Neck Lift

29/11/2025 • by Bs CKI Phẫu thuật tạo hình, tái tạo và thẩm mỹ Trương Hoài Anh • cổ

Giới thiệu về sách Neck Lift của Joel J. Feldman

Trong lĩnh vực phẫu thuật tạo hình mặt và cổ, “Neck Lift” của Joel J. Feldman, MD được xem là một tài liệu kinh điển, đặc biệt nổi tiếng với việc giới thiệu và chuẩn hóa kỹ thuật Corset Platysmaplasty. Dưới góc nhìn của một Bác sĩ chuyên khoa sâu, đây không chỉ là một cuốn sách hướng dẫn kỹ thuật đơn thuần mà là một sự thay đổi tư duy từ việc “kéo da” sang “tái cấu trúc” giải phẫu vùng cổ.

Cuốn sách tập trung giải quyết những thách thức khó khăn nhất trong phẫu thuật vùng cổ: làm sao để tạo ra một góc cổ – cằm (cervicomental angle) sắc nét, tự nhiên và bền vững mà không phụ thuộc quá nhiều vào việc cắt bỏ da hay kéo căng quá mức ra sau. Feldman lập luận rằng việc xử lý các cấu trúc trung tâm dưới cơ bám da cổ (subplatysmal tissues) thường quan trọng hơn việc cắt bỏ da thừa.

Nội dung nổi bật và các chương chính

Sách được trình bày chi tiết với hình ảnh minh họa giải phẫu và phẫu thuật chất lượng cao, bao gồm các nội dung trọng tâm sau:

Giải phẫu ngoại khoa vùng cổ (Surgical Anatomy): Phân tích chi tiết về các lớp cân cơ, dây chằng giữ (retaining ligaments), và đặc biệt là mối tương quan giữa cơ bám da cổ (platysma) với các cấu trúc sâu hơn.
Khái niệm Nâng cổ “Lift-less”: Tiếp cận phẫu thuật chỉnh hình cổ cô lập (Isolated Neck Lift) mà không cần căng da mặt toàn bộ, phù hợp cho những bệnh nhân trẻ hoặc những người chỉ có nhu cầu cải thiện vùng cổ.
Kỹ thuật Corset Platysmaplasty: Đây là “trái tim” của cuốn sách. Tác giả mô tả kỹ thuật khâu cơ bám da cổ ở đường giữa (midline) theo kiểu “áo nịt ngực” (corset) để tạo hình lại toàn bộ cột trụ cổ, thay vì chỉ khâu một đoạn ngắn hoặc cắt bỏ cơ.
Phẫu thuật thẩm mỹ vùng dưới cơ (Subplatysmal Aesthetic Surgery): Hướng dẫn cách xử lý mỡ dưới cơ, cơ nhị thân (digastric muscles) và các mô sâu để đạt được độ lõm cần thiết vùng dưới cằm.
Xử lý tuyến dưới hàm (Submandibular Salivary Gland): Một chương quan trọng bàn về việc xử lý tình trạng phồng tuyến dưới hàm – một nguyên nhân thường gặp khiến phẫu thuật nâng cổ thất bại hoặc không đạt thẩm mỹ tối đa.
Tạo hình cằm và dái tai (The Ptotic Chin & Earlobe Shaping): Các kỹ thuật bổ trợ để hoàn thiện vẻ đẹp tổng thể của 1/3 dưới khuôn mặt.

Giá trị thực tiễn lâm sàng

Đối với các phẫu thuật viên tạo hình, cuốn sách này cung cấp một nền tảng vững chắc để thực hiện các ca phẫu thuật cổ phức tạp. Kỹ thuật của Feldman giúp kiểm soát tốt hơn các biến chứng như “cổ gà tây” tái phát hay biến dạng tai, đồng thời mang lại kết quả trẻ hóa tự nhiên và lâu dài hơn.

📖 Xem bản dịch / Nội dung văn bản

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236 neck lift If there are jowls, their lower and medial borders are blue-lined, specifically identifying the location of the mandibular ligament on each side. Labiomandibular and nasolabial folds that are to be un- folded are marked, as are marionette furrows and glabellar frown lines that are to be filled. Unlike the decision for or against subplatysmal lipectomy, which is made entirely during surgery, decisions regarding subcutane- ous fat removal are made, at least in part, before surgery. There- fore, with the patient still upright, I circumscribe the areas where I'm certain I want to remove excess subcutaneous fat. In a mostly thin neck, this may be a small U-shaped area under the chin. In a more diffusely fatty neck, the dashed line may extend almost down to the clavicles and laterally to the posterior borders of the sternomastoid muscles. Discrete rolls or islands of fat in need of attention are circled. Deep skin creases, lateral neck folds, and old scars are also marked. If the musculomandibular triangle or the area over the medial border of the sternomastoid muscle needs defatting, I make a mental note to tend to them.

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^ _ l m i ` nb _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^ g o m] f_ m( [ h ^ nb _ _ r n_ l h [ f do a o f[ l p_ ch m*
D` [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc`n cm \ _ ch a ^ i h _ nb [ n ch ] fo ^ _ m l _ g i p ch a _ r ì
] _ mm ` [ n ` l i g [ fi h a nb _ d[ q fch _ ( D [ ^ ^ [ ^ [ mb _ ^ fch_ ) W Z * NQVOMZ%
J ZMI L \ P [ I J W^ M \ P M RI _ TQVM ni ch ^ c] [ n_ nb _ me ch \ [ h ^ ch nb _
fi q _ l ] b _ _ e nb [ n q cff l _ k o cl _ `f[ j o h ^ _ l g ch ch a * D` [ ] b _ _ e fc`n cm ni
\ _ ^ i h _ [ fi h a q cnb nb _ h _ ] e fc`n( D ^ l [ q [ p_ l nc] [ f fch _ / ] g ch
` l i h n i ` nb _ _ [ l ` l i g do mn [ \ i p_ nb _ t s a i g [ nc] [ l ] b ni nb _ [ h a f_
i ` nb _ d[ q fch _ ( q b c] b ch ^ c] [ n_ m nb _ fcg cn_ ^ [ g i o h n i ` mo \ ] o n[ ì
h _ i o m o h ^ _ l g ch ch a D q cff ^ i c` D ^ _ ] c^ _ ni o m_ [ ^ _ _ j j f[ h _ ^ cmm_ ] ì
nci h * Ob _ m_ l _ ` _ l _ h ] _ fch _ m [ l _ mb i q h ch nb _ j b i ni [ \ i p _ i ` [ j [ ì
nc_ h n \ _ ch a j l _ j [ l _ ^ ` i l [ m_ ] i h ^ [ l s ` [ ] _ )h _ ] e fc`n nb [ n q cff ch ì
] fo ^ _ n_ g j i l [ f [ h ^ j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l m] [ l l _ pcmci h m*

h _ ] e fc`n
CDb [ p _ nb _ j [ nc_ h n q [ m b b cm i l b _ l ` [ ] _ [ h ^ h _ ] e [ h ^ mb [ g j i i
nb _ b [ cl q cnb [ h [ h nc\ ci nc] mi [ j nb _ h ca b n \ _ ` i l _ mo l a _ l s ( [ h ^
[ a [ ch nb _ g i l h ch a i ` mo l a _ l s * < ` n_ l ] i g j f_ nch a nb _ j l _ i j _ l [ ncp _
g [ l e ch a m( D o m_ [ mg [ ff \ [ nn_ l s )j i q _ l _ ^ ] fcj j _ l ni ] f_ [ l [ q [ s nb _
q cmj s b [ cl m \ _ fi q nb _ mc^ _ \ o l h ch ] cmci h fch _ $c` [ ] b _ _ e fc`n cm [ fmi
\ _ ch a ^ i h _ %( [ h ^ c` [ mo f] o m ch ] cmci h q cnb [ b ca b b ch a _ cm \ _ ch a
o m_ ^ ( D g [ s ] fcj [ q [ s [ mg [ ff nl c[ h a f_ i ` b [ cl q b _ l _ nb _ b ch a _
ni o ] b _ m nb _ o j j _ l i ] ] cj cn[ f b [ cl fch _ * D` [ h i ] ] cj cn[ f b [ cl )_ ^ a _ ch ] cì
mci h cm o m_ ^ ( [ ` n_ l cn cm g [ l e _ ^ ( D mb [ p _ [ p _ l s h [ l l i q mnl cj [ fi h a
nb _ ch ] cmci h fch _ ni g [ e _ cn _ [ mc_ l ni i j _ h [ h ^ ] fi m_ nb _ ch ] cmci h
[ ] ] o l [ n_ fs * Ob _ b [ cl cm nb _ h g i cmn_ h _ ^ i h ] _ [ a [ ch q cnb [ h [ h nc\ cì
i nc] mi [ j ( [ h ^ ` i l ` _ g [ f_ j [ nc_ h nm( j o ff_ ^ ch ni [ j i h s n[ cf* Dh nb _
i j _ l [ nch a l i i g ( [ ` n_ l nb _ j [ nc_ h n b [ m \ _ _ h [ h _ mnb _ nct _ ^ ( nb _ ` [ ] _ (
h _ ] e ( [ h ^ b [ cl [ l _ mq [ \ \ _ ^ i h ] _ g i l _ q cnb [ h [ h nc\ ci nc] mi [ j $nb _
` i o l nb q [ mb %( [ h ^ [ b _ [ ^ ^ l [ j _ cm mo no l _ ^ ch j f[ ] _ ( [ m m b i q h ch
nb _ ch nl [ i j _ l [ ncp _ j b i ni [ \ i p _ *

1 î
m o l a _ l s #m m_ k o _ h ] _ i ` _ p _ h nm
NJ H AJ MO H @DI OMD i j _ l [ n_ ch [ ` [ ] cfcns [ ] ] l _ ^ cn_ ^ \ s nb _ < g _ l c] [ h < mmi ] c[ nci h ` i l
< ] ] l _ ^ cn[ nci h i ` < g \ o f[ ni l s No l a _ l s A[ ] cfcnc_ m $< < < < NA%* Ob _ i j ì
_ l [ nch a l i i g cm ] i g ` i l n[ \ fs q [ l g _ ^ \ _ ` i l _ nb _ j [ nc_ h n cm \ l i o a b n
ch ni cn* R cnb k o c_ n g o mc] [ m [ ^ cp_ l mci h ` i l nb _ j [ nc_ h n( ch nl [ p_ ì
h i o m [ ] ] _ mm cm _ mn[ \ fcmb _ ^ [ m j [ ch f_ mmfs [ m j i mmc\ f_ * > i h nch o i o m
@> B ( \ fi i ^ j l _ mmo l _ ( i r s a _ h m[ no l [ nci h $j o fm_ i r cg _ nl s %( [ h ^ n_ g ì
j _ l [ no l _ g i h cni l ch a [ l _ _ mn[ \ fcmb _ ^ * D` ch b [ f[ nci h [ h _ mnb _ mc[ cm ni
\ _ o m_ ^ ( _ r b [ f_ ^ > , . cm [ fmi g i h cni l _ ^ * < ms h ] b l i h ct _ ^ ^ _ ` c\ l cfì
f[ ni l [ h ^ [ h [ o ni g [ nc] _ f_ ] nl c] [ f ^ _ ` c\ l cff[ ni l $< @? % [ l _ ] fi m_ [ n
b [ h ^ * Ob _ [ h _ mnb _ mc[ j l i pc^ _ l [ h ^ D b [ p _ o j )ni )^ [ n_ < > GN nl [ ch ì
ch a * < n nb _ \ _ a ch h ch a i ` mo l a _ l s ( Q_ h i ^ s h _ j o fm[ nci h ] o ` ` m [ l _
j f[ ] _ ^ [ l i o h ^ nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m ] [ fp_ m( [ h ^ [ ` n_ l nb _ j [ nc_ h n cm [ mf_ _ j (
[ Ai f_ s ] [ nb _ n_ l cm ch m_ l n_ ^ * Ob _ _ f_ ] nl c] [ ffs ] i h nl i ff_ ^ i j _ l [ nch a
n[ \ f_ D o m_ cm ] i h ` ca o l _ ^ mi nb [ n nb _ j [ nc_ h n ` _ _ fm ] i g ` i l n[ \ f_ fs ì
ch a i h cn* Ob _ [ l g m [ l _ e _ j n ch [ h [ no l [ f j i mcnci h [ n nb _ mc^ _ m* Ob _
b _ [ ^ l _ mn cm h [ l l i q _ h i o a b nb [ n D ] [ h mcn \ _ mc^ _ cn q cnb _ [ ms [ ] ì
] _ mm ni nb _ h _ ] e ( ` [ ] _ ( [ h ^ ` i l _ b _ [ ^ * < m_ h m_ i ` ] [ fg j _ l p[ ^ _ m
nb _ i j _ l [ nch a l i i g *
< ^ cm] o mmci h i ` nb _ ns j _ i ` a _ h _ l [ f [ h _ mnb _ mc[ D o m_ [ h ^ nb _ g [ h ì
h _ l ch q b c] b cn cm [ ^ g ch cmn_ l _ ^ cm \ _ s i h ^ nb _ m] i j _ i ` nb cm \ i i e *
No ` ` c] _ cn ni m[ s nb [ n h i m[ ` _ ns j l _ ] [ o nci h cm mj [ l _ ^ ( [ h ^ h i ] i h ì
mc^ _ l [ nci h mo j _ l m_ ^ _ m nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m q _ ff)\ _ ch a * R b _ h nb _ j [ nc_ h n
cm [ mf_ _ j ( nb _ [ cl q [ s m_ ] o l _ ^ ( [ h ^ nb _ pcn[ f mca h m [ h ^ i r s a _ h [ nci h
[ m nb _ s mb i o f^ \ _ ( j l _ j j ch a [ h ^ ^ l [ j ch a cm ^ i h _ *
Ob _ _ s _ fc^ m [ l _ [ fq [ s m n[ j _ ^ ] fi m_ ^ * D l _ g i p _ nb _ n[ j _ m [ h ^ ch ì
m_ l n ] i l h _ [ f mb c_ f^ m i h fs ` i l nb _ ncg _ nb [ n D [ g q i l e ch a i h nb _
_ s _ fc^ m* < ` n_ l nb [ n( nb _ ] i l h _ [ f j l i n_ ] ni l m [ l _ l _ g i p _ ^ [ h ^ nb _
fc^ m [ l _ i h ] _ [ a [ ch n[ j _ ^ ] fi m_ ^ * D b [ p _ ` i o h ^ nb [ n fi h a j _ l ci ^ m
q cnb ] i l h _ [ f mb c_ f^ m ch j f[ ] _ ] [ h \ _ cl l cn[ nch a ni nb _ _ s _ m* J ch nì
g _ h n ch nb _ _ s _ m ] [ h [ fmi \ _ cl l cn[ nch a * Ob _ \ _ mn j l i n_ ] nci h ` i l
nb _ _ s _ m ^ o l ch a h i h )_ s _ fc^ mo l a _ l s cm ] i g j f_ n_ fs ] fi m_ ^ _ s _ fc^ m*
< n nb _ mn[ l n i ` mo l a _ l s ( nb _ j [ nc_ h n cm a cp _ h [ h ch nl [ p_ h i o m [ h nc\ cì
i nc] [ h ^ - , g a i ` ^ _ r [ g _ nb [ mi h _ * D j l _ ` _ l ni b [ p_ nb _ j [ nc_ h n
h i l g i n_ h mcp _ ( l [ nb _ l nb [ h b s j i n_ h mcp _ ( ^ o l ch a nb _ i j _ l [ nci h * < n
f_ [ mn - , g ch o n_ m \ _ ` i l _ ] fi mch a ( D [ me nb _ [ h _ mnb _ mc[ j l i p c^ _ l
ni l [ cm_ nb _ \ fi i ^ j l _ mmo l _ [ g ch cg o g i ` - , ni . , g g C a [ \ i p _
q b [ n cm h i l g [ f ` i l nb [ n j [ nc_ h n( mi nb [ n D ] [ h ` ch ^ [ h ^ m_ [ f nb _ mo l ì
l _ j ncnci o m \ f_ _ ^ _ l m nb [ n q _ l _ b c^ ch a q b _ h nb _ \ fi i ^ j l _ mmo l _ q [ m
mo \ h i l g [ f* Dh nl [ p_ h i o m _ j b _ ^ l ch _ cm ] [ l _ ` o ffs ncnl [ n_ ^ ni i \ n[ ch
\ fi i ^ j l _ mmo l _ _ f_ p[ nci h *

