Phẫu Thuật Tạo Hình Grabb & Smith’s (Bản Cập Nhật – Kevin C. Chung)

phalloplasty, 1025–1027
Gender identity disorder, 101
Generic Short Form-36 (SF-36), 968
Genetic predilection, 911
Genetics, craniosynostosis, 255–256, 256t
Ghost areas, 570
Giant cell tumors of tendon sheath, 870, 870f
Giant fibroadenoma, 622, 622f
Gilula arcs, 813, 813f
Gingival grafting, 551
Glabella, 483–484, 483f
Glandular breast, 576
Glomuvenous malformations (GVMs), 882
Glossectomy reconstruction
complications, 449–450
defect analysis, 445–447
flap choices
glossectomy, 448, 448t
hemiglossectomy, 447, 447f
goals, 445–447
postoperative care, 449–450
recipient vessel selection, 448–449
sensory and motor innervation, 449
Glucose, 950
Gluteal myocutaneous flap, 60
Gluteal region implants, 82–83
Golfer’s elbowSeeMedial epicondylitis
Gore-Tex, 476
Gracilis, 60–61
Grafted skin, burn scars, 190–191, 890
Graft failure, 52
Graft fixation, 52
Grafting, 21
Grafts. See also Flaps
contraction, 51
firebreak skin grafts, 862
nipple reconstruction, 611
transplantation, 67
Gram-positive bacteria, 595
Grayson ligament, 859
Great-toe transfer, 852
Grolleau classification of tuberous breast deformity, 616, 617f
Growth factors, wound healing, 14
Guillotine amputation, 828, 829f
Gummy smile, 484
Gunshot wounds, 706
high-velocity, 707
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low-velocity, 707
Guyon canal, 693
Gynecomastia
history, 575
hyperplastic disorders
bilateral, 622, 623f
classification and management, 623, 624t
preoperative algorithm, 622, 623f
ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL), 624, 624f
nonoperative management, 576–577
pathophysiology
pathologic causes, 575, 575t
pharmacologic causes, 575, 576t
patient evaluation, 576, 576t
postoperative management, 580
surgical management
glandular and fatty excess, 577
glandular excess and significant skin redundancy, 579, 580f
markings, 577, 577f
mastectomy, 577
moderate glandular gynecomastia and enlarged areolas, 579, 579f
periareolar incision, 578
special patient populations, 579–580
suction-assisted lipectomy, 577, 577f
transareolar incision, 578
ultrasound-assisted liposuction, 577, 
 578
Haemophilus influenzae, 675
Hair disorders, 172
Hairline restoration, 100f
Hall-Findlay mastopexy techniques, 560
Halo nevi, 240, 240f
Hamate fractures
hamatometacarpal fracture-dislocation, 751
hook of hamate, 751
Hand
carpometacarpal (CMC), 664
collateral ligaments (CL), 664
elements, 668, 668t
extensor tendon repairSeeExtensor tendon repair and reconstruction
imaging modalities, 669, 669t
ligament injuries
carpometacarpal joints (CMC), 804–805
finger distal interphalangeal joint/thumb interphalangeal joint injuries, 801
finger metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJ), 801–802
proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) injuries, 797–801
thumb carpometacarpal joint (tCMC), 804
thumb metacarpophalangeal joint (tMCPJ), 802–804
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local anesthesia, 107–108, 108f
metacarpal-phalangeal (MP), 664
open fractures, 729
osteoarthritisSeeOsteoarthritis (OA)
photography, 122, 123f
physical examination, 669, 669t
reconstruction, 198–200, 198f–200f
surgery, 5
tendinopathies, 782
therapy, 888
transplantation, 923
vascular disorders
acute ischemia, 876–877
anatomy, 875
anomalies, 882
chronic ischemia, 877–880
evaluation, 876
Hand and upper extremity
absolute indications, 828
amputated part
preparation, 830–832
replantation center, 830, 831f
amputation stump preparation, 831–832
anesthesia, 830
indications and contraindications, 828
postoperative management
anticoagulation therapy, 835
monitoring, 834–835, 835t
rehabilitation, 835
preoperative evaluation, 830
relative indications
clinical signs, 830, 830f
digital replantation, 829
distal digital amputation, 828
prolonged warm ischemia time, 829
single-finger replantation, 828
replantation
specific level of amputation, 835–843
surgical technique, 832–834
secondary problems and outcomes, 844
Hand fractures
complications, 736–737
economic impact, 729
fracture deformity, 730, 730f
fracture repair techniques
comparison, 730, 731t
compression screws, 730–731, 732f
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external fixation, 731
interosseous wiring, 731
Kirschner wires (K-wires), 730, 731f
plate and screws, 731, 733f
indications, 730
metacarpal fractures
base, 734
head, 732–733
neck, 733, 735f, 735t
shaft, 733–734
outcomes, 735–736, 736t
phalanx fractures
distal phalanx, 731–732, 733f–734f
proximal/middle phalanx, 732, 734f
principles of management, 729, 729f
segmental bone loss, 735
thumb (Bennett/Rolando), 735, 736f
Handheld camcorder, 124
Hand implants
joint replacement, 83
osteosynthesis, 83
tendon reconstruction, 83
Hand infections
cellulitis, 674, 674f
deep-space infections, 675, 675f
digits
felon, 673, 673f
flexor tenosynovitis, 673–674, 673f
paronychia, 673
drug abuse, 677
fight bites, 674, 674f
fungal, 676
immunocompromised patients, 677
mycobacterial, 676
necrotizing fasciitis, 675, 675f
optimizing long-term outcome, 677
osteomyelitis, 677
presentation and workup, 672
problems, 677
treatment, 672
viral, 676
wrist
septic arthritis, 675–676, 676f
Hand ischemia, 875
Hand tumors
benign
intralesional curettage and excision, 868
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marginal excision, 868
clinical assessment, 867, 867f
enchondromas, 871–872, 872f
epidermal inclusion cysts, 871, 871f
fungating lesion, 868, 868f
ganglions, 869, 870f
giant cell tumors of tendon sheath, 870, 870f
investigative methods, 867–868
malignant
biopsy, 868
dissection, 869
hand preservation, 869
postoperative radiotherapy, 869
surgical clips, 869
reconstruction, 869
schwannomas, 871, 871f
soft tissue sarcomas, 872
Hard palate closure techniques, 232, 233f
Head
metacarpal fractures, 732–733
photography, 121, 122f
tissue expansion, 99–101, 99f–100f
Head and neck cancer, 207–208
salivary gland tumors, 359–362, 360f–361f
upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers, 355–359, 355f–359f
HealingSeeWound healing
Health Insurance Privacy and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 140
