]ope_ Pqncanu) Qda Oamqeoepao ej
Ll dpd]hi khkcu+ Pp+ I kqeo7 J ko^u) / - - . +
. 1+
We` a ? J ) Gahgo DT + Pqnce_]h > j ]pki u kb pda Ln^ep+
Kas Vkng7 O]r aj Mnaoo) . 652+
. 2+
Gkn` ]j AO) > j ` anokj OI + Pqnce_]h > j ]pki u kb pda L_qh]n
> ` j at ]7 > @hej e_]h > l l nk]_d+ P]j Cn]j _eo_k7 > i ane_]j
> _]` ai u kb Ll dpd]hi khkcu) . 663+
. 3+
S e_pkn T E) E qns epv GG) @e_]pne_e]h a_pnkl ekj bkhhks ej c
^hal d]nkl h]opu7 pna]pi aj p ^u peooqa at l ]j oekj + @]j I
Ll dpdi kh . 6518 . 670. 4*0. 6
. 4+ Gkj ao I Q) T k^ec GI + Kas an _kj _al po kb pa]n pqap ]j ` auahe`
]j ]pki u ]j ` pna]pi aj p+ Qn]j o Pa_p Ll dpd]hi kh > i > _]`
Ll pd]hi kh Lpkh]nuj ckh . 6448 5073- 0*3. 3+
. 5+ J auan AO) Hanopaj O@) Hqhs ej AO) M]ogks oge GO)
Pahgej OM+ J ]j ]cai aj p kb _]j ]he_qh]n ej fqnu ]ook*
_e]pa` s epd auahe` ^qnj o+
> n_d L l dpd]hi kh
. 6628
. . 076- - *6- 0+
. 6+ Ppas ]np ? T + Pqncanu kb pda Buahe` ) Ln^ep) ]j ` I ]_nei ]h
Puopai + P]j Cn]j _eo_k7 > i ane_]j > _]` ai u kb L l dpd]h*
i khkcu) . 662+
/ - + ? ]ehau ? G) @]hdkqj HE+ > ph]o kb Ea]` ]j ` Ka_g Pqncanuê
Lpkh]nuj ckhkcu+ Mdeh]` ahl de]7 I el l ej _kpp) T ehhe]i o ]j `
T ehgej o) / - - . +
/ . + Ckopan G> ) P_daej an) T qh_ > B) T ]hh]_a F? ) Dnaaj ^]qi PP+
Fj pn]kl an]per a peooqa at l ]j oekj ej auahe` na_kj opnq_pekj +
Ll dpd]hi khkcu . 6658 . - 27. 4- *. 42+
/ / + > _d]qan ? J ) > ` ]en PO+ > _qpa ]j ` na_kj opnq_per a
i ]j ]cai aj p kb pda ^qnj a` auahe` + @hej Mh]op Pqnc / - - - 8
/ 4754*63+
/ 0+ > opkne FM) J qhhan J P) Macc PM+ @e_]pne_]h l kop*^qnj
a_pnkl ekj ]j ` at l koqna gan]pepeo+ ? qnj o . 6658 / 1731*34+