h _ ] e fc`n
DI E@>ODI B OC@ GJ >< G 
D o m_ , *. 1 ! fc^ i ] [ ch _ q cnb - 60 , , (, , , _ j ch _ j b l ch _ ` i l nb _ fi ] [ f
[ h _ mnb _ nc] * @[ ] b i ` nq i mn_ l cf_ ] o j m ] i h n[ ch m - , , g f( i h _ ] o j ` i l
_ [ ] b mc^ _ ( g i l _ nb [ h _ h i o a b ni ch cnc[ ffs ch d_ ] n \ i nb mc^ _ m c` D#g ^ i ì
ch a \ l i q fc`nm( ] b _ _ e fc`nm( [ h ^ [ h _ ] e fc`n $. 1 , g a fc^ i ] [ ch _ j _ l
- , , g f r . 9 1 , , g a ( q b c] b cm nb _ ] o l l _ h nfs l _ ] i g g _ h ^ _ ^ g [ r cì
g o g chcnc[ f ^ i m_ %*è)/ Ob _ ch d_ ] nci h l i o nch _ ( ^ i h _ q cnb mn_ l cf_ n_ ] b ì
h ck o _ * n[ e _ m [ \ i o n . , g ch o n_ mã nb _ l ca b n [ g i o h n i ` ncg _ ` i l nb _
p[ mi ] i h mnl c] ncp _ _ ` ` _ ] n i ` nb _ _ j ch _ j b l ch _ ni b [ p_ h c] _ fs e c] e _ ^ ch
` i l nb _ mn[ l n i ` mo l a _ l s * D` D#g ^ i ch a do mn [ h _ ] e fc`n( nb _ ch d_ ] nci h
l i o nch _ n[ e _ m f_ mm ncg _ ( i ` ] i o l m_ 7 \ o n \ s nb _ ncg _ D#p_ ` ch cmb _ ^
m] l o \ \ ch a ( nb _ _ j ch _ j b l ch _ cm l _ [ ^ s * D q [ cn ni ch d_ ] n nb _ _ s _ fc^ m
q cnb - ! fc^ i ] [ ch _ q cnb - 6- , , (, , , _ j ch _ j b l ch _ o h ncf . , g ch o n_ m
\ _ ` i l _ mn[ l nch a nb _ \ f_ j b [ l i j f[ mnc_ m( q b c] b D ^ i [ n nb _ _ h ^ i ` nb _
] [ m_ *
D^ i h #n o m_ [ no g _ m] _ h n ch ` cfnl [ nci h n_ ] b h ck o _ ( mcg j fs \ _ ] [ o m_ D
^ i h #n h _ _ ^ cn ni i \ n[ ch [ l _ [ ffs ^ l s i j _ l [ ncp_ `c_ f^ i l ni g [ e _ cn
_ [ ms ` i l g _ ni o h ^ _ l g ch _ nb _ me ch ` f[ j m* ? _ j i mcnch a [ mg [ ff
[ g i o h n i ` nb _ ^ cfo n_ fi ] [ f [ h _ mnb _ nc] mi fo nci h o h c` i l g fs ch nb _
mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n nb l i o a b i o n nb _ j f[ h h _ ^ [ l _ [ i ` mo l a _ l s j l i ì
^ o ] _ m _ r ] _ ff_ h n p [ mi ] i h mnl c] nci h [ h ^ fo \ l c] [ n_ m nb _ mo \ ] o n[ ì
h _ i o m ncmmo _ m mo ` ` c] c_ h nfs * D l [ l _ fs ^ i fcj i mo ] nci h ch nb _ h _ ] e i l
` [ ] _ [ h ^ ] [ h #n ] i g g _ h n i h nb _ pcl no _ m i ` no g _ m] _ h n ch ` cfnl [ nci h ch
nb [ n l _ a [ l ^ *
H [ h s mo l a _ i h m o m_ [ fi h a ch ` o mci h h _ _ ^ f_ [ nn[ ] b _ ^ ni [ h _ f_ ] ì
nl i h c] j o g j ni ch d_ ] n nb _ fi ] [ f [ h _ mnb _ nc] mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o mfs * J nb _ l m
o m_ [ Kcne ch )ns j _ ms l ch a _ q cnb [ nq i )q [ s mni j ] i ] e [ nn[ ] b _ ^ ni
[ l _ m_ l pi cl ] i h n[ ch ch a nb _ fi ] [ f [ h _ mnb _ nc] * D mncff o m_ . 1 )a [ o a _
- *1 )ch ] b h _ _ ^ f_ m $m_ p_ l [ f i ` nb _ g ( mi nb _ i h _ D#g o mch a cm [ fq [ s m
mb [ l j % [ h ^ [ - , g f ] i h nl i f ms l ch a _ nb [ n D b [ p _ ni l_`cff _ [ ] b ncg _
cn#m _ g j ns ã \ o n D ` ch ^ nb [ n D ] [ h j l _ ] cm_ fs [ h ^ k o c] e fs ^ _ j i mcn [
nb ch _ p_ h f[ s _ l i ` ` fo c^ ch ni nb _ ` [ n nb cm q [ s * D \ _ h ^ nb _ h _ _ ^ f_ m
[ n nb _ b o \ ni [ 0 1 )^ _ a l _ _ [ h a f_ ( q b c] b mca h c` c] [ h nfs cg j l i p _ m
nb _ cl g [ h _ o p _ l [ \ cfcns *
Dch d_ ] n nb _ fi ] [ f [ h _ mnb _ nc] \ i nb [ m D#g [ ^ p [ h ] ch a nb _ h _ _ ^ f_ [ h ^
[ m D#g q cnb ^ l [ q ch a cn( [ h ^ Dj c] e ch d_ ] nci h mcn_ m nb [ n [ ffi q g _ ni
NI V W ] \ ch [ m_ g c] cl ] f_ mi nb [ n D] [ h _ ` ` c] c_ h nfs ch `cfnl [ n_ [ m g o ] b
n_ l l cni l s [ m j i mmc\ f_ ` l i g _ [ ] b mcn_ ( q cnb fcnnf_ c` [ h s i p_ l f[ j * C [ p ì
ch a nb _ 0 1 )^ _ a l _ _ \ _ h ^ ch nb _ h _ _ ^ f_ g [ e _ m ch d_ ] nch a o h ^ _ l nb _
] o l p _ ^ mo l ` [ ] _ m i ` nb _ h _ ] e [ h ^ mfc^ ch a ch ni b [ l ^ )ni )l _ [ ] b j f[ ] _ m
[ l i o h ^ nb _ _ [ l g o ] b _ [ mc_ l *

1 î
m o l a _ l s #m m_ k o _ h ] _ i ` _ p _ h nm
< m D#g mo l _ s i o ^ i ( D b [ p_ [ l i o nch _ ` i l ch d_ ] nch a nb _ fi ] [ f* Ob cm cfì
fo mnl [ nci h mb i q m nb _ o mo [ f m_ k o _ h ] _ o m_ ^ ` i l [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e
fc`n nb [ n q cff ch ] fo ^ _ [ ^ _ ` [ nnch a i ` nb _ d[ q fch _ * Dn l _ [ ffs ^ i _ mh #n
g [ nn_ l q b _ l _ D mn[ l n [ h ^ q b _ l _ D ` ch cmb ch d_ ] nch a ( i l b i q D a _ n
` l i g i h _ ni nb _ i nb _ l * D mcg j fs o m_ [ m_ k o _ h ] _ nb [ n cm j b s mc] [ ffs
] i g ` i l n[ \ f_ ` i l g _ ( [ h ^ i h _ nb [ n D ] [ h _ [ mcfs e _ _ j nl [ ] e i ` ( mi D
^ i h #n l _ ch d_ ] n [ l _ [ m D#p_ [ fl _ [ ^ s ch d_ ] n_ ^ ( i l me cj [ l _ [ m nb [ n D
b [ p _ h #n ch d_ ] n_ ^ * Ob _ l _ #m h i l i ] e _ n m] c_ h ] _ b _ l _ *
Ti o #ff m_ _ nb [ n D \ _ a ch nb _ ch d_ ] nci h o j ch nb _ b [ cl )\ _ [ l ch a mc^ _ )
\ o g ( \ _ ] [ o m_ D q cff \ l ch a i o n nb _ d[ q fch _ mo ] nci h ^ l [ ch nb _ l _ [ n
nb _ _ h ^ i ` nb _ j l i ] _ ^ o l _ * D nb _ h ch d_ ] n ^ i q h q [ l ^ ch ` l i h n i ` nb _
_[ l ( [ h ^ ] i h nch o _ [ \ i p _ nb _ d[ q fch _ i p _ l ni nb _ ] b ch * Ob _ h D ch d_ ] n
\ _ b ch ^ [ h ^ \ _ fi q nb _ _[ l * I _ r n D ch `cfnl [ n_ nb _ [ l _ [ \ _ b ch ^ nb _ [ h ì
n_ l ci l \ i l ^ _ l i ` nb _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^ g o m] f_ * D ` ch ^ nb [ n nb _ l _ cm
f_ mm l cme i ` ch d_ ] nch a ch ni nb _ _ r n_ l h [ f do a o f[ l p _ ch c` D ch d_ ] n
p _ l s mo j _ l ` c] c[ ffs do mn o h ^ _ l nb _ me ch [ fi h a nb _ p _ l nc] [ f j [ nb i `
nb _ p _ ch $[ l _ [ - , %* Ob _ h D ` ch cmb ch d_ ] nch a nb _ h _ ] e ch ` l i h n i ` nb _
[ h n_ l ci l \ i l ^ _ l i ` nb _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^ g o m] f_ ni do mn \ _ s i h ^ nb _
g c^ fch _ * < h ^ `ch [ ffs * D ch `cfnl [ n_ [ fi h a nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h * Ob _ h
D ^ i nb _ m[ g _ i h nb _ i j j i mcn_ mc^ _ *
R b _ h D j _ l ` i l g [ ] i g j f_ n_ ` [ ] _ )h _ ] e fc`n q cnb mg [ ff)ch ] cmci h
\ l i q fc` nm( D mn[ l n nb _ ch d_ ] nci h m_ k o _ h ] _ do mn \ _ b ch ^ nb _ / ] g
n_ g j i l [ f i l ` l i h n[ f m] [ fj ch ] cmci h ( [ h ^ ch d_ ] n ^ i q h q [ l ^ \ _ h _ [ nb
nb _ ch ] cmci h ch nb _ mo \ a [ f_ [ f j f[ h _ ni nb _ mo j l [ i l \ cn[ f l cg * < n f_ [ mn
nb _ f[ n_l [ f b [ f` i ` nb _ ` i l _ b _ [ ^ i h _ [ ] b mc^ _ cm ch d_ ] n_ ^ ` i l [ n_ g ì
j i l [ f fc`n* Ob _ h [ n nb _ mo j _ l ci l i ni \ [ mci h ( D mn[ l n nb _ ch ` cfnl [ nci h i `

h _ ] e fc`n6
nb _ ] b _ _ e ch nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m j f[ h _ ã ch d_ ] nch a ` cl mn [ fi h a nb _
fi q _ l _ ^ a _ i ` nb _ mc^ _ \ o l h ( [ h ^ nb _ h ^ i q h q [ l ^ [ fi h a nb _ j l _ [ o ì
l c] o f[ l [ h ^ l _ nl i nl [ a [ f ch ] cmci h ni nb _ \ [ m_ i ` nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ * Al i g [
j i ch n [ n nb _ ` l i h n i ` nb _ fi q _ l mc^ _ \ o l h ( Dch d_ ] n i p _ l ni nb _ f[ n_ l [ f
i l \ cn[ f l cg [ h ^ o j j _ l g [ f[ l [ l _ [ ( [ h ^ nb _ h ^ i q h q [ l ^ ni ch ` cfnl [ n_
nb _ f[ n_ l [ f nb cl ^ i ` nb _ ] b _ _ e ni nb _ d[ q fch _ * Al i g [ mj i n do mn j i mì
n_ l ci l ni nb _ g [ f[ l _ g ch _ h ] _ ( Do m_ [ fi h a . 1 )a [ o a _ mj ch [ f h _ _ ^ f_
ni ch d_ ] n nb _ g _ ^ c[ f n q i nb cl ^ m i ` nb _ ] b _ _ e ch [ l [ ^ c[ nch a j [ nì
n_ l h ã l _ [ ] b ch a ni nb _ o j j _ l mc^ _ q [ ff i ` nb _ h i m_ ( h [ mi f[ \ c[ f
] l _ [ m_ ( [ h ^ ] i l h _ l i ` nb _ g i o nb * Ob _ l _ mn i ` nb _ ch d_ ] nci h cm [ m D
^ _ m] l c\ _ ^ cn j l _ p ci o mfs ` i l nb _ h _ ] e *
R b _ h D ` cl mn mn[ l n ni ch d_ ] n nb _ fi ] [ f [ h _ mnb _ nc] ( D cg g _ ^ c[ n_ fs \ _ ì
a ch ni l [ n_ nb _ k o [ fcns i ` nb _ b _ g i mn[ mcm [ n nb _ me ch ch d_ ] nci h
mcn_ ã [ k o [ fcns ^ _ n_ l g ch _ ^ \ s \ i nb nb _ mj _ _ ^ [ n q b c] b nb _ \ fi i ^
] fi nm [ h ^ nb _ _ ` ` _ ] ncp _ h _ mm i ` nb _ ] i h nl [ ] ncfcns ch nb _ q [ ffm i ` nb _
mg [ ff \ fi i ^ p _ mm_ fm ni m_ [ f [ j o h ] no l _ * Ob c] e ( mfi q i i t ch a nb [ n
f[ mnm h i g i l _ nb [ h / , m_ ] i h ^ m cm [ a i i ^ mca h * Ob ch ( q [ n_ l s i i t ì
ch a nb [ n ] i h nch o _ m [ h ^ ] i h nch o _ m [ h ^ ] i h nch o _ m ` i l g [ h s g ch ì
o n_ m ` l i g _ [ ] b i ` nb _ h _ _ ^ f_ )mnc] e mcn_ m cm \ [ ^ h _ q m ã q b [ n D ] [ ff
nb _ J I L V W W b M [ QOV $h i i t _ 9 h _ _ ^ f_ i i t ch a %* D` D a _ n \ [ ^ h i i t _ ( D
e h i q nb [ n q b _ h nb _ p [ mi ] i h mnl c] ncp _ _ ` ` _ ] n i ` nb _ _ j ch _ j b l ch _
b [ m q i l h i ` ` ( nb _ j [ nc_ h n q cff \ f_ _ ^ [ a i i ^ ^ _ [ f* F h i q ch a nb [ n( D
nl s ni ^ i q b [ n_ p _ l D ] [ h ^ o l ch a nb _ i j _ l [ nci h ni j l _ p _ h n \ f_ _ ^ ch a
f[ n_ l i h * O b [ n g _ [ h m ^ i ch a [ m g o ] b i ` nb _ ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^
[ m g o ] b i ` nb _ ^ _ ` [ nnch a [ m D m[ ` _ fs ] [ h o mch a nb _ _ f_ ] nl i ì
] [ o n_ l s ch mn_ [ ^ i ` m] [ fj _ f [ h ^ m] cmmi l m( [ h ^ cn g _ [ h m mni j j ch a
ni ] [ o n_ l ct _ \ f_ _ ^ ch a p _ mm_ fm q b _ h D m_ _ nb _ g ( l [ nb _ l nb [ h nl s ì
ch a ni ` ch ^ nb _ g [ a [ ch q b _ h nb _ s g [ s h i n \ _ [ m pcmc\ f_ * Dn [ fmi
g _ [ h m ^ i ch a [ ^ _ _ j j f[ h _ fc`n ch nb _ ] b _ _ e $[ L ZQMZ j f[ h _ %( l [ nb _ l
nb [ h _ f_ p [ nch a [ ` f[ j ch nb _ o mo [ ffs _ M \ \ M Z mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m j f[ h _ *
< h ^ cn g _ [ h m nb [ n nb _ mo l a _ l s cm a i ch a ni n[ e _ fi h a _ l ni ` ch cmb *
< n f_ [ mn i h ] _ ^ o l ch a nb _ j l i ] _ ^ o l _ ( [ m D g i p _ \ [ ] e [ h ^ ` i l nb
` l i g i h _ mc^ _ i ` nb _ ` [ ] _ i l h _ ] e ni nb _ i nb _ l ( D ch d_ ] n [ fcnnf_
\ i i mn_ l i ` fi ] [ f [ h _ mnb _ nc] b _ l _ [ h ^ nb _ l _ ni g [ ch n[ ch nb _ h o g \ ì
ch a [ h ^ b _ g i mn[ nc] _ ` ` _ ] nm* D ^ i nb _ m[ g _ [ m D#g [ \ i o n ni ] fi m_ (
ch d_ ] nch a do mn [ fcnnf_ [ h _ mnb _ nc] q cnb _ j ch _ j b l ch _ ch ni nb _ mo \ ] o n[ ì
h _ i o m ` [ n i h nb _ o h ^ _ l mc^ _ i ` nb _ ` f[ j m ] fi m_ ni nb _ f[ n_ l [ f _ ^ a _ m
mi nb _ s q i h #n \ f_ _ ^ p _ l s g o ] b q b _ h nl cg g _ ^ * E o m n \ _ ` i l _ nb _
^ l _ mmch a cm [ j j fc_ ^ ( D ^ i mi g _ h _ l p _ \ fi ] e m q cnb g [ l ] [ ch _ $j [ l ì
nc] o f[ l fs nb _ mo j l [ i l \ cn[ f h _ l p _ m c` [ \ l i q fc`n b [ m \ _ _ h ^ i h _ %( ni
cg j l i p _ j [ nc_ h n ] i g ` i l n cg g _ ^ c[ n_ fs [ ` n_ l mo l a _ l s *