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations, 124
Hemangioendotheliomas, 248
Hematoma, 572, 594, 594f
subungual, 686
Hemifacial hypertrophy, 333
Hemihamate osteochondral arthroplasty, 800, 800f
Hemoglobin
angiomas, 215
capillary vascular malformations, 215, 216f
erythema, 215
erythematous scars, 217
infantile hemangiomas, 215
postprocedural purpura, 215
spider veins, 215
telangiectasias, 215
varicose veins, 215
verruca vulgaris, 215
Hemostasis, 691
wound healing, 9
Heparin, 835
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Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), 9
Hereditary breast cancer, 583
Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, 583
Hernia
formation, 965
mesh
anatomic mesh placement, 969, 969f
controversies, 969–970
and graft selection, 968–969
repair technique
abdominal wall transplant, 970
component separation, 970
free flaps, 970
laparoscopic/open incisional hernia repair, 970
local/regional flaps, 970, 971t
mesh and suture, 970
suturing techniques, 970
Hernia-related quality-of-life assessment tool (HerQLes), 968
Heroine, 576
Herpetic whitlow, 676, 677f
Heterodigital neurovascular island pedicle flap, 850
Hidradenitis suppurativa, 993–994
High lateral tension, abdominoplasty, 636
Hips
liposuction, 635
photography, 122, 123f
Hoffmann-Tinel sign, 708
Horner syndrome, 708
Huber transfer, 789, 789f
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), 114
Hyaluronic acids (HAs), 475–476, 475f
Hybrid fractionated lasers, 468
Hybrid prostheses, 921
Hyperacute rejection, 68
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), 14–15, 1013
Hyperextension, 798
Hyperglycemia, 12
Hyperpigmentation, 172
Hyperplastic disorders
giant fibroadenoma, 622, 622f
gynecomastia, 622–624, 623f–624f, 624t
polymastia, 622
polythelia, 622
virginal mammary hypertrophy, 621–622, 
 622f
Hyper-reflexia, 719
Hypertrophic scar, 18, 19f, 21, 485, 573
Hypoglossal nerve, 699
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Hypopigmentation, 172
Hypoplastic disorders, 616, 616f
Hypothermia, 629
Hypothesis testing
alpha (α), 149–150
alternative hypotheses, 149
beta (β), 150
effect size, 149
normal distribution, 150
null hypothesis, 149
P value, 149–150
statistics, 150–151, 150t
Iatrogenic ischemia, 876–877, 876f–877f
Ideal body weight (IBW), 627
Illicit drugs, 575–576
Imbibition, 50
Immobilization, 4
carpometacarpal (CMC) joints, 667
facial skeletal augmentation, 546, 546f
hand fractures, 729
plaster immobilization, 744, 744t, 745f
Immunosuppression
transplantation, 69, 69f, 70t
antiproliferative agents, 69
biologic agents, 70
calcineurin inhibitors, 69
corticosteroids, 69–70
induction agents, 69
mTOR inhibitors, 69
Implant-based reconstruction
acellular dermal matrix (ADM), 590–591, 591f
adjuvant therapy, 593f
indications, 593
previous radiation treatment, 594
systemic therapy, 594
technical aspects, 593–594
timing, 593
advantages, 588t, 590
complications
capsular contracture, 595, 595f
hematoma, 594, 594f
implant malposition/asymmetry, 595–596
infection, 594–595, 595f
disadvantages, 588t, 590
selection, 591
round vs. anatomic, 592
saline vs. silicone, 592
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smooth vs. textured, 592
single vs. two-stage reconstruction, 590
submuscular reconstruction, 592
two-stage reconstruction, 592
Implant materials
calcium ceramics
carbonated calcium phosphate cement, 79
hydroxyapatite, 79
tricalcium phosphate, 79
facial reconstruction, 80–81
metals, 78
gold, 78
platinum, 79
stainless steel, 78
titanium, 78, 79f
polymers
biodegradable polymers, 80
expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), 80
PMMA, 79–80
polyester, 79
polyethylene, 79
polypropylene, 80
polyurethane urea, 80
silicone, 80
Implants
abdominal wall, 82, 83f
breast
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL), 82
capsular contracture, 82
polypropylene, 82
tabbed tissue expander, 82, 82f
vicryl mesh, 82
breast augmentation (BA)
anatomic, 557
complications, 558–559, 558t
incisions and planes, 557–558, 557f–558f
macrotextured devices, 557
outer shell, 557
silicone, 557
textured devices, 557
chest wall, 82
facial reconstruction, 80–81
facial skeletal augmentation
alloplastic materials, 546
mandibular augmentation, 548, 548f
midface augmentation, 546–547, 547f
positioning and immobilization, 546, 546f
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preoperative evaluation, 546
temporal augmentation, 547
gluteal region, 82–83
hand
joint replacement, 83
osteosynthesis, 83
tendon reconstruction, 83
lower extremity, 82–83
malposition, 595–596
placement, 546
rupture, 559
single-stage mastopexy-augmentation, 561–562, 561f
skin, tissue expanders, 83
tuberous breast deformity, 618
In situ tissue regeneration, 113
Incisions
in breast augmentation, 557–558, 557f–558f
extended brachioplasty, 654, 655f
gynecomastia, 578
infraorbital rim implants, 547
otoplasty and, 540
in rhinoplasty, 529f
cartilage-splitting incision, 527
intercartilaginous incision, 527
transcolumellar stairstep with intranasal marginal incisions, 527
Index finger on-top-plasty, 851
Indocyanine green angiography, 590
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), 114, 115
Induction agents, 69
Infantile hemangiomas, 246–247, 247f–248f
Infected cranioplasty, 369–370
Infection, 507
Inferior pedicle technique, 566
medial and lateral flaps, 568
nipple-areolar complex position, 568
preoperative markings, 567, 568f
suction-assisted lipectomy (SAL), 567
upper flaps and suturing, 568, 568f
Infiltration, local anesthesia, 106
Inflammatory breast cancer, 583
Informed consent, 141–142
Informed dissent, 142
Inframammary fold (IMF), 611, 655
Infraorbital rim augmentation, 547, 547f
Injectable cell therapies, 112–113
Innovation, 5, 140
Intense pulsed light (IPL), 469
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Interaction, 161
Intercarpal ligament injuries, 747
Intercartilaginous incision, 527
Intercostal artery perforator (ICAP) flap, 657
Intercostal muscles, 949
Interleukin-1 (IL-1), 9
Internal distractors, 3
Internal mammary nodes, 656