ETR^] bcadRcX^] ^U 5 da] TS 8 hT[XSb

*. /
/ 1+ Ppehh Gn GJ ) I ]s BG) ? a_hdan HB) J kooao H@) Dhaepoi ]j j
HV+ Bt l aneaj _a s epd ^qnj o kb pda auao ]j ` he` o ej ] nacekj ]h
^qnj qj ep+ G ? qi @]na Oad]^eh . 6628 . 37/ 15*/ 2/ +
/ 2+
Kkoa H) Foodege K) Hqoqi kpk H+ Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb ^kpd
auahe` o bkhhks ej c aha_pne_]h ^qnj o+ Mh]op Oa_kj op Pqnc
. 66. 8 557545*55. +
/ 3+ Daj _koi ]j kchq O) @qj aup) L) > hl an J ) Dqj ` kc]j E)
@]c` ]o > + Cqhh pde_gj aoo auahe` ^qnj s epd ej p]_p har ]pkn
bqj _pekj + > j j Mh]op Pqnc / - - - 8 117/ 01*/ 02+
/ 4+ Cah` i ]j GG+ C]_e]h ^qnj o+ Fj 7 J _@]npdu G) a` + Mh]ope_
Pqncanu+ Mdeh]` ahl de]7 T +? + P]qj ` ano) . 66- 7/ / . - */ / . 5+
/ 5+ T ]nl ad] OI + Oaoqnb]_ej c pda ^qnj a` b]_a+ @hej Mh]op Pqnc
. 65. 8 57/ 22*/ 34+
/ 6+ Phk]j AC) Eq]j c QQ) I ]nokj AI ) I as eo PO+ Oa_kj opnq_*
pekj kb auahe` o ]j ` aua^nks o ej ^qi l ]peaj po+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6438 25701- *013+
0-+ Dki au J ) C]h_a] B) Gkj ao T + Lj a op]ca na_kj opnq_pekj kb
oq^op]j pe]h hks an auahe` i ]ncej ` aba_po+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn
Pqnc . 6368 11726/ *263+
0. + > j ` anokj
OI )
B` s ]n` o
GG+
Oa_kj opnq_pekj
^u
i uk_qp]j akqo auahe` bh]l o+ > n_d L l dpd]hi kh
. 6468
647/ 025*/ 03/ +
0/ + Hkop]gkchq K) Lva]j D+ Ln^e_qh]neo k_qhe i uk_qp]j akqo
bh]l ej na_kj opnq_pekj kb l kop*^qnj hks an auahe` a_pnkl ekj +
? qi o . 6668 / 27220*224+
00+
D]n^an MC) I qg]od CK) Buahe` na_kj opnq_pekj qoej c pai l kn*
]nu peooqa at l ]j ` ano ]j ` _]npeh]ca cn]bpo+ Ll dpd]hi kh
Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6548 07/ 20*/ 24+
01+ Qoa AQ) J _@]bbanpu M+ @kj pnkhha` peooqa at l ]j oekj ej
l anek_qh]n na_kj opnq_per a oqncanu+ Ll dpd]hi khkcu . 6608
. - - 7/ 3- */ 35+
02+
T aeoh]j ` an G? ) T aeoh]j ` an J + Mnab]^ne_]pa` %at l ]j ` an&
_]l oqha*hej a` pn]j ol koepekj ]j ` ]` r ]j _ai aj p bh]l o ej na_kj *
opnq_pekj kb hks an auahe` ]j ` kn]h ` aba_po7 ]j at l anei aj p]h
opq` u+ Mh]op Oa_kj opn Pqnc / - - - 8 . - 27. 066*. 1- 4+
03+ V]l I E) B]nhau J G+ Qda bnaa ër í 8 ] ^el aj j ]pa bnaa bh]l bkn
` kq^ha auahe` naoqnb]_ej c ^]oa` kj pda oa_kj ` ` kno]h
i ap]_]nl ]h ]npanu+ ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 6648 1- 7/ 5- */ 50+
04+ @d]p I > ) @knp > ) ? n]qj G+ Rl l an ]j ` hks an auahe` na_kj *
opnq_pekj s epd ] j aqnk r ]o_qh]n bnaa bh]l bnki pda benop
s a^ ol ]_a kb pda baap+ ? n G Mh]op Pqnc . 65- 8 007. 0/ +
05+ Qd]e HK) ? ehhi ena A> ) V]gq^kbb HM+ Qkp]h auahe` na_kj *
opnq_pekj s epd bnaa ` kno]heo l a` eo bh]l ]bpan ` aal b]_e]h
^qnj o+ Mh]op Oa_kj op Pqnc . 6668 . - 17. - 15*. - 2. +
06+ T ]p]j ]^a Q) Cqnqp] P) E ]p]u] V) Vqvqj ed] P) L poqg] V+
Oa_kj opnq_pekj kb pda auahe` o ]j ` j koa ]bpan ] ^qnj ej fqnu
qoej c ] n]` e]h bkna]ni bh]l + ? qnj o . 6648 / 2703- *032+
1- + Okoa BE+ > aopdape_ naopkn]pekj o kb pda oar anahu ` eobecqna`
b]_a ej ^qi r e_pei o7 ] _ki l nadaj oer a opn]pacu+ Mh]op
Oa_kj opn Pqnc . 6628 637. 240*. 252+

(Trang không có chữ)

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na_kj opnq_per a j aa` o kb pda b]_a+ Qda eooqa kb pei ej c bkn
pda at _eoekj kb b]_e]h ^qi o eo _kj pnkr anoe]h+ Fj epe]h ej r aope*
c]pkno ` ar ahkl a` pda pei a*dkj kna` l n]_pe_a kb ` ah]ua`
at _eoekj kb pdaoa s kqj ` o qj peh ` aal l ]npe]h*pde_gj aoo kn
bqhh*pde_gj aoo ej fqneao s ana _ha]nhu e` aj pebea` + Pq^oamqaj p
at _eoekj kb ao_d]n ]j ` naoqnb]_ej c kb ]aopdape_ qj epo s epd
ogej cn]bpo s ]o pda op]j ` ]n` kb _]na %. *0&+ Qda na_kcj epekj
pd]p ` ah]ua` da]hej c s ]o ]ook_e]pa` s epd dul anpnkl de_ o_]no
]j ` s kqj ` _kj pn]_pekj aj _kqn]ca` qpehev]pekj kb pda b]_a
i ]og pk _kj pnkh pdaoa l nk^hai o+ Fj i ]j u _]oao) pdeo
]l l nk]_d ha` pk naol a_p]^ha kqp_ki ao+ Fj na_aj p ua]no) pda
e` a] kb a]nhu at _eoekj kb b]_e]h ^qi o d]o ` n]s j ]ppaj pekj
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oekj kb ` aal oa_kj ` *` acnaa kn bqhh*pde_gj aoo s kqj ` o
s kqh` j kp kj hu ha]` pk a]nhu s kqj ` _hkoqna) ^qp ]hok
` a_na]oa dul anpnkl de_ o_]n bkni ]pekj ]j ` l nk` q_a ^appan
]aopdape_ naoqhpo+ Fj ]` ` epekj ) oq_d ]j ]l l nk]_d s kqh`
]hok ` a_na]oa pda oq^oamqaj p j aa` bkn na_kj opnq_per a l nk*
_a` qnao+ > hpdkqcd ]hh kb pdaoa l kej po _]j ^a a]oehu ai ^n]_a`
^u ^kpd caj an]h oqncakj o ]j ` l h]ope_ oqncakj o ej r khr a` ej
^qi _]na) kj a l nk^hai _kj pej qao pk _kj bkqj ` pda eooqa+
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j epekj kb a]nhu at _eoekj _]j ^a s epdej / 1 d kb ^qi ej fqnu pk
s epdej 0 s aago kb ^qi ej fqnu bkn b]_e]h ^qi o+ T epdkqp
mqaopekj ) oq_d ] l nkpn]_pa` pei a l anek` l nar aj po _knnah]pekj
]j ` ej panl nap]pekj kb ` ]p] bnki kpdan ej opepqpekj o+ Pej _a i kop
b]_e]h ^qi o ]na ] _ki ^ej ]pekj kb ` aal ]j ` oql anbe_e]h ej fq*
neao s epd r ]ne]^ha cakcn]l de_ l ]ppanj o) pdaoa eooqao ]na
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