1 Ç m o l a _ l s èm m _ k o _ h ] _ i ` _ p _ h nm
N@L P @I >@ AJ M F GDAO
< ` _ q q i l ^ m ` cl mn [ \ i o n b _ g i mn[ mcm6 = _ ] [ o m_ j [ nc_ h nm ^ i \ _ nn_ l
c` j o ^ ^ f_ m [ h ^ j i i fm ^ i h #n ] i ff_ ] n \ _ h _ [ nb nb _ mo l ` [ ] _ ( j l _ p _ h nch a
[ h ^ ^ cg ch cmb ch a ch nl [ i j _ l [ ncp_ [ h ^ j i mni j _ l [ ncp _ \ f_ _ ^ ch a cm cg ì
j i l n[ h n* M_ j _ [ n_ ^ fs fi i e ch a ` i l \ f_ _ ^ ch a p _ mm_ fm cm nb _ \ _ mn q [ s D
e h i q ` i l ` ch ^ ch a nb _ g ( q b c] b cm q b s D#ff ` f[ a nb _ i j _ l [ ncp_ q i l ^
ch \ i f^ l _ ^ q b _ h D l i o nch _ fs n[ e _ [ g ch o n_ i l nq i ^ o l ch a nb _
] i o l m_ i ` nb _ j l i ] _ ^ o l _ ni n_ h ^ ni nb cm n[ me *
D \ _ a ch [ h _ ] e fc`n q cnb nb _ ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h ` l i g nb _ f_`n j _ l c[ o l c] o ì
f[ l ch ] cmci h ( [ fi h a q cnb q b [ n_ p _ l mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ^ _ ` [ nnch a D q [ h n
ni ^ i ch nb _ h _ ] e [ h ^ d[ q fch _ [ l _ [ m nb [ n ] [ h \ _ ] i g ` i l n[ \ fs [ ] ì
] i g j fcmb _ ^ ` l i g nb cm mc^ _ ch ] cmci h ã q b c] b cm o mo [ ffs g i mn i ` nb _
` f[ j o h ^ _ l g ch ch a [ h ^ g i mn i ` nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s $ch ì
] fo ^ ch a nb _ di q fm%* D mn[ l n i h nb _ f_ `n mc^ _ mcg j fs i o n i ` b [ \ cn*
C _ g i mn[ mcm cm i \ n[ ch _ ^ * D nb _ h ^ i nb _ m[ g _ ` l i g nb _ l ca b n j _ l cì
[ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cmci h *
I _ r n( D g [ e _ nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f me ch ch ] cmci h ( i l mo \ g _ h n[ f me ch mnl cj
_ r ] cmci h ( c` l _ g i p [ f i ` [ ^ _ _ j mo \ g _ h n[ f me ch ] l _ [ m_ cm ch i l ^ _ l i l
c` ] i l l _ ] nci h i ` ] b ch j ni mcm b [ m \ _ _ h j f[ h h _ ^ \ s nb _ _ ffcj nc] [ f _ r ] cì
mci h g _ nb i ^ * D` [ ] b ch cg j f[ h n cm ni \ _ [ ^ ^ _ ^ ( cn cm ch m_ l n_ ^ [ n nb cm
ncg _ ( q cnb [ m_ ] o l _ g o m] f_ ] fi mo l _ i p _ l nb _ cg j f[ h n* Ob _ me ch [ h ^
mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m f[ s _ l m i ` nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h [ l _ f_`n i j _ h mi
nb [ n nb _ ] _ h nl [ f h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h ] [ h \ _ ^ i h _ h _ r n( q b c] b q cff
] i h h _ ] n ch ni nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m j i ] e _ n [ fl _ [ ^ s ^ cmm_ ] n_ ^ ` l i g nb _
f_`n [ h ^ l ca b n mc^ _ m* D nb _ h ] i g j f_ n_ nb _ l _ g i p [ f i ` nb _ _ r ] _ mm
mo \ g _ h n[ f [ h ^ ] _ h nl [ f h _ ] e mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n nb [ n b [ ^ \ _ _ h f_`n
i h nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ` i l _ r ] cmci h * C _ g i mn[ mcm cm i \ n[ ch _ ^ *
Ai l g [ h s s _ [ l m D \ _ a [ h nb _ h _ ] e fc`n q cnb nb _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h ` l i g nb _
mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h ( \ o n D mq cn] b _ ^ ni [ mn[ l n [ n nb _ j _ l c[ o l c] o f[ l
ch ] cmci h m q b _ h D ` i o h ^ nb [ n cn q [ m [ fcnnf_ _ [ mc_ l ` i l g _ ni ^ i nb _
h _ ] e [ h ^ d[ q fch _ ^ _ ` [ nnch a ` l i g nb _ mc^ _ m* Ob _ ` fi q i ` nb _ i j _ l [ ì
nci h [ fmi m_ _ g _ ^ ni \ _ g i l _ _ ` ` c] c_ h n q b _ h D g i p _ ^ ` l i g nb _
mc^ _ m ni nb _ ] _ h n_ l ( \ _ ] [ o m_ i h ] _ D mn[ l n_ ^ q i l e ch a nb l i o a b nb _
mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h ( cn q [ m ] i h p _ h c_ h n ni mn[ s nb _ l _ ` i l nb _ mo \ ì
j f[ ns mg [ f mo l a _ l s [ h ^ j f[ ns mg [ j f[ mns *
D#p_ ` i o h ^ nb [ n c` D ch ] cm_ nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h q b cf_ D#g mcnnch a
i l mn[ h ^ ch a [ n nb _ mc^ _ i ` nb _ j [ nc_ h n( D n_ h ^ ni g [ e _ nb _ ch ] cmci h [
fcnnf_ ni i fi h a [ h ^ mb c` n_ ^ mfca b nfs i ` ` ni nb _ mc^ _ * D ^ i \ _ nn_ l c` D
mn[ h ^ [ n nb _ b _ [ ^ i ` nb _ n[ \ f_ ( g [ l e nb _ g c^ fch _ j i ch n [ a [ ch ` i l
l _ ` _ l _ h ] _ ( [ h ^ l _ ^ l [ q nb _ ch ] cmci h mi nb [ n cn cm j _ l ` _ ] nfs ms g g _ nì
l c] [ f* Ob _ h D ] o n fi i e ch a ^ i q h ` l i g [ \ i p_ *

h _ ] e fc`n
< ` n_ l ] i g j f_ nch a nb _ m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s nb l i o a b nb _ m o \ ì
g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h mi nb [ n D#g fi i e ch a [ n [ V I S M L j f[ ns mg [ ( D [ mm_ mm
h _ ] e ] i h ni o l ( [ h ^ c` [ j j l i j l c[ n_ ( D j l i ] _ _ ^ q cnb nb _ mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f
mo l a _ l s [ h ^ nb _ h nb _ ] i l m_ n j f[ ns mg [ j f[ mns * < fcnnf_ g i l _ di q f [ h ^
d[ q fch _ ` [ n l _ g i p [ f i ` n_ h h _ _ ^ m ni \ _ ^ i h _ [ n nb cm j i ch n* D nb _ h ^ i
q b [ n_ p _ l [ ^ ^ cnci h [ f o h ^ _ l g ch ch a i ` nb _ ` f[ j cm h _ _ ^ _ ^ ` l i g nb _
mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h ni _ fcg ch [ n_ me ch j o ] e _ l ch a ch ` _ l ci l fs i l f[ n_ l ì
[ ffs * C _ g i m n[ m cm cm i \ n[ ch _ ^ *
O b _ _ s _ fc^ m [ l _ h i q ch d_ ] n_ ^ q cnb fi ] [ f [ h _ mnb _ nc] c` \ f_ j b [ l i )
j f[ mnc_ m [ l _ j f[ h h _ ^ mi nb [ n nb _ _ j ch _ j b l ch _ b [ m [ n f_ [ mn . , g ch ì
o n_ m ni n[ e _ _ ` ` _ ] n* Ob _ h ( mcnnch a [ n nb _ f_ `n mc^ _ i ` nb _ b _ [ ^ i ` nb _
n[ \ f_ ( D b o h n ` i l b _ g i m n[ m cm o h ^ _ l nb _ f_ ` n h _ ] e ` f[ j ( [ h ^ D ch d_ ] n
nb _ _ ^ a _ m i ` nb _ ` f[ j q cnb nb _ fi ] [ f [ h _ mnb _ nc] q cnb _ j ch _ j b l ch _ (
\ o n D ^ i h #n ] fi m_ nb _ f_ ` n j _ l c[ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cmci h s _ n*
D no l h nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m b _ [ ^ ni nb _ f_ ` n mc^ _ ( [ h ^ mncff mcnnch a [ n nb _ f_ ` n
mc^ _ i ` nb _ n[ \ f_ ( Dfi i e o h ^ _ l nb _ h _ ] e ` f[ j i h nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m l ca b n
mc^ _ [ h ^ ] i g j f_ n_ nb _ o h ^ _ l g ch ch a i ` nb _ h _ ] e ` f[ j f[ n_ l [ ffs [ h ^
ch ` _ l ci l fs ( [ h ^ _ r j fi l _ ^ cfca _ h nfs ` i l b _ g i mn[ mcm* Dnb _ h ch d_ ] n nb _
mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n h _ [ l nb _ _ ^ a _ m i ` nb _ ch ] cmci h m q cnb mi g _ fi ] [ f
[ h _ mnb _ nc] q cnb _ j ch _ j b l ch _ ( \ o n i h ] _ [ a [ ch ( D ^ i h #n ] fi m_ nb _ ch ì
] cmci h *
I _ r n D no l h nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m b _ [ ^ \ [ ] e ni nb _ l ca b n mc^ _ ( [ h ^ i h nb _
f_ ` n D ] i g j f_ n_ nb _ f[ n_ l [ f [ h ^ ch ` _ l ci l ` f[ j o h ^ _ l g ch ch a ( q cnb s _ n
[ h i nb _ l nb i l i o a b m_ [ l ] b ` i l b _ g i mn[ mcm* D` nb _ fi q _ l ] b _ _ e b [ m
\ _ _ h o h ^ _ l g ch _ ^ [ \ i p _ nb _ d[ q fch _ ( [ - , Al l i o h ^ O G N mo ] nci h
^ l [ ch $Ki l _ r No l a c] [ f Kl i ^ o ] nm( I _ q h [ h ( B < % cm j f[ ] _ ^ [ \ i p _ nb _
d[ q fch _ i p _ l ni nb _ mc^ _ i ` nb _ ] b ch ã _ r cnch a nb _ ^ l [ ch q cnb ch nb _
b [ cl i ` nb _ n_ g j i l [ f mc^ _ \ o l h h _ [ l nb _ ni j i ` nb _ [ h n_ l ci l _ [ l *
< h i nb _ l ^ l [ ch cm j f[ ] _ ^ [ m f i q [ h ^ [ m ` [ l [ ] l i mm nb _ h _ ] e [ m j i m ì
mc\ f_ ( mi nb [ n cn _ r cnm q cnb ch nb _ b [ cl ch nb _ i ] ] cj cn[ f m] [ fj h _ [ l nb _
ni j i ` nb _ j i mn_ l ci l _ [ l * O b _ j _ l c[ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cmci h cm nb _ h ] fi m_ ^ *
< ` n_ l no l h ch a nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m b _ [ ^ ni nb _ f_ ` n( D g i p _ [ l i o h ^ ni nb _
l ca b n mc^ _ i ` nb _ n[ \ f_ ( [ h ^ mcnnch a ( j _ l ` i l g s _ n [ h i nb _ l m_ [ l ] b ` i l
b _ g i mn[ mcm( \ i nb o h ^ _ l nb _ ` f[ j [ h ^ i h nb _ j f[ ns mg [ * O b _ n q i
mo ] nci h ^ l [ ch m [ l _ ch m_ l n_ ^ ( i h _ f[ c^ [ \ i p _ nb _ d[ q fch _ [ h ^ nb _
i nb _ l j f[ ] _ ^ [ ] l i mm nb _ h _ ] e [ n nb _ f_ p_ f i ` nb _ b s i c^ * O b _ l ca b n
j _ l c[ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cmci h cm nb _ h ] fi m_ ^ *
Ob _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h cm ] fi m_ ^ f[ mn( mi nb [ n D b [ p _ [ ` ch [ f
] b [ h ] _ ni ] b _ ] e ` i l b _ g i m n[ m cm i h \ i nb mc^ _ m [ h ^ nb _ ] _ h n_ l *
J ` n_ h ( [ mg [ ff p _ ch i l n q i q cff \ _ ` i o h ^ mncff f_ [ e ch a ch nb _ ` [ n i `
nb _ ` f[ j do mn \ _ fi q nb _ ch ] cmci h ( i l [ mg [ ff p _ mm_ f q cff \ _ ^ cm] i p ì
_ l _ ^ mncff i i t ch a ` l i g nb _ mo l ` [ ] _ i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ h _ [ l nb _ g c^ ì