International Classification for Surgery of the Hand in Tetraplegia (ICSHT) level, 720
tetraplegia
group 0, 720–721
group 1, 721, 722f
group 2, 722, 723f
group 3, 722
group 6, 723
group 7, 723
group 8, 723
group 4 and 5, 722–723
International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand (IFSSH), 906
Interosseous wiring, 731
Interphalangeal joint extension, 766
Intersection syndrome, 781
Intracranial hypertension, 268
Intracranial pressure (ICP), 257–258, 267–268
Intradermal tattooing, 613
Intralipid, 106
Intraoperative videos, 124
Intraoral mucosal incision, 548
Intrathoracic reconstruction, 954–956, 956f
Intravenous fluids (IVFs), 632
Intrinsic muscle atrophy, 693
Invasive ductal carcinoma, 583
Invasive lobular carcinoma, 583
Inverted nipples, 572
Iron-deficiency anemia, 628
Ischemia
acute, 876–877
chronic, 877–880
Isolated cleft palate, 229
Isolated digital cord, 859
Jaw development, 288
Juncturae tendinae, 665, 765f
Juvederm, 475
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 927, 934
Kaban’s modification, 280
Kallman grading scale, 938, 938t
Kanaval signs, 673
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Kapandji pinning, 745
Karapandzic flap, 411
Keloids, 18, 542–543
Keratoacanthoma, 173
Keratoses, 459
Ketamine, 109
Key pinch, 792
Keystone flap, 27, 30f, 58
Kienbock disease, 809
Kiloh-Nevin Syndrome, 693
Kirschner wire (K-wire)
crossed, 730
multiple, 730
proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) injuries, 798
right small finger proximal phalanx transverse fracture, 730, 731f
single, 730
skeletal fixation, 821
tension band wiring, 730
Klinefelter syndrome, 576
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, 249
K-wireSeeKirschner wire (K-wire)
Lag screw fixation, 730, 732f
Lagophthalmos, 507
Lambdoid craniosynostosis, 260–261
Laryngopharyngeal reconstruction
circumferential defects flap choice, 451
defect analysis, 450–451
goals of reconstruction, 450–451
partial defects flap choice, 451, 452f–453f, 452t
Laser, 463–469
ablative lasers, 466
chromophores, 214, 216f
CO2 lasers, 466
erbium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, 466–467, 467f–468f
fractionated photothermolysis lasers, 
 467–468
hybrid fractionated lasers, 468
intense pulsed light (IPL), 469
laser light, 213, 214f
laser-tissue interactions, 213–214
melanin-containing lesions, 469
Nd:YAG, 469
nonablative lasers, 468
potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) lasers, 469
pulsed dye laser (PDL), 468
safety, 220–221
scar, 21
skin component selective photoreactions
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hemoglobin, 214–217
melanin, 217–218, 217f
tattoo pigment, 218–219, 219t
spatially selective photothermolysis
water, 219–220, 219f–220f
variables, 214, 215f, 215t
vascular lesions, 468
Laser-assisted liposuction (LAL), 634
Laser resurfacing, 168
Laser therapy
ablative fractional laser, 220
acne scars, 220
burn scars, 220
cosmetic laser resurfacing, 219
fractional photothermolysis, 219
fully ablative laser therapy, 219
nonablative fractional lasers (NAFLs), 220
skin growths, 219
trauma scars, 220
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LABC), 701
Lateral arm flap, 59
Lateral canthal region, 484
Lateral epicondylitis
atrophy and discoloration after multiple steroid injections, 779, 779f
botulinum toxin A, 779
extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), 
 778
extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), 778
extensor digitorum communis (EDC), 778
physical and occupational therapy, 779
surgical intervention, 779
treatment, 779
Lateral proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) injuries, 800
Late toxicities, 209
Latissimus dorsi (LD), 60, 601, 601f–602f
Lawn tennis arm, 778
LBLSeeLower body lift (LBL)
Le Fort I osteotomy, 295–296
Le Fort III procedure, 270–271, 271f
Leddy classification of Zone 1 flexor tendon injuries, 758, 758f
Leechavengvong, 701
Lidocaine, 633
“Life before limb” principle, 916
Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 583
Ligament injuries of hand
proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) injuries
anatomy, 797, 797f
categories, 797
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dislocation, 797
Ligament injuries of wrist
anatomy, 808
carpal instability, 808
distal radioulnar joint and triangular fibrocartilage complex
diagnosis, 814–815, 815f
treatment, 815, 815f, 816t
intrinsic ligaments, 808, 809f
kinematics, 808
lunotriquetral ligament injury
diagnosis, 812–813
treatment, 813
perilunate dislocation
diagnosis, 813
treatment, 814
scapholunate ligament injury
diagnosis, 809–811
recovery, 812
rehabilitation, 812
treatment, 811–812
Ligament reconstruction, 941
Limited fasciectomy, 861
Linezolid, 672
Lipoabdominoplasty, 637
Lipodystrophy, 634
Lipofilling, 620, 863
Liposomal bupivacaine, 107
Liposuction, 1004
brachioplasty, 653
complications, 635
excision-site, 648
fluid management, 633
gynecomastia treatment, 577, 578, 578f
local anesthesia, 106
marking, 632–633
patient selection and evaluation, 632
pertinent anatomy, 632, 633f
positioning, 632–633
postoperative care, 635
safety, 632
treatment areas
abdomen, 634–635
arms, 634
back, 634
buttocks/thigh, 635
hips/flanks, 635
treatment types
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cryolipolysis, 634
large-volume liposuction, 634
traditional liposuction, 633–634
ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty (UAL), 624, 624f
wetting solution, 633, 633t
LipsSee alsoCleft lip and palate
anatomy, 408
Lips reconstruction
aesthetic considerations, 408
defects
assessment, 409
etiology, 409
intermediate-sized full-thickness defects, 410–412, 411f–412f
small full-thickness defects, 410
subtotal/total lip defects, 412–414, 414f
superficial cutaneous defects, 409
vermilion defects, 409–410, 411f
functional considerations, 408
Lister tubercle, 740
Littler flap, 850
Lobular capillary hemangioma, 882
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), 583
Lobule abnormalities
congenital deficiency, 543, 543f
keloid, 542–543
split ear lobe, 541–542
Lobule prominence, 540
Local anesthesia, 691
clinical application
cocaine, 106
liposomal bupivacaine, 107
peripheral nerve blocks, 104, 105t
topical anesthesia, 104–106
definition, 104
peripheral nerve blocks
face, 107, 107f
hand, 107–108, 108f
pharmacokinetics, 104
allergenicity, 104
duration, 104, 105t
mechanism, 104
metabolism, 104
pharmacology, 104
potency, 104
regional nerve blocks
pectoral nerve block, 109
transversus abdominis plane block, 108–109
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Local flaps, 397–401, 398f–402f
lower extremities
cross-leg flap, 982
fasciocutaneous flaps, 984
free flaps, 982–983
instep flap, 982
keystone flap, 981, 983f
lateral and medial calcaneal artery flaps, 981, 983f
muscle flaps, 982, 984t
muscle/myocutaneous flaps, 983
propeller flap, 981
random pattern, 982
reverse sural artery flap, 981, 982f
nipple reconstruction, 611, 612f
Local tissue rearrangement
burn scars, 190
cheek reconstruction, 415
keystone flap, 58
propeller flap, 58
Locoregional flaps, 681
Lower body lift (LBL)See alsoThighplasty
complications, 648
patient evaluation, 643–644, 644f–645f
surgical technique
intraoperative steps, 646
markings, 644–646, 645f
variations, 643
Lower extremities
aesthetics, 988
anatomy
bones, 974
muscles and compartments, 974–976, 975t, 976f
neurosensory, 974, 975f
vasculature, 974
angiography, 978
avascular necrosis, 988
below-knee amputation stumps, 987
chronic osteomyelitis, 986
comorbidities
diabetes, 978
radiation, 978
smoking, 978
steroids, 978
vascular disease, 978
dermal regeneration templates, 986
fracture classification, 976, 976f
imaging studies, 978
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implants, 82–83
local flaps
cross-leg flap, 982
fasciocutaneous flaps, 984
free flaps, 982–983
instep flap, 982
keystone flap, 981, 983f
lateral and medial calcaneal artery flaps, 981, 983f
muscle flaps, 982, 984t
muscle/myocutaneous flaps, 983
propeller flap, 981
random pattern, 982
reverse sural artery flap, 981, 982f
management, 976–978, 977f
negative-pressure wound therapy, 986
nerve transfers
femoral, 703
peroneal, 703
tibial, 703
oncologic reconstruction, 988
peroneal nerve injuries, 988
persistent nonunion, 987
photography, 123, 123f
postoperative management, 988–989
reconstruction, 197–198, 197f
reconstructive choice by location
distal third of leg, 984, 985f
foot, 986, 986f–988f
knee and proximal third of leg, 984, 985f
middle third of leg, 984
thigh, 984
reconstructive planning
bone gaps, 979–980, 980f–981f, 980t
soft-tissue management, 980
timing, 979, 979t
salvage vs. primary amputation, 978–979
tissue expansion, 986
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Lower eyelid reconstruction
anterior lamella, 385
full-thickness defects, 385–386, 386f
outcomes, 386
partial-thickness defects, 385
prognosis, 386
Lower facial fractures
biomechanics, 351
body and angle fractures, 351, 351t
complications, 352
principles of management, 351
subcondylar and condylar fractures, 351–352
symphyseal and parasymphyseal fractures, 351
Lower lid reconstruction, 191
Lower lid techniques
anesthesia, 506
markings, 506
shields, 506
transconjunctival approach, 507
transcutaneous approach, 506
Lunotriquetral interosseous ligament (LTIL), 
 808
Lunotriquetral ligament injury
diagnosis
Gilula arcs, 813, 813f
LT ligament injury, 812
radiographic evidence, 812, 812f
triquetrum, 812
treatment
acute LT injury, 813
chronic LT injury, 813
Lymphatic drainage, 655
Lymphatic malformations, 249
Lymphaticovenous bypass, 45
Lymphedema, 209
diagnosis, 1001–1002
history and pathophysiology, 1001, 1001f
nonsurgical treatment, 1003
primary, 1000
secondary, 1001
staging, 1002, 1002t–1003t
surgical treatment
direct excision, 1004, 1004f
liposuction, 1004
lymphovenous anastomosis, 1004–1005, 1005f
vascularized lymph node transfer, 1005–1007, 1006f
Lymphovenous anastomosis, 1004–1005, 1005f
Lynch syndrome, 583
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Mackinnon’s fourth degree nerve injury, 707
Mackinnon’s sixth degree injury, 707
Macromastia, 563, 565f
Macronutrients, 13
MafB oncogene, 858
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
brachial plexus injuries, 708
breast augmentation (BA), 556
breast cancer screening, 584
cubital tunnel syndrome, 693
deep-space infections, 675
ganglions, 869
hand tumors, 867, 868
intersection syndrome, 781
lateral epicondylitis, 778
medial epicondylitis, 780
rhinoplasty, 523
scaphoid fractures, 748
velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), 322
Major limb replantation, 841, 843f
active and resisted exercise, 844, 844f
grouped fascicular primary nerve repair, 
 842
transcarpal and radiocarpal level, 842
wrist and proximal forearm, 842
Malar augmentation, 547
Malignant mixed tumors, 361
Malunion, 736
Mammography, 584
Mandible, 277
Mandible reconstruction
nonvascularized bone grafts, 434
osteoradionecrosis, 434
primary oncologic resection, 434
trauma, 433
vascularized free tissue transfer
deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA), 434–435, 436f
fibula free flap, 435
pediatric considerations, 440
scapula free flap, 435, 437f
single-stage comprehensive mandibular restoration, 438–440
virtual surgical planning, 437–438, 440f
Mandibular distraction, 284
Mandibular osteotomies, 296–297
osseous genioplasty, 297
sagittal split osteotomy (SSO), 296, 297f
two-jaw surgery, 297
vertical ramus osteotomy, 296–297
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Mangled Extremity Severity Score, 819
Mangled hand injuries, 848
Mannerfelt lesion, 929
Marijuana, 575
MarketScan database, 589
Massage, scar management, 20
Massive weight loss (MWL), 643
complications, 629–630
excess skin and fat management, 651
outcomes, 630
preoperative planning
body mass index (BMI), 628
body temperature, 629
markings, 629
medical comorbidities, 628
medical history, 628–629
medications, 629
nutritional assessment, 627–628, 628t
social history, 628–629
staging, 629
surgical history, 628–629
VTE prophylaxis, 629
weight history, 627
weight loss method, 627
Mastectomy
circumareolar mastectomy, 1025–1026
double incision with free nipple grafting, 1025, 1025f
modified radical, 584
nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), 584
partial mastectomy, 584
periareolar mastectomy, 1024, 1025f
postoperative care, 1025
preoperative considerations, 1024
skin flap necrosis, 589, 589f
skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM), 584
surgical planning, 1024
Mastodynia, 577
Mastopexy
breast contouring, 656–657, 657f
complications, 561
key landmarks and measurements, 555, 556f
preoperative assessment, 559
surgical approaches
Hall-Findlay vertical mastopexy, 560, 560f
periareolar, 559, 559f
vertical, 559–560, 560f
Wise-pattern/inverted-T mastopexy, 560–561, 561f
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tuberous breast deformity, 618
Mastopexy-augmentation
complication, 562
single-stage, 561–562, 561f
two-stage, 562
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 9, 51
Mature scar, 18
Maxilla, 277
Maxillary constriction, 290
Maxillary osteotomies, 295–296, 296f
Le Fort I osteotomy, 295–296
surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion, 296
Maxillectomy
reconstruction
anatomy, 374–376, 374t, 376f
nomenclature, 374–376
orbital exenteration, 377–378
orbital floor defect, 376–377
McCash open palm technique, 862
Mean, 157
Mechanical forces, wound healing, 10
Mechanomodulation, scar management, 20
Medial antebrachial cutaneous (MABC) nerve, 652, 653f
Medial epicondylitis
diagnosis, 780
surgery, 780
treatment, 780
Medial plantar flaps, 685
Medial thigh flaps, 603, 606f–607f
Median and interquartile range (IQR), 158
Median nerve compression
anterior interosseous nerve (AIN), 692–693
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
anatomy, 691
diagnosis, 691, 691f
etiology, 691
nonoperative treatment, 691–692
operative treatment, 692
proximal median nerve entrapment (PMNE)
diagnosis, 692
nonoperative treatment, 692
operative treatment, 692, 693f
Median nerve dysfunction, 747
Median nerve palsy
anatomy, 788–789
tendon transfers
abductor digiti minimi (ADM), 789
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Camitz transfer, 789
common sets, 789, 789t
extensor indicis proprius (EIP) opponensplasty, 789, 790f
Huber transfer, 789, 789f
workhorse muscles, 791
Mediators, 149
Medical Research Council (MRC) scale, 786
Melanin
dermal melanin, 217
dermal melanin melasma, 218
dermal melanocytosis, 218
drug-induced pigmentation, 218
ephelides, 217
epidermal melanin lentigines, 217
mixed epidermal, 218
postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, 218
pseudofolliculitis barbae, 217–218
Melanin-containing lesions, 469
Melanoma, 174–175, 174f, 175t
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 589
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), 175, 208
Mersilene suture, 540
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 14
Meshing, 52
Metabolic syndromes, wound healing, 14
Metacarpal fractures, 730
base, 734
head, 732–733
neck, 733, 735f, 735t
shaft, 733–734
Metacarpal shaft fractures, 733–734
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, 663, 
 847, 859
Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA), 595, 672
Methylene blue tattoos, 527, 529f
Methylmethacrylate, 951
Meticulous debridement, 820
Metoidioplasty, 1028, 1028f
Metopic craniosynostosis, 260, 261f
Microform cleft lip, 227, 228f
Microinstrumentation, 40f
Microorganisms, wound healing, 13–14
Microsurgery
ailing free flap, 45
flap failure, 45
leeches, 45
applications
free tissue transfer, 45
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lymphatic surgery, 45
nerve repair, 45
clotting mechanism, 39
definition, 39
equipment
automatic suturing devices, 40, 41f
instrumentation, 40
magnification, 40
suture, 40
history, 39
hypoxia, 39–40
ischemia, 39–40
postoperative management, 44
antithrombotics, 44
postoperative monitoring, 44
preoperative planning, 40–41
patient considerations, 40–41
principles, 39–45
regeneration, 39
science concepts, 39–40
soft tissue reconstruction, 850
surgical precision, 39
technical factors, 40
techniques, 41–42, 41f–42f
anastomotic technique, 42, 43f–44f
anesthetic considerations, 44
irradiated vessels, 43–44
secondary microsurgical techniques, 43–44
thrombosis, 39
vessel injury, 39
Microtia
atresia, 315
classification, 314
epidemiology, 314
middle ear anomalies, 315
pathophysiology, 314
patient assessment, 314–315
surgical management, 315–317
syndromes associated with, 315
workup, 314–315
Microvascular free flap, 680
Microvascular toe pulp, 681
Middle phalanx fracture, 730
Midface augmentation
infraorbital rim, 547, 547f
malar, 547
paranasal, 547
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Midface procedures, 269
Midfacial fractures
complications, 347
maxillary fractures, 349–350, 350f
nasal bone fractures, 349
nasoorbitoethmoidal fractures, 349, 350f
orbital fractures, 346–347, 347f
zygomatic arch fractures, 347–349
zygomaticomaxillary complex, 347–349, 348f
Miniabdominoplasty, 636
Minibrachioplasty, 653, 653f
Minimal cellulitis, 594
Minocycline, 672
Minor salivary gland excision, 361
Mixed connective tissue disease, 935
Moberg flap, 849
Moberg flap reconstruction, 681
Mobile wad, 897
Mode, 158
Moderators, 149
Modern liposuction, 632
Modified radical mastectomy, 584
Moebius syndrome
clinical findings, 335
definition, 335
etiology, 335–336
pathogenesis, 335–336
Molecular therapies, scar management, 20
Monobloc distraction, 284
Monobloc procedures, 270, 271f
MRISeeMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
mTOR inhibitors, 69
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 361
Muenke syndrome, 266–267
Multiple-digit replantation, 839, 840f–841f
Muscle flaps, 26, 57, 58t
Muscle grading system, 720, 721t
Muscle transfer, facial paralysis, 427
Musculotendinous system, 664
Mustarde technique, 540
Mutilating upper extremity injuries
during combat, 825
combat injuries, 825
debridement, 820, 820f
evaluation, 819f
limb salvage vs. amputation, 819
Mangled Extremity Severity Score, 819
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splinting, 820
fasciotomy, 823–824
initial evaluation in emergency department, 819, 820f
nerve repair
autologous nerve grafts, 823
debridement, 822