1 î
m o l a _ l s #m m _ k o _ h ] _ i ` _ p _ h nm
fch_* J h ] _ D#g b [ j j s q cnb nb _ b _ g i mn[ mcm( D ] fi m_ 7 \ o n c` nb _ h _ ] e
cm h i n [ m ^ l s [ m D#^ fce _( [ h ^ c` \ f_ j b [ l i j f[ mnc_ m [ l _ ni \ _ ^ i h _ ( D
f_ [ p_ nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h i j _ h o h ncf [ ` n_ l nb _ \ f_ j b [ l i j f[ mnc_ m
b [ p _ \ _ _ h ] i g j f_ n_ ^ ( mi nb [ n D ] [ h b [ p _ mncff [ h i nb _ l f[ n_ l mb i n [ n
b _ g i mn[ mcm \ _ ` i l _ nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h cm ` ch [ ffs ] fi m_ ^ [ h ^
nb _ ^ l _ mmch a [ j j fc_ ^ *
D e _ _ j nb _ j [ nc_ h n ch nb _ i j _ l [ nch a l i i g i h nb _ J M n[ \ f_ ` i l [
a i i ^ q b cf_ [ ` n_ l ] i g j f_ nci h i ` nb _ mo l a _ l s ^ o l ch a nb _ chcnc[ f l _ ì
] i p _ l s j _ l ci ^ * D` nb _ mo ] nci h ^ l [ ch m [ j j _ [ l ni \ _ ] i ff_ ] nch a [ f[ l a _
[ g i o h n i ` \ fi i ^ ( j [ l nc] o f[ l fs c` nb _ \ f_ _ ^ ch a cm \ l ca b n l _ ^ $mo a ì
a _ mnch a [ h [ l n_ l c[ f mi o l ] _ %( g s mn[ ` ` [ h ^ D ^ i h #n b _ mcn[ n_ ni l _ ì
g i p _ nb _ ^ l _ mmch a ( l _ )[ h _ mnb _ nct _ nb _ j [ nc_ h n( i j _ h q b [ n_ p _ l ch ì
] cmci h m m_ _ g [ j j l i j l c[ n_ o h ^ _ l mn_ l cf_ ] i h ^ cnci h m( [ h ^ _ r j fi l _
[ h ^ i \ n[ ch b _ g i mn[ mcm* D b [ p _ h _ p _ l l _ a l _ nn_ ^ ^ i ch a nb [ n* Dn cm
g o ] b _ [ mc_ l i h _ p _ l s i h _ $j [ nc_ h n [ h ^ mn[ ` ` [ fce _ % ni ^ _ [ f q cnb
[ h cg j _ h ^ ch a b _ g [ ni g [ mi i h [ ` n_ l mo l a _ l s nb [ h cn cm ni ^ _ [ f
q cnb [ h _ mn[ \ fcmb _ ^ b _ g [ ni g [ f[ n_ l i h [ ` n_ l nb _ j [ nc_ h n b [ m
f_ ` n nb _ J M +l _ ] i p _ l s [ l _ [ *
N@L P @I >@ AJ M < >J H =DI @?
=MJ R )>C@@F )I @>F GDAO
D o m_ [ ^ c` ` _ l _ h n [ j j l i [ ] b ` i l [ mg [ ff ch ] cmci h \ MU XWZI T J ZW _ TQN\ $
q b c] b cm ^ cmm_ ] n_ ^ ch nb _ mo \ a [ f_ [ f j f[ h _ [ h ^ [ h ] b i l _ ^ ni nb _
n_ g j i l [ f g o m] f_ ` [ m] c[ ( nb [ h D ^ i ` i l [ mg [ ff ch ] cmci h KMV\ ZI T
J ZW _ TQN\ $ q b c] b cm ^ cmm_ ] n_ ^ ch nb _ mo \ j _ l ci mn_ [ f j f[ h _ [ h ^ [ h ì
] b i l _ ^ ni [ G[ ] ni mi l \ ` cr [ nci h m] l _ q * D ^ i nb _ f_`n n_ g j i l [ f fc`n
`cl mn( nb _ h ] fi m_ cn $[ fq [ s m q cnb [ ^ l [ ch %( ` i ffi q _ ^ \ s nb _ ` [ ] _ [ h ^
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h i h nb _ f_`n mc^ _ * D nb _ h ^ i nb _ m[ g _ i h nb _
l ca b n mc^ _ * D` ] _ h nl [ f \ l i q fc`nm [ l _ ^ i h _ ( D ^ i nb _ g \ i nb `cl mn( \ _ ì
] [ o m_ D ^ cmm_ ] n [ ] l i mm nb _ g c^ fch _ i ` nb _ ` i l _ b _ [ ^ [ h ^ nb _ nq i
mc^ _ m [ l _ ] i h h _ ] n_ ^ * Ob _ h \ i nb ` l i h n[ f m] [ fj [ ] ] _ mm ch ] cmci h m [ l _
] fi m_ ^ [ n nb _ m[ g _ ncg _ $[ fmi q cnb ^ l [ ch m%*
I _ r n D ^ i [ ff i l j [ l n i ` nb _ ] b _ _ e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h ( nb _ h ] i h nch o _ i h
ni nb _ h _ ] e * < ` n_ l ^ cmm_ ] nch a [ h ^ ^ _ ` [ nnch a nb _ [ h n_ l i f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e
[ h ^ d[ q fch _ ` l i g nb _ j _ l c[ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cmci h ( c` D b [ ^ _ f_ ] n_ ^ ni ^ i [
^ _ _ j )j f[ h _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h ch nb _ ] b _ _ e ( D q cff b [ p _ i h fs o h ^ _ l g ch _ ^
nb _ ] b _ _ e me ch ch cnc[ ffs ` i l / ] g ch ` l i h n i ` nb _ _[ l * D h i q l _ no l h ni
nb _ ] b _ _ e [ h ^ g [ e _ [ p_ l nc] [ f ch ] cmci h nb l i o a b nb _ N H < N - *1 ] g
ch ` l i h n i ` nb _ _ [ l ` l i g nb _ [ h a f_ i ` nb _ d[ q o j ni nb _ t s a i g [ nc]
[ l ] b ( [ h ^ nb _ h D j _ l ` i l g [ h _ r n_ h mcp _ m o \ )N H < N ^ cmm_ ] nci h ch nb _
] b _ _ e * D g [ e _ ] _ l n[ ch i ` nb _ b _ g i mn[ mcm( [ h ^ nb _ h D no l h nb _ b _ [ ^
ni nb _ i j j i mcn_ mc^ _ [ h ^ ^ o j fc] [ n_ nb _ j l i ] _ ^ o l _ nb _ l _ *

h _ ] e fc` n
< ` n_ l ] i g j f_ nch a nb _ m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m [ h ^ m o \ j f[ ns m g [ f q i l e [ h ^
] i l m_ n j f[ ns mg [ j f[ mns nb l i o a b nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h ( D _ h mo l _
f_ ` n ] b _ _ e )h _ ] e b _ g i m n[ m cm ( l ca b n ] b _ _ e )h _ ] e b _ g i m n[ m cm ( nb _ h
f_ ` n ] b _ _ e )h _ ] e b _ g i m n[ m cm [ a [ ch ( ch m_ l n [ m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m h _ ] e
^ l [ ch [ h ^ _ cnb _ l [ m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m i l m o \ ) N H < N ] b _ _ e ^ l [ ch ( ` i fì
f i q _ ^ \ s nb _ fc`n [ h ^ mo no l _ ` cr [ nci h i ` nb _ f_ ` n ] b _ _ e ` f[ j $ch ] fo ^ ì
ch a nb _ N H < N ( c` [ ^ _ _ j )j f[ h _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h b [ ^ \ _ _ h ^ i h _ %* O b _ h
nb _ ` f[ j cm nl cg g _ ^ [ h ^ ] fi m_ ^ i h nb _ f_ ` n mc^ _ * D g i p _ [ l i o h ^ ni
nb _ l ca b n mc^ _ ( ^ i [ h i nb _ l ] b _ ] e ` i l b _ g i m n[ m cm nb _ l _ ( ch m_ l n nb _
n q i mo ] nci h ^ l [ ch m( nb _ h fc`n( [ h ] b i l ( [ h ^ ] fi m_ [ m D ^ c^ i h nb _ i j ì
j i mcn_ mc^ _ * > fi mo l _ i ` nb _ m o \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h ( i l nb _ \ f_ j b [ l i ì
j f[ mnc_ m( cm ^ i h _ f[ mn*
M@BDH @I < AO@M G@< QDI B OC @
KJ NO J Q@MT < M@<
O b _ ch nl [ p _ h i o m fch _ cm f_ ` n ch i p _ l h ca b n ch ] [ m_ ` fo c^ m i l ch nl [ ì
p _ h i o m ^ l o a m h _ _ ^ ni \ _ [ ^ g ch cmn_ l _ ^ * O b _ Ai f_ s ] [ nb _ n_ l cm [ fmi
f_ ` n ch j f[ ] _ i p _ l h ca b n* O b _ j [ nc_ h n cm ch cnc[ ffs [ ffi q _ ^ ] f_ [ l fck o c^ m
i l [ ffs [ h ^ nb _ h [ mi ` n mi fc^ ^ c_ n( [ m ni f_ l [ n_ ^ * < g _ h o i ` j [ l _ h ì
n_ l [ f [ h ^ i l [ f j [ ch g _ ^ c] [ nci h m cm j l _ m] l c\ _ ^ nb [ n nb _ j [ nc_ h n ] [ h
] b i i m _ ` l i g * O b _ \ fi i ^ j l _ mmo l _ cm g i h cni l _ ^ ] fi m_ fs * < n ncg _ m(
nb _ j [ nc_ h n cm a cp _ h nb _ \ _ n[ )\ fi ] e _ l g _ ni j l i fi f $q b c] b mb i o f^
h i n \ _ a cp _ h ni j [ nc_ h nm q cnb \ l i h ] b i mj [ mnc] ^ cm_ [ m_ m m o ] b [ m
[ mnb g [ %( i l nb _ [ fj b [ )[ a i h cmn b s j i n_ h mcp _ [ a _ h n ] fi h c^ ch _ ni ] i h ì
nl i f nb _ \ fi i ^ j l _ mmo l _ * Dh ` l _ k o _ h nfs [ h ch nl [ p _ h i o m g _ ^ c] [ nci h
cm h _ _ ^ _ ^ ` i l \ fi i ^ j l _ mmo l _ ] i h nl i f* J l [ f [ h nc\ ci nc] m [ l _ a cp _ h ` i l
- q _ _ e ( [ m cm [ h i l [ f [ h ncp cl [ f ^ l o a c` nb _ j [ nc_ h n b [ m [ j [ mn b cmì
ni l s i ` [ ` _ p _ l \ fcmn_ l * D ^ i h #n l i o nch _ fs j l _ m] l c\ _ j i mni j _ l [ ncp _
mn_ l i c^ m*
O b _ b _ [ ^ i ` nb _ \ _ ^ cm _ f_ p [ n_ ^ * O b _ j [ nc_ h n cm j _ l g cnn_ ^ i h _ j cfì
fi q ( q b c] b cm j f[ ] _ ^ \ _ h _ [ nb nb _ mb i o f^ _ l m [ h ^ nb _ b _ [ ^ mi nb [ n
nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m h _ ] e cm h i n ` f_ r _ ^ ni q [ l ^ nb _ ] b _ mn* O b _ p [ ] o o g
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q b cf_ ^ cmm_ ] nch a *
Ai l _ r [ g j f_ ( q b cf_ g [ ch n[ ch ch a \ [ ] e q [ l ^ ] i o h n_ l nl [ ] nci h i h nb _
` f[ j ( D] [ h [ ] ] o l [ n_ fs m_ _ [ h ^ ` _ _ f nb _ ^ _ j nb nb [ n g s m] cmmi l m ncj m
[ l _ q i l e ch a \ _ h _ [ nb nb _ me ch * < ` f[ j nb [ n cm h _ cnb _ l ni i nb ch h i l
ni i nb c] e ] [ h \ _ ^ _ p _ fi j _ ^ nb [ n q [ s ( [ h ^ nb _ nb c] e h _ mm ] [ h \ _
p[ l c_ ^ g i l _ [ ] ] o l [ n_ fs q b _ l _ [ h ^ q b _ h Dq [ h n* J ` ] i o l m_ ( cn#m
cg j i l n[ h n ni j _ _ e o h ^ _ l nb _ ` f[ j ` l i g ncg _ ni ncg _ ni p _ l c` s nb [ n
nb _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h cm ch ^ _ _ ^ ch nb _ ^ _ mcl _ ^ j f[ h _ ( \ o n [ \ fch ^ X ] [ P %K] \
q cnb nb _ m] cmmi l m ] [ h i ` n_ h \ _ [ m[ ` _ l [ h ^ g i l _ [ ] ] o l [ n_ g _ nb i ^
i ` ^ cmm_ ] nci h nb [ h [ ^ cmm_ ] nci h ^ i h _ \ s fi i e ch a ^ cl _ ] nfs [ n nb _ ` [ n
[ h ^ mh cj j ch a [ q [ s [ n cn q cnb i o n e h i q ch a j l _ ] cm_ fs b i q ^ _ _ j i l
b i q mo j _ l ` c] c[ f nb _ m] cmmi l m [ l _ * = fch ^ o h ^ _ l g ch ch a b [ m nb _ [ ^ ^ cì
nci h [ f [ ^ p [ h n[ a _ i ` \ _ ch a ` [ mn*
D\ _ fc_ p_ nb [ n nl [ h mcffo g ch [ nch a [ me ch ` f[ j ni a [ o a _ cnm nb c] e h _ mm
^ o l ch a ^ cmm_ ] nci h cm g o ] b g i l _ ^ c` ` c] o fn nb [ h a [ o a ch a nb _ nb c] e ì
h _ mm o mch a [ \ fch ^ ^ cmm_ ] nci h n_ ] b h ck o _ * R cnb [ \ fch ^ ^ cmm_ ] nci h D
] [ h _ [ mcfs e _ _ j nb _ m] cmmi l m ^ _ _ j _ h i o a b ni j l _ m_ l p _ [ h [ ^ _ ì
k o [ n_ j [ ^ i ` ` [ n o h ^ _ l nb _ me ch ( \ o n q b _ h [ nl [ h mcffo g ch [ n_ ^ ` f[ j
mn[ l nm ni [ j j _ [ l ni i nb ch ( cn cm [ fl _ [ ^ s ni i f[ n_ ni l _ mni l _ nb _ ` [ n
$[ h ^ nb _ \ fi i ^ mo j j fs % ni nb [ n i p _ l fs nb ch h _ ^ [ l _ [ *
R b _ h D q [ h n ni l _ g [ ch j l _ ] cm_ fs i h ni j i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ch nb _
h _ ] e i l nb _ N H < N ch nb _ ] b _ _ e ( D ^ i nb [ n o h ^ _ l ^ cl _ ] n p cmci h (
fi i e ch a o h ^ _ l nb _ ` f[ j * Ai l _ r [ g j f_ ( ch nb ch )h _ ] e _ ^ j [ nc_ h nm D
g [ s q _ ff q [ h n ni _ f_ p[ n_ g i mn( c` h i n [ ff( i ` nb _ [ h n_ l i f[ n_ l [ f m o \ ì
] o n[ h _ i o m h _ ] e ` [ n q cnb nb _ me ch ` f[ j * Dh nb [ n ] [ m_ ( Dc^ _ h nc` s nb _
j f[ ns mg [ \ _ fi q nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ nb l i o a b nb _ j _ l c[ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cmci h [ h ^
nb _ h ] [ l _ ` o ffs ^ cmm_ ] n do mn i h ni j i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ q cnb m] cmmi l m i l
h _ _ ^ f_ )ncj ] [ o n_ l s o h ^ _ l ^ cl _ ] n p cmci h * C i q _ p _ l ( q b _ h D q [ h n ni
_ f_ p[ n_ [ ff i ` nb _ g c^ fch _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n q cnb nb _ me ch ` f[ j

2 î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
nb l i o a b nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h ( D c^ _ h nc` s nb _ j f[ ns mg [ do mn \ _ fi q
nb _ ] b ch [ h ^ o m_ nb _ m] cmmi l m ni j o mb )] o n \ fch ^ fs ^ i q h q [ l ^ [ h ^
i o nq [ l ^ ( q b c] b ] f_ [ p_ m nb _ `[ n ` l i g nb _ mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ` [ m] c[ q cnb ì
i o n ^ [ g [ a ch a nb _ j f[ ns mg [ *
= fch ^ o h ^ _ l g ch ch a mb i o f^ \ _ ^ i h _ p _ l s ] [ l _ ` o ffs ch nb ch )h _ ] e _ ^
[ h ^ nb ch )` [ ] _ ^ j [ nc_ h nm( [ h ^ ch j [ nc_ h nm q b i b [ p _ b [ ^ [ j l _ p cì
i o m ` [ ] _ fc`n i l h _ ] e fc`n* Dh mo ] b j [ nc_ h nm cn cm p _ l s _ [ ms ni ch [ ^ ì
p_ l n_ h nfs j o mb ch ni nb _ mo \ )NH < N i l mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f j f[ h _ q b _ l _
`[ ] c[ f h _ l p_ \ l [ h ] b _ m g [ s \ _ ch ^ [ h a _ l i ` ch do l s ( _ p_ h c` nb _ m] cmì
mi l m m_ _ g ni \ _ p _ l s mo j _ l ` c] c[ f o h ^ _ l nb _ me ch * D fi i e ` l _ k o _ h nfs
o h ^ _ l nb _ ` f[ j ni \ _ ] _ l n[ ch nb [ n D#g ch nb _ ] i l l _ ] n j f[ h _ * D` D#g h i n(
Dg [ e _ [ h [ ^ do mng _ h n*
< `ch[ f q i l ^ [ \ i o n \ fch ^ o h ^ _ l g ch ch a 6 D` D[ g o h ] _ l n[ ch [ \ i o n nb _
ncmmo _ j f[ h _ D#g ch( i l c` nb _ j f[ h _ cm k o cn_ m] [ l l _ ^ ` l i g [ j l _ pci o m
mo l a _ l s ( i l nb _ m] cmmi l m ^ i h i n g i p _ _ [ mcfs nb l i o a b nb _ ncmmo _ m( D
^ i VW\ j o mb [ b _ [ ^ \ fch ^ fs * D^ cmm_ ] n o h ^ _ l ^ cl _ ] n pcmci h o h ncf D [ g
] _ l n[ ch nb [ n D [ g ch nb _ j f[ h _ i ` ] b i c] _ ã e _ _ j ch a cg j i l n[ h n h _ l p_ m
[ h ^ p_ mm_ fm i o n i ` b [ l g #m q [ s * @r j _ ^ c_ h ] _ h _ p _ l n[ e _ m j l ci l cns
i p _ l m[ ` _ ns *
C@HJ NO< p i c^ ch a b _ g [ ni g [ m( _ p_ h p_ l s mg [ ff i h _ m( [ h ^ nb _ m_ l i g [ m
nb [ n ` i ffi q nb _ m_ j o ^ ^ f_ ^ ] i ff_ ] nci h m( cm i h _ i ` nb _ g i mn ] l o ] c[ f
` [ ] ni l m ch [ pi c^ ch a j i mni j _ l [ ncp_ j l i \ f_ g m* Dh nb cm l _ a [ l ^ ( m_ ] o l _
ch nl [ i j _ l [ ncp_ P MU W[ \ I [ Q[ cm _ mm_ h nc[ f* Dh g s _ r j _ l c_ h ] _ nb _
\ _ mn q [ s ni i \ n[ ch m_ ] o l _ b _ g i mn[ mcm cm \ s l _ j _ [ n_ ^ fs q i l e ì
ch a [ n cn( [ m D g i p _ \ [ ] e [ h ^ ` i l nb ` l i g i h _ mc^ _ i ` nb _ h _ ] e
[ h ^ ` [ ] _ ni nb _ i nb _ l * = s nb cm D ^ i h #n g _ [ h [ m_ ] i h ^ fi i e ` i l
b _ g i mn[ mcm( \ o n [ a i i ^ g [ h s fi i e m ` i l b _ g i mn[ mcm( \ _ ] [ o m_
_ [ ] b ncg _ D fi i e D ` ch ^ [ h _ q \ f_ _ ^ ch a j i ch n i l i h _ D g cmm_ ^ i h [
j l _ pci o m fi i e * Ob _ l _ [ l _ g [ h s i j j i l no h cnc_ m ^ o l ch a mo l a _ l s ni
j l _ p_ h n( fi i e `i l ( l _ ^ o ] _ ( [ h ^ ] i h nl i f \ f_ _ ^ ch a * Ob _ m_ i j j i l no h cì
nc_ m mb i o f^ \ _ n[ e _ h *
? o l ch a nb _ ^ _ m] l cj nci h m i ` i j _ l [ ncp_ n_ ] b h ck o _ ( D#ff j i ch n i o n nb _ m_
i j j i l no h cnc_ m( [ h ^ b ca b fca b n nb _ q i l ^ b _ g i mn[ mcm ch \ i f^ l _ ^ ni
[ nnl [ ] n s i o l [ nn_ h nci h *

h _ ] e fc`n
NP MBD> < G O@> CI DL P @
< GJ I B NP G> P N DI > DNDJ I DNDJ I R DOC P O OJ H T
< fi h a mo f] o m ch ] cmci h cm _ cnb _ l nb l _ _ )k o [ l n_ l )f_ h a nb i l ` o ff)f_ h a nb (
q cnb i l q cnb i o n [ b ca b ( mb i l n nl [ h mp _ l m_ b ch a _ * O b _ ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] ì
nci h n_ ] b h ck o _ cm _ mm_ h nc[ ffs nb _ m[ g _ ` i l [ ff ` i o l p [ l c[ nci h m( mi
D#g a i ch a ni cffo mnl [ n_ nb _ cl o m_ q cnb [ mch a f_ ] [ m_ nb [ n o m_ ^ [
nb l _ _ )k o [ l n_ l mo f] o m ch ] cmci h q cnb i o n [ b ch a _ * D#g [ fmi a i ch a ni
ch ] fo ^ _ nb _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h n_ ] b h ck o _ nb l i o a b nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h (
\ _ ] [ o m_ nb [ n ] i g \ ch [ nci h cm q b [ n D g i mn i ` n_ h o m _ ã _ cnb _ l ` i l [ h
cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc`n i l ` i l [ h _ ] e fc`n ^ i h _ ch ] i h do h ] nci h q cnb [
] b _ _ e fc`n( q b c] b cm [ fmi nb _ mcno [ nci h cffo mnl [ n_ ^ ch nb _ ] [ m_ _ r [ g ì
j f_ nb [ n ` i ffi q m*
D` [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc`n q _ l _ \ _ ch a ^ i h _ ( nb _ ch ] cmci h q i o f ^ mn[ l n ch
nb _ me ch ] l _ [ m_ ch ` l i h n i ` nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ do mn \ _ f i q nb _ ch n_ l nl [ a [ f
ch ] cmo l [ ( ch ^ c] [ n_ ^ \ s nb _ I ZZW_ &

2 î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
Ob _ g [ ch j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l j i l nci h i ` nb _ nb l _ _ )k o [ l n_ l )f_ h a nb mo f] o m ch ] cmci h cm
m_ _ h [ m [ [ WTQL J T] M TQVM ch nb _ mo f] o m* Ob _ LI [ P ML ZMNMZMVKM TQVM[ i h nb _ h _ ] e
me ch ch ^ c] [ n_ nb _ d[ q fch _ ( [ h n_ l ci l \ i l ^ _ l i ` nb _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^ g o m] f_ ( _ r n_ l h [ f
do a o f[ l p_ ch ( [ h ^ [ l _ [ i ` nb _ o j j _ l h _ ] e l _ k o cl ch a mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ^ _ ` [ nnch a * Ob _
L I [ P ML J TI KS TQVM ch ^ c] [ n_ m nb _ [ j j l i r cg [ n_ _ r n_ h n i ` me ch ` f[ j o h ^ _ l g ch ch a
nb [ n q cff \ _ ^ i h _ \ s nb _ _ h ^ i ` nb _ i j _ l [ nci h *
D ^ i g i mn( c` h i n [ ff( i ` nb _ _ f_ p[ nci h i ` nb _ g [ mni c^ [ l _ [ me ch ` f[ j o mch a nb _ h _ _ ì
^ f_ )ncj _ f_ ] nl i ] [ o n_ l s ni g [ ch n[ ch b _ g i mn[ mcm* < ` n_ l nb _ ch ] cmci h b [ m \ _ _ h
fca b nfs m] i l _ ^ q cnb nb _ m] [ fj _ f( q cnb nb _ nb o g \ [ h ^ ch ^ _ r ` ch a _ l i ` g s f_`n b [ h ^
j o ffch a nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ [ q [ s ` l i g nb _ ] o n _ ^ a _ ( [ h ^ q cnb g s g c^ ^ f_ ` ch a _ l j o mb ch a
ch nb _ i j j i mcn_ ^ cl _ ] nci h ni n_ h m_ nb _ me ch ( nb _ g c] l i ncj ] [ o n_ l s cm o m_ ^ ni ] o n
nb l i o a b nb _ ^ _ l g cm [ h ^ nb _ mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ` c\ _ l m i ` nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ fca [ g _ h n ch ni nb _
mo l l i o h ^ ch a `[ n* R cnb nb _ _ [ l ` i f^ _ ^ ` i l q [ l ^ ( nb _ g c] l i ncj ] [ o n_ l s cm nb _ h fca b nì
fs mnl i e _ ^ [ fi h a nb _ ch ] cmci h fch _ ch ni nb _ nb ch f[ s _ l i ` ` [ nns )[ l _ i f[ l ncmmo _ ` i o h ^
i p_ l nb _ g [ mni c^ \ _ b ch ^ nb _ mo f] o m* < m nb cm cm ^ i h _ ( nb _ me ch _ ^ a _ i ` nb _ g [ mì
ni c^ ` f[ j mj i h n[ h _ i o mfs l _ nl [ ] nm \ [ ] e q [ l ^ * P mo [ ffs $\ o n h i n mb i q h [ \ i p _ % nb _
j [ ^ m i ` g s ` ch a _ l ncj m i ` g s f_`n b [ h ^ [ fmi j o mb nb _ me ch \ [ ] e q [ l ^ [ m nb _ h _ q
` f[ j _ ^ a _ cm a _ h nfs l _ f_ [ m_ ^ *

h _ ] e fc`n
Oq i . ), mcfe nl [ ] nci h mo no l _ m [ l _ ch m_ l n_ ^ ( i h _ ch nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ [ h ^ nb _ i nb _ l
b ca b _ l o j nb l i o a b nb _ me ch [ h ^ ] [ l ncf[ a _ ] fi m_ ni nb _ _ [ l #m _ ^ a _ * < n nb _ ni j i `
nb _ ch ] cmci h ( nb _ h _ q ` f[ j _ ^ a _ cm b _ f^ o j q cnb mg [ ff ` i l ] _ j m q b cf_ nb _ ] [ o n_ l s
l _ f_ [ m_ m nb _ nca b n [ ^ b _ mci h m [ h ] b i l ch a nb _ g [ mni c^ me ch ni nb _ g [ mni c^ ` [ m] c[ *
D` j i mmc\ f_ ( [ nb ch f[ s _ l i ` s _ ffi q )q b cn_ `[ n cm f_`n i p_ l nb _ g [ mni c^ ` [ m] c[ * Ob cm
o h ^ _ l ] o nnch a ] l _ [ n_ m [ mg [ ff ] [ p_ \ _ b ch ^ nb _ me ch _ ^ a _ * Ob _ ` i l ] _ j m nb _ h a l [ \
nb _ me ch _ ^ a _ [ ] _ h ncg _ n_ l fi q _ l ^ i q h ( [ h ^ [ h i nb _ l mg [ ff ] [ p_ cm ] i [ a o ] o n(
mq _ _ j ch a nb _ ] [ o n_ l s ncj o h ^ _ l nb _ me ch nb _ q [ s s i o #^ mfcj ch ni [ h _ h p_ fi j _
q cnb [ f_nn_ l i j _ h _ l * Ob cm m[ g _ g [ h _ o p _ l cm l _ j _ [ n_ ^ m_ p_ l [ f ncg _ m( j l i a l _ mì
mcp_ fs g [ l ] b ch a ^ i q h q [ l ^ ni q [ l ^ nb _ \ i nni g i ` nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ * < ^ i o \ f_ b i i e
b i f^ ch a nb _ _ [ l `f[ n b _ fj m g _ ni m_ _ o h ^ _ l nb _ ^ _ p_ fi j ch a `f[ j *
< ` n_ l g o fncj f_ [ ^ d[ ] _ h n ] [ p_ m b [ p_ \ _ _ h ] l _ [ n_ ^ o h ^ _ l nb _ g [ mni c^ me ch )` [ n
`f[ j ( nb _ m_ [ l _ ] i h h _ ] n_ ^ q cnb nb _ ] [ o n_ l s * De _ _ j l _ j i mcnci h ch a nb _ mg [ ff ` i l ì
] _ j m i l g s ` ch a _ l ncj m ni ^ c` ` _ l _ h n j f[ ] _ m o j [ h ^ ^ i q h nb _ `f[ j _ ^ a _ ni j _ _ f nb _
`f[ j \ [ ] e [ m nb _ h _ _ ^ f_ )ncj ] [ o n_ l s mq _ _ j m nb l i o a b nb _ nca b n ` c\ l i ` [ nns ncmmo _ *

2 î
h _ ] e `f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
Di `n_h a l [ mj nb _ ] o ` ` i ` nb _ g [ mni c^ me ch `f[ j \ _ nq _ _ h nb _ nb o g \
[ h ^ ch ^ _ r `ch a _ l i ` g s f_`n b [ h ^ [ h ^ fc`n b[ l ^ ( mi g _ ncg _ m q cnb [
a [ o t _ mj i h a _ ni e __j nb _ mfcj j _l s `f[ j ` l i g _ m] [ j ch a g s j ch ] b (
[ h ^ q cnb nb _ ncj i ` g s nb o g \ j o mb ch a \ [ ] e q [ l ^ [ a [ ch mn nb _
\ [ m_ i ` nb _ `f[ j ( D ] i [ a o ] o n nb _ ` c\ l i ` [ nns ncmmo _ q cnb nb _ ] [ o ì
n_ l s do mn o h ^ _ l nb _ ncj i ` g s nb o g \ ( nl s ch a ni f_[ p_ [ \ cn i ` `[ n
i h nb _ g [ mni c^ `[ m] c[ ni j l i n_ ] n nb _ _ g _ l a ch a j i mn_ l ci l \ l [ h ] b _ m
i ` nb _ a l _ [ n [ o l c] o f[ l [ h ^ f_mm_l i ] ] cj cn[ f h _ l p_ m* > i [ a o ] o nnch a
do mn o h ^ _ l nb _ ncj i ` g s nb o g \ cm [ a i i ^ q [ s ni j l _ p_ h n \ o nni h ì
b i fch a nb _ nb ch `f[ j q cnb nb _ b i n h_ _^ f_)ncj *
Ni g _ ncg _ m nb _ _ [ mc_ mn [ h ^ nb _ m[ ` _ mn q [ s ni `ch^ nb_ ] i l l _ ] n
j f[ h _ `i l _ r n_ h ^ ch a nb _ `f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h j i mn_ l ci l fs cm ni mfc^ _ nb _
ncj m i ` nb _ cl cm m] cmmi l m ch ni nb _ l _ f[ ncp_ fs mi ` n ` [ n do mn \ [ l _ fs
o h ^ _ l nb _ me ch ( [ h ^ nb _ h ni ] o n nb _ ncmmo _ \ _ nq _ _ h nb _ mfca bnfs
m_ j [ l [ n_ ^ m] cmmi l \ f[ ^ _m* Ob cm n_ ] b h ck o _ cm h i n [ m ^ l s [ m ^ cmm_ ] nì
ch a q cnb nb _ ] [ on_l s ( \ o n cn [ pi c^ m [ j i mmc\ f_ ch dol s ni nb _ me ch
` l i g nb _ ] [ on_l s * D o m_ nbcm n_ ] b h ck o _ q b _ h nb _ me ch cm p_ l s nca b nì
fs [ ^ b _ l _ h n ni nb _ g [ mni c^ `[ m] c[ *

h _ ] e fc`n
Dh g i m n ] [ m_ m( nb _ g [ mni c^ ` f[ j mb i o f^ \ _ o h ^ _ l g ch _ ^ [ m ` [ l
\ [ ] e [ m nb _ i ] ] cj cn[ f b [ cl fch _ * Ob cm [ ffi q m [ j l i j _ l l _ ^ cmnl c\ o nci h
i ` nb _ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e me ch \ s mcg o f[ nch a nb _ _ r n_ h n i ` g [ mni c^ me ch
o h ^ _ l g ch ch a nb [ n q i o f^ \ _ i \ n[ ch _ ^ c` [ h i ] ] cj cn[ f b [ cl )_ ^ a _ ch ] cì
mci h b [ ^ \ _ _ h o m_ ^ * J ` n_ h ( b i q _ p _ l ( D ^ i h #n o h ^ _ l g ch _ nb _ g [ mì
ni c^ ` f[ j [ ff nb _ q [ s i o n ni nb _ i ] ] cj cn[ f b [ cl fch _ [ n nb _ \ _ a ch h ch a
i ` mo l a _ l s ( \ o n q [ cn ni ] i g j f_ n_ nb _ di \ o h ncf D#g _ r n_ h ^ ch a nb _
f[ n_ l [ f ` f[ j o h ^ _ l g ch ch a ` i l [ mg i i nb ` ch [ f me ch ` f[ j ^ l [ j ch a j l ci l
ni ] fi mo l _ *
Ob cm j [ nc_ h n _ r _ g j fc` c_ m [ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e me ch ` i f^ l _ mo fnch a ` l i g [ h
ch ] i g j f_ n_ l _ ^ cmnl c\ o nci h i ` f[ r h _ ] e me ch * Ob cm fce _ fs i ] ] o l l _ ^ \ _ ì
] [ o m_ i ` [ h ch mo ` ` c] c_ h n f[ n_ l [ f o h ^ _ l g ch ch a i ` nb _ h _ ] e ` f[ j ã [ m
mo a a _ mn_ ^ ch nb _ ch nl [ i j _ l [ ncp _ j b i ni !I ZZW_ [ "&