primary nerve grafting, 823
processed nerve allografts, 823
operative principles, 819
operative treatment, 820
pediatric injuries, 824–825
skeletal fixation, 821, 822f
soft-tissue coverage, 823, 824f
spare parts, 823, 825f
temporary shunting
signs of vascular injury, 821
suggestions of vascular injury, 821
tendon and muscle repair, 821
vascular repair, 821–822, 822f
MWLSeeMassive weight loss (MWL)
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, 676
Mycobacterium marinum, 676
Myocutaneous flaps, 26, 58
Myodesis, 918
Myoelectric prostheses, 921
Nail bed avulsions, 686
Nail bed injury
anatomy, 686
avulsion, 686
laceration, 686
subungual hematoma, 686
Nail bed laceration, 686
Nail disorders, 172
Nasal analysis
alar base width, 523, 525f
alar-columellar relationship, 524–525, 
 529f
alar rim orientation, 523, 525f
base view triangle, 524, 526f
bony base width, 523, 525f
columellar lobular angle, 524, 527f
dorsal aesthetic lines, 523, 525f
facial fifths, 523, 524f
facial thirds, 523, 524f
Gull wing line, 523, 525f
horizontal ideal chin position, 524, 527f
lobular to nostril ratio, 524, 526f
midline facial vertical, 523, 524f
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nasal length, 524, 526f
nasofrontal angle, 524, 527f
nasolabial angle, 524, 527f
nostril shape, 524, 526f
opposing equilateral triangles, 524, 525f
perceived nasal length, 524
supratip break, 524, 527f
tip projection, 524, 528f
Nasalance, 322
Nasal arterial supply, 522f
external nose, 519
internal nose, 519
Nasal reconstruction, 193–194, 194f
algorithm, 396–397
complications, 405–406
conceptual considerations, 395
cover, 396
forehead flap, 401–404, 405f
lining, 396
local flaps, 397–401, 398f–402f
secondary intention, 397–401, 398f–402f
skin grafts, 397–401, 398f–402f
skin quality, 395
subtotal/total nasal reconstruction, 404–405
subunit concept, 395–396, 395f
support, 396
surgical approach, 396–397
Nasal venous supply, 519
Nasolabial fold, 484
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 583
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), 593
National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP), 583
Nd:YAG, 469
Necklifts
decision making, 515t
direct anterior neck resection, 516
liposuction, 515
patient selection, 515t
platysmaplasty, 515
subplatysmal procedures, 515
Neck metacarpal fractures, 733, 735f, 735t
Neck reconstruction, 196
Neck tissue expansion, 99–101, 99f–100f
Necrotizing fasciitis, 675, 675f
Needle aponeurotomy, 860
Needle electromyography (EMG), 709
Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), 10, 14, 15, 679, 1012
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 675
Neoadjuvant systemic therapy, 584
Neodermis, 53
Neonatal mammary tissue, 615
Neonatal mastauxe, 575
Nerve allograft, 72
Nerve grafts
vs. nerve transfers, 697, 697t
Nerve injurySee alsoNerve repair
classification, 88–89
diagnosis, 89–90
electrodiagnostics, 89–90
management, 91f
allografts, 91
autografts, 91–92
nerve conduits, 92
nerve transfers, 92
primary repair, 91
peripheral nerve anatomy, 87
peripheral nerve injury, 87–88
recovery, 92–93
Nerve injury classification, 707, 709f
Nerve repairSee alsoNerve injury
classification, 88–89
diagnosis, 89–90
hand and upper extremity, 834
management, 90–92, 91f
mutilating upper extremity injuries
autologous nerve grafts, 823
debridement, 822
primary nerve grafting, 823
processed nerve allografts, 823
neuromas, 93
peripheral nerve anatomy, 87
peripheral nerve injury, 87–88
recovery, 92–93
Nerve transfer
babysitter procedures, 699
coaptations, 698–699, 699f
donor nerve selection, 698
end-to-end, 697
end-to-side, 697
face
motor, 699, 700f
sensory, 700, 700f
facial paralysis, 427, 428t
indications, 698
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injured nerve, 697
lower extremity nerve transfers
femoral, 703
peroneal, 703
tibial, 703
vs. nerve grafts, 697, 697t
partial nerve transfers, 697
postoperative care, 703
recipient nerve selection, 698
upper extremity, 701t
axillary, 701
birth-related brachial plexus palsies (BRBPP), 702–703, 702f
flail arm, 702
median, 702
musculocutaneous, 701
radial, 701, 701f
suprascapular, 700
ulnar, 701–702, 702f
Nervous system, 277–278
Neurocutaneous melanosis, 241
Neurodevelopmental implications, 257–258
Neurofibromatosis, 583
clinical findings, 332
complications, 333
definition, 332
etiology, 332–333
pathogenesis, 332–333
treatment, 333
Neurological deficit, 903
Neuroma management
targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR), 922, 922f, 923t
targeted sensory reinnervation (TSR), 922–923
Neuroma pain, 130
Nevi, 170
Nipple, 615
Nipple-areolar complex (NAC), 564, 576
areola reconstruction
prosthetics, 613
skin-grafting techniques, 612
tattooing, 613
nipple reconstruction
grafts, 611
local flaps, 611, 612f
nipple projection, 612
pitfalls and complications, 613
positioning, 565
preoperative planning, 611
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Nipple areolar sensation, 572–573
Nipple discharge, 576
Nipple projection, 612
Nipple prostheses, 613
Nipple ptosis, 576
Nipple reconstructionSee alsoBreast reconstruction
grafts, 611
local flaps, 611, 612f
nipple projection, 612
Nipple retraction, 576
Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), 584
Nipple to inframammary fold (N-IMF), 555, 556f
Nonablative fractional lasers (NAFLs), 220
Nonablative lasers, 468
Nonautologous biologic fillers
acellular dermal matrix, 476
collagen, 474–475
hyaluronic acids (HAs), 475–476, 475f
Nonmelanoma skin cancers, 172–173, 208
Nonprobability sampling, 147
Nonrheumatoid inflammatory arthropathies
clinical characteristics
juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 934
mixed connective tissue disease, 935
psoriatic arthritis, 934, 935f
Reiter syndrome, 935
scleroderma, 935
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 934–935
epidemiology, 934
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 629, 691
intersection syndrome, 781
Nonsyndromic breast cancer susceptibility genes, 583
Normal fascial bands, 859, 859f
Normal scar, 18
NPWTSeeNegative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)