2 î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
< ` n_ l nb _ g [ mni c^ ` f[ j b [ m \ _ _ h _ f_ p [ n_ ^ ( D \ _ a ch ni _ f_ p [ n_
nb _ ` f[ j \ _ fi q [ h ^ ch ` l i h n i ` nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ *
Ob _ cl cm m] cmmi l m mh cj ch ni nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n ch ` l i h n i ` nb _
_ [ l fi \ _ ( [ h ^ nb _ h ( c` D q [ h n ni m_ _ i l ^ _ ` [ n [ \ i p _ [ h ^ [ fi h a nb _
f[ n_l [ f d[ q fch _ ( Dj o mb )] o n nb l i o a b nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m `[ n q cnb nb _
m] cmmi l m*

h _ ] e fc`n
R b [ n D ^ i h _ r n ^ _ j _ h ^ m i h q b _ nb _ l D#p _ j f[ h h _ ^ ni ^ _ ` [ n nb _ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e (
i l q b _ nb _ l D#p _ j f[ h h _ ^ ni j l _ m _ l p _ nb [ n ` [ n*
R b _ h D q [ h n ni j l _ m _ l p _ [ ff i ` nb _ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e ` [ n D nl s ni ` ch ^ nb _ j f[ ns mg [
[ m mi i h [ m j i mmc\ f_ \ _ fi q nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ [ h ^ do mn ] [ o ^ [ f ni nb _ [ h a f_ i ` nb _
g [ h ^ c\ f_ ( mi nb [ n [ ff i ` nb _ ` [ n ] [ h \ _ _ f_ p [ n_ ^ q cnb nb _ me ch ` f[ j * R cnb nb _
? _ [ p _ l l _ nl [ ] ni l b i f^ ch a o j nb _ ` f[ j _ ^ a _ \ _ fi q nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ ( Da _ h nfs mj l _ [ ^
p_ l nc] [ ffs q cnb nb _ ncj m i ` nb _ H _ nt _ h \ [ o g m] cmmi l m fi i e ch a ` i l [ b ch n i ` j ch e ã
nb _ j ch e ] i fi l i ` nb _ nl [ h mfo ] _ h n ` [ m] c[ )] i p _ l _ ^ j f[ ns mg [ !\ WX"& J h ] _ D b [ p _
c^ _ h nc` c_ ^ do mn [ fcnnf_ i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ( D] [ h nb _ h ] [ l _ ` o ffs mj l _ [ ^ !J W\ \ WU $ TMN\ "
[ h ^ ] o n !J W\ \ WU $ ZQOP \ " nb _ ` [ n q cnb nb _ ncj m i ` nb _ m] cmmi l m do mn mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ni
nb _ j ch e ncmmo _ ni \ _ a ch nb _ ^ _ p _ fi j g _ h n i ` nb _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h j f[ h _ ã \ [ l ch a nb _
j f[ ns mg [ *

2 î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
R cnb nb _ T[ h e [ o _ l ncj j o mb ch a ^ i q h i h nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ni mnl _ n] b nb _ g o m] f_ ( D
i `n_ h m_ j [ l [ n_ nb _ `[ n ` l i g nb _ j f[ ns mg [ q cnb nb _ fi h a _ f_ ] nl i ] [ o n_ l s !\ WX"$ q b c] b
g [ ch n[ ch m j _ l ` _ ] n b _ g i mn[ mcm* Dh nb _ \ i nni g j b i ni m( D b [ p_ l _ [ ] b _ ^ nb _ g c^ ì
fch_( [ h ^ nb _ q b cn_ ` c\ _ l m i ` nb _ U ML QI T XTI \ a [ U I %K] \ I VMW] [ NQTI U MV\ [ ] [ h \ _
m_ _ h ( q b c] b [ l _ \ _ ch a l _ f_ [ m_ ^ [ fi h a nb _ g _ ^ c[ f _ ^ a _ i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ * nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m `[ n \ _ fi q nb _ d[ q fch _ b [ m \ _ _ h _ f_ p[ n_ ^ q cnb nb _ me ch `f[ j *

h _ ] e fc`n
D` D#p_ ^ i h _ [ j l _ i j _ l [ ncp_ i o nfch _ !J TI KS L I [ P ML TQVM[ " i ` [ ] _ h nl [ f [ l _ [ ` i l
mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ^ _ ` [ nnch a ( q b _ h nb _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h i h nb _ mo l ` [ ] _ i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [
l _ [ ] b _ m nb [ n \ i o h ^ [ l s fch _ ( Dl _ g i p _ nb _ ? _ [ p _ l l _ nl [ ] ni l ( a l [ mj nb _ ` f[ j _ ^ a _
q cnb g s ` ch a _ l m ` i l \ [ ] e q [ l ^ ] i o h n_ l nl [ ] nci h ( [ h ^ ] o n [ h ^ mj l _ [ ^ nb l i o a b nb _
] _ h nl [ f ` [ n q cnb nb _ H _ nt _ h \ [ o g m] cmmi l m i p _ l ni nb _ g c^ fch _ i ` nb _ h _ ] e *
D f_ [ p _ / g g i l mi i ` _ mm_ h nc[ f ` [ n j [ ^ ^ ch a i h nb _ o h ^ _ l mo l ` [ ] _ i ` nb _ ` f[ j
[ h ^ f_ [ p_ nb _ _ r ] _ mm ` [ n ni \ _ ^ cm] [ l ^ _ ^ i h nb _ mo l ` [ ] _ i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ` i l
mo \ m_ k o _ h n l _ g i p [ f* @r ] _ j n ` i l [ h i ] ] [ mci h [ f fi i e o h ^ _ l nb _ ` f[ j ni \ _ ] _ l n[ ch
nb [ n nb _ m] cmmi l ncj m b [ p _ h i n ch [ ^ p_ l n_ h nfs j _ h _ nl [ n_ ^ nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ( nb cm ` f[ j
o h ^ _ l g ch ch a cm ^ i h _ \ fch ^ fs * D` nb _ j [ nc_ h n b [ m [ nb ch h _ ] e nb [ n l _ k o cl _ m h i
mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ^ _ ` [ nnch a ( nb _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h j l i ] _ _ ^ m ni q [ l ^ nb _ g c^ fch _ i h ni j i `
nb _ j f[ ns mg [ o h ^ _ l ^ cl _ ] n p cmci h \ _ h _ [ nb nb _ `f[ j *
R b _ h Dq [ h n ni ^ _ ` [ n nb _ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e ( Dj o l j i m_ fs f_ [ p_ nb _ ` [ n ni \ _ l _ g i p _ ^
i h nb _ f[ n_l [ f j f[ ns mg [ q b cf_ _ f_ p[ nch a nb _ me ch ` f[ j \ _ fi q nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ * R cnb nb _
mg [ ff cl cm m] cmmi l m D\ fch ^ fs j o mb )] o n nb l i o a b nb _ ` [ n q cnb nb _ ncj m i ` nb _ ] o l p _ ^
m] cmmi l m mfca b nfs mj l _ [ ^ [ h ^ ` [ ] ch a ^ i q h * Ob cm cm ^ i h _ ch [ l [ ^ c[ nch a j [ nn_ l h
!I ZZW_ [ " ` l i g nb _ \ [ m_ i ` nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ [ n [ ^ _ j nb nb [ n f_ [ p_ m nb _ M[ [ MV\ QI T NI \
i h nb _ o h ^ _ l mo l ` [ ] _ i ` nb _ me ch ` f[ j * Dh j o mb ch a ^ i q h q [ l ^ i p _ l nb _ mn_ l h i ì
g [ mni c^ g o m] f_ ( ] [ l _ mb i o f^ \ _ n[ e _ h h i n ni j o mb [ b _ [ ^ ni i ^ _ _ j fs ( mi nb [ n
nb _ ch p_ mnch a g o m] f_ ` [ m] c[ cm h i n ch [ ^ p_ l n_ h nfs j _ h _ nl [ n_ ^ ( l cme ch a ch do l s ni nb _
a l _ [ n [ o l c] o f[ l h _ l p_ *

= î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
< ` n_ l D b [ p_ l _ [ ] b _ ^ i o n q cnb nb _ fcnnf_ cl cm m] cmmi l m [ m `[ l [ m D ] [ h (
D n[ e _ o j nb _ fi h a H _ nt _ h \ [ o g m] cmmi l m ni _ r n_ h ^ nb _ mo \ ] o n[ ì
h _ i o m ^ cmm_ ] nci h ^ i q h q [ l ^ ( [ h ^ ` i l q [ l ^ ( [ h ^ [ fi h a nb _ d[ q fch _ *
R b _ h nb _ l _ cm [ di q f ` [ n j [ ^ ch h _ _ ^ i ` nl cg g ch a ( nb _ m] cmmi l m
o h ^ _ l g ch _ nb _ me ch i p _ l nb _ di q f( f_ [ pch a nb _ _ r ] _ mm di q f ` [ n ` i l
mo \ m_ k o _ h n l _ g i p[ f* Ob _ h D j l i ] _ _ ^ ni mb [ l j fs ^ cp c^ _ nb _ g [ h ì
^ c\ o f[ l fca [ g _ h n !I ZZW_ " [ n nb _ j l _ di q f h i n] b ( [ h ^ nb _ h D mh cj i h ì
q [ l ^ o h ncf nb _ ncj m i ` nb _ m] cmmi l m b [ p _ l _ [ ] b _ ^ nb _ _ h ^ i ` nb _
mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h fch_* < m fi h a [ m D l _ g [ ch mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ni nb _
j f[ ns mg [ [ h ^ nb _ fi q _ l fcj ^ _ j l _ mmi l g o m] f_ m( nb _ ` [ ] c[ f h _ l p _
\ l [ h ] b _ m ni nb _ m_ g o m] f_ m [ l _ _ h ncl _ fs m[ ` _ *
M_ g _ g \ _ l nb [ n [ ] ] i g j [ h s ch a nb _ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l fca [ g _ h n cm i ` n_ h
i h _ i l g i l _ p _ l s mg [ ff( \ o n mncff j i n_ h n( [ l n_ l c[ f me ch ` _ _ ^ _ l m(
q b c] b g [ s q _ ff h _ _ ^ _ f_ ] nl i ] i [ a o f[ nci h ` i l b _ g i mn[ mcmã mi D
fi i e ` i l nb _ g q cnb nb _ ? _ [ p_ l o h ^ _ l nb _ ` f[ j ã c` h i n h i q ( f[ n_l
i h ã _ cnb _ l i h nb _ o h ^ _ l mc^ _ i ` nb _ ` f[ j ( i l ch nb _ ` [ n f_`n i h nb _
NH < N)j f[ ns mg [ ( [ fi h a mc^ _ nb _ ] b ch do mn [ \ i p _ nb _ d[ q fch _ *

h _ ] e fc`n
I i q nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m h _ ] e j i ] e _ n h _ _ ^ m ni \ _ _ r n_ h ^ _ ^ ` o l nb _ l
ch ` _ l ci l fs [ h ^ f[ n_ l [ ffs * Dmi g _ ncg _ m ^ i nb cm q cnb nb _ H _ nt _ h \ [ o g
m] cmmi l m( q cnb j [ l nc] o f[ l ] [ l _ ni ^ cmm_ ] n mo j _ l ` c] c[ ffs i p _ l nb _ j [ nb
i ` nb _ _ r n_ l h [ f do a o f[ l p _ ch * = o n o mo [ ffs Dnl s ni ^ i [ m g o ] b i ` nb _
] [ o ^ [ f [ h ^ f[ n_ l [ f ` f[ j o h ^ _ l g ch ch a [ m D ] [ h q cnb nb _ ^ s h [ g c] ^ o i
o h ^ _ l ^ cl _ ] n p cmci h ni m_ ] o l _ b _ g i mn[ mcm [ m nb _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h cm \ _ ì
ch a ^ i h _ *
R cnb g s [ mmcmn[ h n b i f^ ch a nb _ ` f[ j o j q cnb nb _ ? _ [ p _ l l _ nl [ ] ni l ( D
_ cnb _ l mnl _ n] b nb _ ` f[ j i o nq [ l ^ q cnb nb _ T [ h e [ o _ l !\ WX"$ i l D j o mb
^ i q h i h nb _ j f[ ns mg [ q cnb nb _ T [ h e [ o _ l !J W\ \ WU "& Ob cm cm ^ i h _
q b cf_ D mnl i e _ [ fi h a nb _ \ [ m_ i ` nb _ ` f[ j q cnb nb _ ] [ o n_ l s ncj ni
m_ j [ l [ n_ nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ` l i g nb _ ` [ n f_ ` n ch nb _ ` f[ j *

2 î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
D` nb _ ch n_ l ` [ ] _ \ _ nq _ _ h nb _ `f[ j [ h ^ nb _ j f[ ns mg [ i l nb _ ` f[ j [ h ^ nb _ ` [ m] c[
] i p _ l ch a nb _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^ i l nl [ j _ t co m g o m] f_ m cm ch ^ cmnch ] n i l mi nca b n nb [ n D
[ g ] i h ] _ l h _ ^ nb [ n ` l _ _ ch a nb _ ` f[ j q cnb nb _ _ f_ ] nl i ] [ o n_ l s g ca b n ch do l _ nb _
me ch ( D m_ j [ l [ n_ ` f[ j ` l i g ` [ m] c[ q cnb m] cmmi l m* Ob _ XWS M%I VL %K] \ g [ h _ o p _ l
cm nb _ g i mn ] i g g i h g _ nb i ^ 6 i h _ \ f[ ^ _ i ` nb _ m] cmmi l m j i e _ m ch ni nb _ `[ n do mn
o h ^ _ l nb _ me ch ( [ h ^ nb _ ] [ j no l _ ^ mo \ ^ _ l g [ f ` [ n cm m[ ` _ fs mh cj j _ ^ *
Ob _ XZWJ M%I VL %XZa g [ h _ o p _ l cm [ fmi o m_ ^ 6 nb _ m] cmmi l ncj m j l i \ _ ` i l [ mi ` n
mj i n do mn o h ^ _ l nb _ me ch [ fi h a nb _ ` f[ j #m \ [ m_ ( q b _ l _ [ mb [ ffi q b i f_ cm \ o l ì
l i q _ ^ * Ob _ h q cnb [ mnl i h a p_ l nc] [ f mj l _ [ ^ i ` nb _ m] cmmi l \ f[ ^ _ m( [ ] b [ h h _ f cm
j l c_ ^ i j _ h ( fcn_l [ ffs \ s n_ [ l ch a [ j [ l n nb _ TI \ MZI T [ \ MZVWU I [ \ WQL %K] \ I VMW] [ ZMi
\ I QVQVO TQOI U MV\ [ a fo ch a nb _ me ch ni nb _ g o m] f_ ` [ m] c[ * < ` n_ l i h _ i l g i l _
] b [ h h _ fm b [ p_ \ _ _ h j l c_ ^ i j _ h ( nb _ \ l c^ a ch a ncmmo _ \ _ nq _ _ h mo \ ^ _ l g [ f `[ n [ h ^
nb _ g o m] f_ ` [ m] c[ ] [ h \ _ ] o n q cnb m] cmmi l m i l ] [ o n_ l s * F _ _ j ch g ch ^ nb [ n nb _
`[ m] c[ ] i p _ l ch a nb _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^ g o m] f_ ] [ h [ fmi \ _ _ [ mcfs j l c_ ^ o j ( o h ] i p _ l ì
ch a nb _ a l _ [ n [ o l c] o f[ l i l f_ mm_ l i ] ] cj cn[ f h _ l p_ m [ h ^ _ r j i mch a nb _ g ni ch do l s *
A[ l nb _ l ^ i q h [ fi h a nb _ j i mn_ l ci l \ i l ^ _ l i ` nb _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^ ( [ fi h a [ fch _ \ cì
m_ ] nch a [ fch _ ] i h h _ ] nch a nb _ [ h a f_ i ` nb _ g [ h ^ c\ f_ [ h ^ nb _ ncj i ` nb _ g [ mni c^ (
nb _ mj ch [ f [ ] ] _ mmi l s h _ l p_ _ g _ l a _ m(. [ h ^ ] [ l _ g o mn \ _ _ r _ l ] cm_ ^ ch nb [ n [ l _[ *