NSQIP database analysis, 589
Nuclear medicine scans, 868
Null hypothesis, 155
Number 1 craniofacial clefts
skeletal involvement, 304
soft tissue involvement, 304
Number 2 craniofacial clefts, 305f
skeletal involvement, 304
soft tissue involvement, 304
Number 3 craniofacial clefts, 305f
skeletal involvement, 305
soft tissue involvement, 305
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Number 4 craniofacial clefts
skeletal involvement, 305
soft tissue involvement, 305
Number 5 craniofacial clefts, 306f
skeletal involvement, 305
soft tissue involvement, 305, 306f
Number 6 craniofacial clefts
skeletal involvement, 306
soft tissue involvement, 305–306
Number 7 craniofacial clefts, 307f
skeletal involvement, 306
soft tissue involvement, 306, 307f
Number 8 craniofacial clefts
skeletal involvement, 306
soft tissue involvement, 306
Number 9 craniofacial clefts, 307f
skeletal involvement, 306
soft tissue involvement, 306
Number 10 craniofacial clefts
skeletal involvement, 308
soft tissue involvement, 306
Number 11 craniofacial clefts, 308f
skeletal involvement, 308
soft tissue involvement, 308
Number 12 craniofacial clefts
skeletal involvement, 308
soft tissue involvement, 308
Number 13 craniofacial clefts, 309f
skeletal involvement, 308
soft tissue involvement, 308
Number 30 craniofacial clefts, 311f
skeletal involvement, 308
soft tissue involvement, 308
“Numbness,” 690
Nutrition, wound healing, 12
OASeeOsteoarthritis (OA)
Obesity, 589, 651
microsurgery, 41
wound healing, 14
Oblique rectus abdominis myocutaneous (ORAM), 3
Obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP)
hallmark stigmata and primary challenge, 715
injury patterns, 714, 715t
interventions, 715
protective factors, 714, 715t
risk factors, 714, 715t
Occupational therapy, 889
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Ocular protection, 425
Odds ratio (OR), 151
Oncologic reconstruction, 130
One-tailed test, 158
Open Payments Program (OPP), 141
Open rhinoplasty (basic), 526
caudal septal modification, 530
dorsum modifying, 529, 530f
inspection and closure, 533, 533f
opening, 527–528, 529f
osteotomies, 531–533, 532f–533f
septal cartilage harvesting, 530
septoplasty, 530
spreader grafts and flaps, 530–531, 
 531f–532f
Opioids, 889
Oral cavity
anatomy, 444, 445f
defects, 444
Oral cavity reconstruction
buccal and retromolar trigone reconstruction, 444–445, 446f
floor of mouth reconstruction, 445, 446f
glossectomy reconstruction, 445–450, 447f, 448t, 449f
laryngopharyngeal reconstruction, 450–453
pharyngoesophageal reconstruction, 450, 451f
ORAMSeeOblique rectus abdominis myocutaneous (ORAM)
Orbital exenteration, 377–378
Orbital floor defect, 376–377
Orbital hematoma, 507
Orbital hypertelorism (OHT)
classification, 308–309
craniofrontonasal dysplasia, 309
definition, 308
treatment, 310
Orbit, craniofacial microsomia (CFM), 277–278
Orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibromas, 333
Orthodontic preparation, 291–292
Orthognathic surgery, 130, 235
cephalometrics, 289, 289f
complications, 298
definition, 288
dental anatomy, 288
jaw development, 288
patient evaluation
diagnoses, 290
history, 290
maxillary constriction, 290
physical examination, 290
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prognathism, 290, 291f
retrognathism, 290, 291f
vertical maxillary deficiency, 290
vertical maxillary excess, 290
presurgical planning, 290–291
dental models, 292
model surgery, 292
orthodontic preparation, 291–292
virtual surgical planning, 292–293, 294f–295f
surgical techniques
mandibular osteotomies, 296–297
maxillary osteotomies, 295–296, 296f
principles, 293
terminology, 288–289
Osseointegration, 921
Osseous flaps, 45
Osseous genioplasty, 297See alsoFacial skeletal augmentation
anatomy, 548–549
complications, 551
limitations, 549
preoperative evaluation and indications
lower facial third division, 549, 551f
preprocedure and postprocedure, 549, 551f
surgical technique
operative approach, 549–551, 551f–552f
Osteoarthritis (OA)
carpometacarpal joint (CMC) arthritis
biomechanic knowledge, 940
examination, 940, 941f
imaging, 940, 941t, 942f
treatment, 941, 942t
conservative management, 938
interphalangeal/metacarpal phalangeal joint osteoarthritis, 938
examination, 939
imaging, 939, 940f
treatment, 939, 940t
Kallman grading scale, 938, 938t
population impact, 938
wrist arthritis, 942
examination, 943
imaging, 943, 943f–944f
treatment, 943–945, 945t
Osteocutaneous flap, 26
Osteomyelitis, 677
Osteomyocutaneous flap, 26
Osteoplastic thumb reconstruction, 850, 851f
Osteoradionecrosis, 208–209, 949
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Osteotomies
closed rhinoplasty (basic), 534
open rhinoplasty (basic)
medial oblique, 531, 532f
and Webster triangle, 531, 533f
Otoplasty, 538
accessory cartilage, 541
complications, 543
cryptotia, 541, 542f
diagnosis, 538–539, 538f
lobule abnormalities
congenital deficiency, 543, 543f
keloid, 542–543
split ear lobe, 541–542
nonoperative treatment, 539, 539f
operative treatment, timing of, 539
prominent ears, 540f
closure, 540
lower third, 540
middle third, 540
postoperative care, 541
superior third, 540, 540f
Stahl deformity, 541, 543f
Outcomes reporting app for clinician and patient engagement (ORACLE), 968
Overadjustment, 161
Overgrafting, 21
Oxygen, 12
Paget disease, 583
PALB2, 583
Pallor, 900
Palmar hand defect, 684–685, 685f
Panfacial fractures, 352
Paralysis, 900
Paralysis, facialSeeFacial paralysis
Paranasal augmentation, 547
Parenchyma, 655
Paresthesia, 690, 900
Paronychia, chronic, 673
Parotidectomy, 361
Parry-Romberg syndrome
clinical findings, 330
complications, 330–331, 331f
definition, 330
etiology, 330
pathogenesis, 330, 331f
treatment, 330–331, 331f
Parsonage-Turner Syndrome, 693
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Partial auricular defect, 317–318
external auditory canal, 317–318
lower-third auricular defects:, 317
middle-third defects, 317
upper-third defects, 317
Partial/full-thickness skin loss
dermal substitute, 680
skin grafts, 680
Partial mastectomy, 584
Patient positioning, 137
Patient safety
definition, 134
perioperative care