h _ ] e fc`n
R cnb h _ [ l fs nb _ _ h ncl _ o h cf[ n_ l [ f mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m h _ ] e j i ] e _ n ^ cmì
m_ ] n_ ^ ` l i g nb _ j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l mo f] o m ch ] cmci h ( _ r ] _ j n ` i l nb [ n ch
nb _ g c^ fch _ t i h _ ( nb _ _ r ] _ m m m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n ch nb _ [ h n_ l i f[ nì
_ l [ f h _ ] e ] [ h h i q \ _ l _ g i p _ ^ * R cnb g s n_ ] b h ck o _ ( mo \ ] o n[ ì
h _ i o m h _ ] e ` [ n nb [ n cm ni \ _ l _ n[ ch _ ^ b [ m \ _ _ h _ f_ p [ n_ ^ q cnb nb _
me ch ` f[ j ( q b cf_ nb _ ` [ n nb [ n cm ni \ _ l _ m_ ] n_ ^ b [ m \ _ _ h n_ g j i l [ l cfs
f_ ` n i h nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ` i l l _ g i p [ f o h ^ _ l ^ cl _ ] n p cmci h *
< 6 ) 3- , 8 4) ;? : 5 ) nb [ n b [ m \ _ _ h ] f_ [ l _ ^ i ` ` [ n cm cg j i l n[ h n ` i l nb l _ _ l _ [ mi h m6
- * Dn [ ffi q m ] i h mnl o ] nci h i ` [ ] i l m_ n j f[ ns mg [ j f[ mns *
. * Dn j _ l g cnm [ mm_ mmg _ h n i ` h _ ] e ] i h ni o l q cnb i o n nb _ \ o ` ` _ l i ` mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n
mi nb [ n nb _ h _ _ ^ ` i l [ g c^ fch _ j f[ ns mg [ j f[ mns ( i l mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f mo l a _ l s ( i l g o mì
] f_ nca b n_ h ch a i p _ l nb _ mo \ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l m[ fcp[ l s a f[ h ^ m( i l [ j [ l nc[ f a f[ h ^ l _ m_ ] ì
nci h ] [ h \ _ [ ] ] o l [ n_ fs g [ ^ _ *
/ * Dn j l i pc^ _ m [ mg i i nb j f[ n` i l g i h q b c] b ni ^ l [ j _ nb _ me ch )` [ n `f[ j *
O b _ fcj _ ] ni g s o mo [ ffs m n[ l nm fi q ch nb _ h _ ] e q b _ l _ nb _ j f[ ns mì
g [ ] [ h g i l _ _ [ mcfs \ _ c^ _ h nc` c_ ^ ( [ h ^ q b _ l _ [ h ch [ ^ p _ l n_ h n l _ m_ ] ì
nci h i ` [ mg [ ff j i l nci h i ` g o m] f_ cm i ` fcnnf_ cg j i l n[ h ] _ * C i q _ p _ l (
nb _ a i [ f cm ni ] f_ [ l nb _ j f[ ns m g [ i ` ` [ n q cnb i o n [ fmi l _ g i p ch a
j c_ ] _ m i ` g o m] f_ * M _ g i p ch a g o m] f_ q _ [ e _ h m nb _ ] i l m_ n j f[ ns mì
g [ j f[ mns nb [ n g [ s \ _ j f[ h h _ ^ [ h ^ i ` n_ h l _ k o cl _ m nb [ n D l _ j [ cl nb _
^ [ g [ a _ \ s cg \ l c] [ nch a g o m] f_ i p _ l nb _ ^ cp i nm q cnb mo no l _ m* O b _
m[ ` _ mn q [ s ni ^ _ ` [ n nb _ j f[ ns mg [ cm ni m_ _ nb _ g o m] f_ do mn \ _ fi q
nb _ j i ch n i ` fcj _ ] ni g s [ h ^ j l i a l _ mm o j q [ l ^ ni q [ l ^ nb _ d[ q fch _ *
Mi \ \ ch m/ _ f_ a [ h nfs ^ _ g i h mnl [ n_ ^ nb [ n [ ff i ` nb _ _ r ] _ mm mo \ ] o n[ ì
h _ i o m ` [ n ] i o f^ \ _ l _ g i p _ ^ ` l i g [ ] l i mm nb _ _ h ncl _ h _ ] e ch i h _
\ ca j c_ ] _ ( \ o n ` i l g i mn i ` o m( n[ e ch a nb _ ` [ n ` l i g nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ch
mg [ ff j c_ ] _ m cm g o ] b _ [ mc_ l [ h ^ f_ mm l cme s *

_ î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
< a i i ^ q [ s ni c^ _ h nc` s nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ch nb _ fi q _ l h _ ] e ( _ mj _ ] c[ ffs
ch [ p _ l s ` [ nns h _ ] e ( cm ni j l _ mm [ a [ o t _ mj i h a _ ` cl g fs [ a [ ch mn nb _
` [ n ch nb _ fi q _ l h _ ] e [ h ^ l _ j _ [ n_ ^ fs mnl i e _ o j q [ l ^ i h nb _ `[ n
q cnb nb _ a [ o t _ * Ob cm mcg j f_ g [ h _ o p _ l q cj _ m nb _ ` [ n ` l i g nb _
mo l ` [ ] _ i ` nb _ fi q _ l j f[ ns mg [ * C i q _ p _ l ( nb _ ` [ n i h nb _ o j j _ l
j f[ ns mg [ cm g o ] b g i l _ [ ^ b _ l _ h n [ h ^ ^ i _ mh #n q cj _ [ q [ s *
I i q D#g l _ [ ^ s ni ] o n [ q [ s nb _ [ ^ b _ l _ h n ` [ n i h nb _ j f[ ns mg [ *
C I K] ] U KTMI VMZ TQXW[ ] K\ QWVQVO ] i o f^ \ _ ^ i h _ ( \ o n D j l _ ` _ l nb _
nb i l i o a b h _ mm i ` m] cmmi l m* R b _ l _ nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ] [ h \ _ m_ _ h ( nb _
fi h a ` i l ] _ j m j c] e o j nb _ `[ n mi nb [ n nb _ m] cmmi l m ] [ h a _ n [ j o l ì
] b [ m_ ( \ o n nb _ fc`n \ s nb _ ` i l ] _ j m cm h i n [ mnl i h a i h _ * D ^ i h #n q [ h n
ni n_ h n o j nb _ j f[ ns mg [ q cnb nb _ ` [ n [ h ^ q ch ^ o j mh cj j ch a i ` `
g o m] f_ [ m q _ ff* = _ nn_ l ni f_ [ p_ [ fcnnf_ ` [ n i h nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ( [ h ^
nb _ h ] f_ [ l nb _ l _ g [ ch ch a ` [ n [ q [ s q cnb nb _ h _ r n \ cn_*

h _ ] e fc`n
@[ ] b ` [ nns g i l m_ f cm ^ _ fcp_ l _ ^ ni g s [ mmcmn[ h n( q b i q cj _ m cn ` l i g
nb _ ` i l ] _ j m q cnb [ a [ o t _ mj i h a _ q b cf_ b i f^ ch a nb _ ? _ [ p _ l ch nb _
i nb _ l b [ h ^ * J h ] _ [ l b s nb g i ` n[ e _ )[ h ^ )a cp _ cm _ mn[ \ fcmb _ ^ ( cn l _ [ fì
fs ^ i _ mh #n n[ e _ p _ l s fi h a ni j c] e ] f_ [ h _ p _ h nb _ ` [ nnc_ mn h _ ] e *
I i h _ nb _ f_ mm( D\ _ fc_ p_ nb [ n ^ _ ` [ nnch a nb _ j f[ ns mg [ cm i h _ j f[ ] _
q b _ l _ nb _ mo l a _ i h mb i o f^ h i n \ _ ch [ l o mb * Ob _ l _ q [ l ^ ` i l [ fcnì
nf_ _ r nl [ j [ nc_ h ] _ b _ l _ cm [ ] f_ [ h mb _ _ n i ` g o m] f_ q cnb [ h ch n[ ] n
mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ` [ m] c[ ã q b c] b ( ` i l g _ ( cm [ j f_ [ mo l _ ni \ _ b i f^
< m nb _ mo \ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n cm l _ g i p _ ^ ( cn cm h i n o h ì
] i g g i h ` i l [ mo \ g _ h n[ f [ l n_ l s g o m] f_ j _ l ` i l [ ni l _ h n_ l ch a nb _
` [ n nb l i o a b nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ni \ f_ _ ^ pca i l i o mfs * < m mi i h [ m nb _ j _ l ì
` i l [ ni l cm o h ] i p _ l _ ^ [ h ^ c^ _ h nc` c_ ^ ( cn mb i o f^ \ _ _ f_ ] nl i ] i [ a o ì
f[ n_ ^ ` i l b _ g i mn[ mcmã h i n i h fs ni e _ _ j nb _ `c_ f^ ] f_ [ h ( \ o n [ fmi
ni [ p i c^ fi mch a mca b n i ` nb _ \ f_ _ ^ _ l mb i o f^ cn l _ nl [ ] n [ h ^ \ M U i
XWZI ZQTa mni j \ f_ _ ^ ch a *
Ob _ [ g i o h n i ` ^ _ ` [ nnch a l _ k o cl _ ^ ch nb _ d[ q fch _ \ [ h ^ ^ _ j _ h ^ m( i `
] i o l m_ ( i h \ i nb nb _ j l _ i j _ l [ ncp _ j f[ h [ h ^ nb _ ch nl [ i j _ l [ ncp_ [ j ì
j _ [ l [ h ] _ i ` nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ] i h ni o l m [ ` n_ l nb _ fi q _ l ] b _ _ e
[ h ^ d[ q fch _ ` f[ j b [ m \ _ _ h _ f_ p[ n_ ^ q cnb cnm M[ [ MV\ QI T XI L L QVO& Dh
[ h s _ p_ h n( [ a l [ ] _ ` o f nl [ h mcnci h mb i o f^ \ _ ` [ mb ci h _ ^ ` l i g nb _
h i q ` [ nf_ mm j f[ ns mg [ \ _ fi q nb _ d[ q fch _ ni nb _ mi g _ q b [ n ` [ nns
j f[ ns mg [ )NH < N f[ s _ l [ \ i p _ nb _ d[ q fch _ *
Ob _ l _ [ l _ nq i q [ s m ni ^ _ ` [ n nb _ d[ q fch _ q cnb m] cmmi l m* J h _ cm ni
fca b nfs fc`n nb _ `[ n q cnb nb _ ` i l ] _ j m( nl cg g ch a do mn ^ _ _ j ni nb _ ncj m(
[ m q [ m mb i q h i h j * . 2 5 ` i l ^ _ ` [ nnch a nb _ j f[ ns mg [ q cnb m] cmmi l m
\ _ fi q nb _ d[ q fch _ * Ob cm m[ g _ g [ h _ o p _ l ( b i q _ p _ l ( q b _ h ^ i h _
[ fi h a i l [ \ i p _ nb _ d[ q fch _ l cme m l _ g i p ch a ni i g o ] b ` [ n ch [ h s i h _
mj i n( _ p _ h q b _ h nb _ j f[ ns mg [ )NH < N f[ s _ l cm f_`n ch n[ ] nã j i mmc\ fs
] l _ [ nch a [ pcmc\ f_ ^ _ j l _ mmci h i l [ h cl l _ a o f[ l cns *

2 î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
< h [ fn_ l h [ ncp_ g [ h _ o p_ l ( ^ _ m] l c\ _ ^ \ s < mni h (- i ` ` _ l m f_ mm l cme i `
a i o a ch a [ h ^ [ mg i i nb _ l n[ j _ l ch a i ` nb _ `[ n* R cnb nb cm n_ ] b h ck o _ (
nb _ ` [ n cm h i n fc`n_^ q cnb nb _ ` i l ] _ j m( \ o n ch mn_ [ ^ ( nb _ m_ j [ l [ n_ ^
\ f[ ^ _ m i ` nb _ m] cmmi l m [ l _ mcg j fs j l _ mm_ ^ a _ h nfs ch ni nb _ `[ n ni
_ h a [ a _ [ fcnnf_ mnl cj ( [ h ^ nb _ h nb _ \ f[ ^ _ m [ l _ ] fi m_ ^ ni mb [ p _ nb _
` [ n [ q [ s ã [ m c` ni mk o _ _ t _ nb _ \ o nn_ l i o n i ` nb _ `[ n*
Ob _ m[ g _ nq i g [ h _ o p _ l m ] [ h \ _ o m_ ^ g _ ^ c[ ffs ni mb [ p _ [ h ^
mb [ j _ nb _ di q f ` [ n j [ ^ ã _ cnb _ l nb _ B N\ %I VL %\ ZQU !TMN\ " i l nb _
XZM[ [ %I VL %[ Y] MMb M !ZQOP \ "& J h _ q [ s i l nb _ i nb _ l ( b i q _ p _ l ( nb _
l _ mo fn mb i o f^ \ _ [ q _ ff)^ _ ` ch _ ] d[ q fch _ q cnb i o n [ di q f i p_ l b [ h a (
[ h ^ q cnb i o n [ h i p_ l fs [ \ l o j n mn_ j )^ i q h ` l i g nb _ mo j l [ g [ h ^ c\ )
o f[ l ni nb _ mo \ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l f_p_f( [ m mb i q h ch nb _ j b i ni m [ n nb _
ni j i ` j * . 3 . *

h _ ] e fc`n
Ob _ d[ q fch _ cm c^ _ h nc` c_ ^ \ s nb _ L I [ P ML TQVM ^ l [ q h i h nb _ j f[ ì
ns mg [ ch nb _ j b i ni m i ` nq i j [ nc_ h nm [ \ i p _ *
Ob _ l _ cm i h _ i nb _ l g _ nb i ^ nb [ n D o m_ ` i l ^ _ ` [ nnch a nb _ h _ ] e [ h ^
d[ q fch _ ch j [ nc_ h nm q b i b [ p _ ^ _ g i h mnl [ n_ ^ ch nb _ _ [ l fs mn[ a _ i `
mo l a _ l s nb [ n nb _ s b [ p _ [ n_ h ^ _ h ] s ni \ f_ _ ^ [ a i i ^ ^ _ [ f $m_ _ J I L
V W Wb M [ QOV$ j * . 0 . %( i l j [ nc_ h nm q b i b [ p _ ni o a b ` [ n nb [ n ch cnì
m_ f` q cff fce _ fs \ f_ _ ^ j l i ` o m_ fs [ ` n_ l nb _ _ j ch _ j b l ch _ #m p [ mi ] i h ì
mnl c] nci h b [ m ^ cmmcj [ n_ ^ ( i l ch g i m n g _ h * Dh nb _ m_ mcno [ nci h m( D l _ ì
g i p _ nb _ ` [ n q cnb nb _ fi h a h _ _ ^ f_ )ncj _ f_ ] nl i ] [ o n_ l s l [ nb _ l
nb [ h q cnb m] cmmi l m ni j l i j b s f[ ] nc] [ ffs i \ n[ ch b _ g i mn[ mcm* C i q ì
_ p_ l ( l _ g i p ch a nb _ ` [ n ` l i g nb _ j f[ ns mg [ q cnb nb _ ] [ o n_ l s q cnb ì
i o n [ fmi n[ e ch a [ q [ s \ cnm i ` g o m] f_ cm n_ ] b h c] [ ffs g i l _ ^ c` ` c] o fn
nb [ h cn cm q cnb m] cmmi l m* ? _ ` [ nnch a q cnb nb _ _ f_ ] nl i ] [ o n_ l s [ fmi
n[ e _ m g i l _ ncg _ * = o n f[ n_ l i h ch nb _ mo l a _ l s ( i l f[ n_ l nb [ n _ p _ h ch a (
q b _ h \ f_ _ ^ ch a $i l [ b _ g [ ni g [ % ` l i g o h m_ [ f_ ^ p _ mm_ fm _ g _ l a ch a
` l i g [ m] cmmi l m)^ _ ` [ nn_ ^ j f[ ns mg [ g ca b n \ _ [ j l i \ f_ g ( D#g a l [ n_ ì
`o f nb [ n D ni i e nb _ ncg _ ni ^ i nb _ ^ _ ` [ nnch a q cnb nb _ g o ] b g i l _
b _ g i mn[ nc] _ f_ ] nl i ] [ o n_ l s *

= î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
Ob _ n_ ] b h ck o _ nb [ n i ` n_ h g [ e _ m ^ _ ` [ nnch a i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [
q cnb nb _ _ f_ ] nl i ] [ o n_ l s _ [ mc_ l cm ^ i h _ nb cm q [ s 6 D a l [ mj [ mg [ ff
a fi \ i ` `[ n q cnb nb _ ` i l ] _ j m [ h ^ j o ff b [ l ^ ni q [ l ^ g _ ( q b cf_ D
l _ [ ] b i p_ l nb _ b o g j i ` nb _ ` fcj j _ ^ )\ [ ] e `[ n ni ni o ] b nb _ o h ^ _ l ì
mo l ` [ ] _ i ` nb _ `[ n ^ cmn[ ffs q cnb nb _ ] [ o n_ l s ncj * Ob _ e _ s cm ni o ] b ch a
nb _ `[ n q cnb nb _ ] [ o n_ l s ni l _ f_ [ m_ nb _ ] i h h _ ] ncp _ ncmmo _ ` c\ _ l m ch
nb _ ` [ n( h i n \ s ni o ] b ch a nb _ ] [ o n_ l s ni nb _ j f[ ns mg [ mo l ` [ ] _ *
Ob cm [ ffi q m nb _ `[ n ni \ _ mnl cj j _ ^ ` l i g nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ( f_ [ pch a ch ì
n[ ] n nb _ mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ` [ m] c[ ] i p_ l ch a nb _ g o m] f_ * Gc` nch a nb _ ` [ n [ h ^
nl s ch a ni o h ^ _ l ] o n cn q cnb nb _ ] [ o n_ l s ( nb _ q [ s Dl _ g i p _ ` [ n q cnb
m] cmmi l m( cm i ` n_ h g i l _ ^ c` `c] o fn [ h ^ ncg _ ] i h mo g ch a [ h ^ [ fmi
l cme m ch do l s ni nb _ g o m] f_ *
R b _ h D ^ _ ` [ n \ _ fi q nb _ d[ q fch _ ( D j o ff nb _ ` [ n o j q [ l ^ ni q [ l ^
nb _ d[ q fch _ [ h ^ ni o ] b cnm ^ _ _ j mc^ _ q cnb nb _ ] [ o n_ l s ncj *
R b _ h D ^ _ ` [ n [ fi h a [ h ^ [ \ i p _ nb _ d[ q fch _ !L I [ P ML TQVM[ "$ D j o ff
nb _ ` [ n ^ i q h q [ l ^ [ h ^ ] i [ a o ] o n nb _ ` [ n i ` ` ` l i g [ \ i p _ *

h _ ] e fc`n
R b _ h j _ l ` i l g ch a [ h s i ` nb _ i j _ h fcj _ ] ni g s g [ h _ o p _ l m( cn cm j l _ ` ì
_ l [ \ f_ ( \ o n h i n _ mm_ h nc[ f( nb [ n nb _ h _ [ l fs nl [ h mj [ l _ h n q b cn_
` [ m] c[ f g _ g \ l [ h _ nb [ n ] i p _ l m nb _ j f[ ns mg [ \ _ f_ ` n ch n[ ] n*
H o m] f_ q cnb [ h ch n[ ] n ` [ m] c[ b i f^ m j f[ ns mg [ j f[ mns mo no l _ m \ _ nn_ l
nb [ h l [ q g o m] f_ ^ i _ m( [ h ^ [ h ch n[ ] n ` [ m] c[ f mo l ` [ ] _ \ f_ _ ^ m f_ mm
nb [ h [ mb [ p _ ^ g o m] f_ mo l ` [ ] _ ^ i _ m* Ob _ j f[ ns mg [ b [ m [ j [ f_ j ch e
i l j [ f_ l _ ^ ] i fi l q b _ h cnm ch p _ mnch a ` [ m] c[ cm j l _ m_ h n* R b _ l _ nb _
` [ m] c[ b [ m \ _ _ h l _ g i p _ ^ ( nb _ o h ] i p _ l _ ^ g o m] f_ ^ cmj f[ s m [ ^ [ l e _ l
l _ ^ ] i fi l *
M _ g i p ch a nb _ _ r ] _ mm ` c\ l i ` [ nns ncmmo _ \ _ fi q nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ \ _ ì
nq _ _ h nb _ [ h n_ l ci l \ i l ^ _ l i ` nb _ o j j _ l mn_ l h i g [ mni c^ g o m] f_ [ h ^
nb _ fi q _ l \ i l ^ _ l i ` nb _ f[ n_ l [ f g [ h ^ c\ f_ ] [ h \ _ [ _ mnb _ nc] [ ffs \ _ h ì
_ `c] c[ f ch j [ nc_ h nm ch q b i g nb _ g o m] o fi g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l nl c[ h a f_ cm
j i i l fs ^ _ ` ch _ ^ * D` nb _ nl c[ h a f_ cm ` cff_ ^ q cnb mi ` n `[ n( l _ g i p ch a cn
q cnb m] cmmi l m g [ s ] [ o m_ i h fs [ g i ^ _ mn [ g i o h n i ` ^ _ f[ s _ ^ \ f_ _ ^ ì
ch a q b _ h nb _ _ j ch _ j b l ch _ )p [ mi ] i h mnl c] nci h b [ m q i l h i ` ` f[ n_ l ch
mo l a _ l s * = o n c` nb _ ` [ n ` cffch a nb _ nl i o a b cm ni o a b ` [ n $nb _ o mo [ f
] [ m_ %ã ` [ n `cff_^ q cnb nb _ ` c\ l i o m ] i h h _ ] ncp _ ncmmo _ i ` nb _ _ [ l fi \ _
fca [ g _ h n [ h ^ nb _ j f[ ns mg [ )[ o l c] o f[ l fca [ g _ h n( [ fi h a q cnb [ a i i ^
g [ h s ` ch _ \ fi i ^ p _ mm_ fmã [ mca h c` c] [ h n [ g i o h n i ` ^ _ f[ s _ ^ \ f_ _ ^ ì
ch a ] [ h \ _ _ r j _ ] n_ ^ c` m] cmmi l l _ g i p [ f cm ^ i h _ * Ob _ l _ ` i l _ ( ch g i mn
j [ nc_ h nm( cn cm g o ] b g i l _ b _ g i mn[ nc] ni ^ _ ` [ n nb _ g o m] o fi g [ h ì
^ c\ o f[ l nl c[ h a f_ \ s j _ _ fch a i ` ` nb ch f[ s _ l m i ` ` c\ l i ` [ nns ncmmo _ o mch a
nb _ _ f_ ] nl i ] [ o n_ l s o h ncf nb _ f_ p_ f i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ cm l _ [ ] b _ ^ *
Ob _ d[ q fch _ [ h ^ nb _ _ r ] _ mm ` c\ l i ` [ nns ncmmo _ ] i p _ l ch a nb _ g o m] o ì
fi g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l nl c[ h a f_ b [ p _ \ _ _ h i o nfch _ ^ ch \ fo _ * Ob cm ` [ n cm \ _ mn
_ r ] cm_ ^ ch ] l _ g _ h n[ ffs ch nb ch mnl cj m ni [ p i c^ ] o nnch a nb _ j f[ ì
ns mg [ \ _ h _ [ nb cn( i l ] o nnch a ch ni nb _ n[ cf i ` nb _ j [ l i nc^ a f[ h ^ ( i l
] o nnch a g [ di l \ l [ h ] b _ m i ` nb _ a l _ [ n [ o l c] o f[ l h _ l p_ *

2 î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
Ob _ ` [ n ] [ h \ _ mb [ p_ ^ i `` \ s j _ _ fch a cn ` l i g [ \ i p _ ^ i q h q [ l ^
!TMN\ "$ i l \ s j o ffch a cn o j q [ l ^ [ h ^ ] i [ a o ] o nnch a \ _ fi q cn !ZQOP\ "&
Ob _ m_ nq i j b i ni m mb i q nb _ g o m] o fi g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l nl c[ h a f_ \ _ ` i l _
!TMN\ " [ h ^ [ ` n_ l !ZQOP \ " ^ _ ` [ nnch a * Ob _ \ fo _ fch _ m ^ _ fch _ [ n_ nb _ fi q _ l
g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l \ i l ^ _ l [ h ^ nb _ [ h n_ l ci l _ ^ a _ i ` nb _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^
g o m] f_ *

h _ ] e fc`n
J h ] _ nb _ _ r ] _ mm [ h ^ [ ] ] _ mmc\ f_ [ h n_ l i f[ n_ l [ f mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m h _ ] e
` [ n b [ m \ _ _ h l _ g i p _ ^ ( \ _ ` i l _ no l h ch a nb _ b _ [ ^ ni nb _ i j j i mcn_
mc^ _ ( D g [ e _ [ h i nb _ l ] b _ ] e ` i l b _ g i mn[ mcm \ s mo ] nci h ch a nb _ o h ì
^ _ l mo l ` [ ] _ i ` nb _ h _ ] e me ch ` f[ j q cnb nb _ T[ h e [ o _ l * < h s p _ mm_ fm
nb [ n [ l _ i i t ch a ( i l j i mmc\ fs ] i o f^ \ f_ _ ^ f[ n_ l i h ( j [ l nc] o f[ l fs p _ ch m
b c^ ch a ch nb _ ` f[ j #m ` [ n( [ l _ _ f_ ] nl i ] i [ a o f[ n_ ^ * Ob _ m[ g _ pcmo [ f
[ h ^ g _ ] b [ h c] [ f mq _ _ j ni fi ] [ n_ [ h ^ mni j \ f_ _ ^ ch a cm g [ ^ _ i p _ l
nb _ _ r j i m_ ^ mo l ` [ ] _ i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ( [ h ^ [ fi h a nb _ ^ cmm_ ] n_ ^ f[ nì
_ l [ f h _ ] e a o nn_ l ( [ h ^ ch nb _ [ l _ [ \ _ b ch ^ nb _ _ [ l *
< ` n_ l nb _ m_ ] i h ^ mc^ _ i ` nb _ h _ ] e b [ m \ _ _ h ^ cmm_ ] n_ ^ [ h ^ ^ _ ` [ nì
n_ ^ ( Dg [ e _ nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h *

= î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
Ob _ ch ] cmci h cm `cl mn fca b nfs m] i l _ ^ q cnb nb _ m] [ fj _ f* D nb _ h o m_ g s
` ch a _ l m ni h o ^ a _ nb _ me ch _ ^ a _ m [ j [ l n q b cf_ nb _ mb i l n g c] l i ncj
] [ o n_ l s ^ _ _ j _ h m nb _ ] o n ni nb _ f_ p_ f i ` ` [ n nb c] e h _ mm nb [ n D q [ h n
ni f_ [ p _ o h ^ _ l nb _ ] _ h nl [ f h _ ] e me ch ` f[ j ã o mo [ ffs [ \ i o n / g g *
Ob _ cl cm m] cmmi l m nb _ h mh cj ch ni nb _ ` [ n [ fi h a nb _ _ h ncl _ f_ h a nb i `
nb _ ch ] cmci h ( ^ _ p_ fi j ch a [ h _ p_ h ] o ` ` i ` me ch [ h ^ `[ n*
D` D q [ h n ni _ f_ p [ n_ [ ff i ` nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ` [ n q cnb nb _ me ch ` f[ j (
D ^ cmm_ ] n i h ni nb _ j f[ ns mg [ q cnb nb _ _ f_ ] nl i ] [ o n_ l s !TMN\ " i l q cnb
nb _ fcnnf_ m] cmmi l m !ZQOP \ "$ [ h ^ nb _ h ] i h nch o _ nb _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h ^ i q h ì
q [ l ^ do mn mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ni nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ` i l - ni . ] g *

h _ ] e fc`n
R cnb [ ] o ` ` i ` me ch [ h ^ ` [ n h i q ^ _ p _ fi j _ ^ [ n nb _ m_ f_ ] n_ ^ ^ _ j nb ( [ h ^ q cnb nb _
mg [ ff ` i l ] _ j m b i f^ ch a mnl i h a ] i o h n_ l nl [ ] nci h ( nb _ cl cm m] cmmi l m j o mb )] o n ^ i q h ì
q [ l ^ ã _ cnb _ l nb l i o a b nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n i l do mn mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ni nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ã
i p_ l nb _ nb s l i c^ ] [ l ncf[ a _ ch nb _ g c^ fch _ ( nb _ h i ` ` ni nb _ mc^ _ m( [ h ^ nb _ h i o nq [ l ^
ch ni nb _ g _ ^ c[ f mo \ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l [ l _ [ m* < h _ p_ h f[ s _ l i ` `[ n cm g [ ch n[ ch _ ^ o h ^ _ l
nb _ `f[ j * D` l _ mcmn[ h ] _ cm _ h ] i o h n_ l _ ^ ( nb _ m] cmmi l m g [ e _ fcnnf_ d[ \ m( mh cj j ch a nb _
` [ m] ci ] o n[ h _ i o m ` c\ _ l m mn[ h ^ ch a ch nb _ q [ s *

2 î
h _ ] e ` f[ j ^ cmm_ ] nci h [ h ^ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s
D` [ ] cl ] o g m] l c\ _ ^ [ l _ [ ` i l mo \ g _ h n[ f i l ] _ h nl [ f h _ ] e ^ _ ` [ nnch a
q [ m g [ l e _ ^ j l _ i j _ l [ ncp_ fs ( q b _ h nb _ m] cmmi l m l _ [ ] b nb [ n ] cl ] o f[ l
^ i nn_ ^ \ fo _ fch_( nb _ s ] [ h b _ [ ^ [ fcnnf_ ^ _ _ j _ l ( mi nb _ ncj m q cff nb _ h
mfc^ _ [ o ni g [ nc] [ ffs i p_ l nb _ j f[ ns mg [ * = o n c` nb _ fi q _ l h _ ] e cm nb ch
] [ o ^ [ f ni nb _ ^ i nn_ ^ fch _ i ` j l _ j f[ h h _ ^ `[ n l _ g i p[ f( D ^ i h #n ^ cp_
[ h s ^ _ _ j _ l [ n nb [ n j i ch n( \ o n mcg j fs ] i h nch o _ ^ i q h q [ l ^ [ h ^ i o nì
q [ l ^ [ n nb _ m[ g _ ^ _ j nb ( q b c] b m_ _ g m ni [ o ni g [ nc] [ ffs \ l ch a nb _
m] cmmi l m ch ni nb _ j f[ h _ do mn mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ni nb _ j f[ ns mg [ * D l _ [ ] b i o n
ch [ ff ^ cl _ ] nci h m q cnb nb _ m_ fcnnf_ m] cmmi l m [ m ` [ l [ m D ] [ h * Dh nb _
j [ l [ g _ ^ c[ h [ l _ [ m( D \ l _ [ e nb l i o a b ch ni nb _ [ h n_ l i f[ n_ l [ f mo \ ì
] o n[ h _ i o m j i ] e _ nm j l _ p ci o mfs ^ _ p _ fi j _ ^ i h _ [ ] b mc^ _ *
R b _ h _ p _ l nb _ l _ [ l _ di q fm ni \ _ nl cg g _ ^ i l nb _ d[ q fch _ m h _ _ ^
ni \ _ ^ _ ` [ nn_ ^ ( nb _ mg [ ff m] cmmi l m mh cj o h ^ _ l h _ [ nb nb _ l ca b n [ h ^
f_`n _ h ^ m i ` nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h ni ^ cp c^ _ [ h s j l _ di q f [ ^ b _ ì
mci h m nb [ n g [ s mncff \ _ ch n[ ] n( [ h ^ ni _ h mo l _ nb [ n nb _ g [ h ^ c\ o ì
f[ l fca [ g _ h nm b [ p _ \ _ _ h ] i g j f_ n_ fs ^ cp c^ _ ^ !I ZZW_ [ "&

h _ ] e fc`n
Ob _ mg [ ff m] cmmi l m nb _ h j o mb )] o n nb l i o a b
nb _ ` [ n mo j _ l ` c] c[ f ni nb _ NH < N)j f[ ns mg [
f[ s _ l [ \ i p _ nb _ d[ q fch _ b _ [ ^ ch a ni q [ l ^
nb _ ` l i h n i ` nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ ch nb _ fi q _ l ] b _ _ e *
R b _ h nb _ ] _ h nl [ f j i ] e _ n b [ m \ _ _ h ^ cmm_ ] n_ ^ ] [ o ^ [ ffs [ m ` [ l [ m
j i mmc\ f_ q cnb nb _ cl cm m] cmmi l m( D nb _ h mq cn] b ni nb _ fi h a ] o l p _ ^
H _ nt _ h \ [ o g m] cmmi l m* Ob _ e _ s ni nb cm ^ cmm_ ] nci h cm e _ _ j ch a nb _
` f[ j o h ^ _ l n_ h mci h q cnb [ mnl i h a o j q [ l ^ ] i o h n_ l j o ff i h nb _ ch ì
] cmci h _ ^ a _ o mch a nb _ nb o g \ [ h ^ ch ^ _ r ` ch a _ l i ` g s f_`n b [ h ^ *
P h f_ mm nb _ j [ nc_ h n b [ m o h o mo [ ffs mi ` n `[ n ] i h n[ ch ch a p _ l s fcnnf_
] i h h _ ] ncp _ ncmmo _ ( D ` ch ^ cn ^ c` ` c] o fn ni mcg j fs j o mb nb l i o a b nb _ ` [ n
q cnb nb _ fi h a m] cmmi l m nb _ q [ s Do mo [ ffs ] [ h q cnb nb _ mg [ ff m] cmì
mi l m* Dh mn_ [ ^ ( D ^ cmm_ ] n q cnb nb _ fi h a m] cmmi l m \ s ` cl mn mj l _ [ ^ ch a
nb _ \ f[ ^ _ m b i l ct i h n[ ffs ni g [ e _ [ fcnnf_ l i i g ` i l nb _ ncj m !TMN\ "$
nb _ h Dmh cj nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ncmmo _ [ m Dd[ \ nb _ m] cmmi l ncj m i o nì
q [ l ^ !ZQOP \ "&

Mục lục văn bản trích xuất: Phần 1 (Tr.1-50) Phần 2 (Tr.51-100) Phần 3 (Tr.101-150) Phần 4 (Tr.151-200) Phần 5 (Tr.201-250) Phần 6 (Tr.251-300) Phần 7 (Tr.301-350) Phần 8 (Tr.351-400) Phần 9 (Tr.401-450) Phần 10 (Tr.451-500) Phần 11 (Tr.501-550) Phần 12 (Tr.551-552)

Tags:cơ bám da cổ corset platysmaplasty Giải phẫu cổ Joel Feldman Neck Lift phẫu thuật nâng cổ Subplatysmal Tạo hình cổ Thieme trẻ hóa vùng cổ Tuyến dưới hàm