antibiotics, 136
communication, 136
deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, 
 136
fluid balance, 137
patient positioning, 137
skin preparation, 136
universal protocol, 136
warming, 137
postoperative care
ambulation, 137
blood monitoring, 137
complications, 137
fluid monitoring, 137
follow-up, 137
warning signs, 137
preoperative care
patient selection, 134–136
surgical planning, 136
Patient selection, safety
anemia disorders, 135
blood disorders, 135
cardiac history, 134–135, 135t
diabetes, 135
expectations, 134
medical comorbidities, 134
modifiable risk factors, 135–136
psychiatric history, 136
Patient triage, 180, 180t
Pectoral nerve block, 109
Pectoralis flap, 61
Pediatric amputations, 921
Pediatric mutilating upper extremity injuries, 824–825
Pediatric replantation, 836–837, 837f
Pedicle considerations, 33
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Pedicled flaps
latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap, 601, 601f–602f
pedicled TRAM flaps, 601
Pedicled latissimus dorsi flap, 921
Pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, 601
Pedicle-shaping sutures, 656
Pencil Doppler, 601
Penile inversion vaginoplasty technique, 1024
Penile reconstruction, 997
Penile transplantation, 74–75
Percutaneous aponeurotomy and lipofilling (PALF), 863
Percutaneous pinning, 745
Perforasome, 25
Perforator flap
classifications, 58
surgery, 5
Perforators, 25f
Periareolar approach, 559
Periareolar mastectomy, 1024, 1025f
Periareolar mastopexies, 559, 559f
Perilunate dislocation of wrist
diagnosis, 813, 814f
treatment, 814
Perineal reconstruction, 995–997
anatomy, 991, 992, 993t
etiology
burns, 991
hidradenitis suppurativa, 993–994
infections, 991–992
oncologic causes, 994, 994t
trauma, 992–993
postoperative protocols, 997
reconstruction, 994–995, 995t–996t
penile, 997
perineal, 995–997
scrotal, 997
vaginal, 995
vulvar, 995
Perioral reconstruction, 192–193
Periorbital reconstruction, 191
Peripheral nerves, 666
anatomy, 87
injury, 87–88
local anesthesia, 107–108, 107f–108f
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), 52
Periprosthetic capsules, 19
Peritendinous adhesion, 759
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Permanent implants, 592
Peroneal nerve, 703
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 583
Pfeiffer syndrome, 267
Phalangeal condylar fractures
type I, 732
type II, 732
type III, 732
Phalangeal neck fractures, 732
Phalanx fractures, 729
distal phalanx, 731–732, 733f–734f
proximal/middle phalanx, 732, 734f
Phalloplasty, 1025
complications and outcomes, 1027
prostheses for erectile function, 1027
scrotal construction, 1027
single-stage, one-flap phalloplasty, 1026–1027, 1027f
single-stage phalloplasty with two flaps, 1027
staged phalloplasty, 1027
surgical staging, 1026, 1026t
Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction, 450, 451f
Photography
areas of interest, 121
consistency
background, 121
equipment, 120–121, 121f
lighting, 121
guidelines
abdomen, 122, 123f
breasts, 121, 122f
forearm, 122, 123f
hand, 122, 123f
head, 121, 122f
hips, 122, 123f
lower extremity, 123, 123f
thighs, 122, 123f
importance, 120
Phyllodes tumor, 583
Physician Payments Sunshine Act (PPSA), 141
PICOS criteria, 145, 146f
Pierre Robin sequence
clinical findings, 333
complications, 334–335
definition, 333
etiology, 333
pathogenesis, 333–334
treatment, 334–335
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Pilomatrixomas, 243
Pittsburgh Rating Scale, 643
Pittsburgh Weight Loss Deformity Scale, 658
Plaster/plastic splints, 4
Plastic Surgery Foundation (PSF), 121
Plate fixation, 731
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), 14
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 14
Pleomorphic adenoma, 360
PMMASeePolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
PMNESeeProximal median nerve entrapment (PMNE)
PMRTSeePostmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT)
Poland sequence, 907
Poland syndrome
anatomic representations, 618, 620f
etiology, 620
frequency of hand abnormalities, 619
incidence, 618
mild variant, 619
Mobius and Klippel-Feil syndrome, 620
moderate to severe, 618, 620f
moderate variant, 619
renal ultrasounds, 620
surgical correction
autologous tissue, 621
expander and implant reconstruction, 621
fat grafting, 620–621
Pollicization, 917, 918f
index finger, 851, 852f
Polydactyly, 909, 909f
Poly-l-lactic acid, 476
Polymastia, 622
Polymeric biomaterials, 116
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 476, 547
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 43
Polythelia, 622
Polyurethane (PU), 43
Porous implants, 546
Posterior interosseous artery (PIA) flaps, 685
Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), 694, 694f, 701, 787, 897
Posterior pharyngeal flap, 323–324
Posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation, 324
Posterior thigh flaps, 604, 607f
Posterior trunk reconstruction
anatomy, 955, 956f
approach to patient, 957
cervical region, 958–959
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complications, 960–961
etiology, 956–957, 957f
lateral defect, 957, 958f
lumbar and lumbosacral region, 959–960, 960f
management, 960–961
midline posterior trunk defects, 958
outcomes, 960–961
paraspinous muscle flaps, 958, 959f, 959t
patient selection, 957
physiology, 955
thoracic region, 959, 960f
Post hoc analyses, 160
Postmastectomy breast reconstruction, 101
Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT), 599
Posttraumatic boutonnière deformity, 771–772
Posttraumatic swan-neck deformity, 769
Potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) lasers, 469
Potency, local anesthesia, 104
Potential database tools, 162, 162t
Power-assisted liposuction (PAL), 633
Preaxial polydactyly, 909
Predictor variables, 148–149
Preexisting data sets, 163
Prefabricated collagen tubes, 612
Pregabalin, 714
Preoperative mammography, 564
Preoperative markings, 629
Pressure injuries, 12, 13f
clinical prevention and management
control extrinsic factors, 1010
control intrinsic factors, 1010–1011
epidemiology, 1009, 1010t
long-term management, 1016
mortality risk, 1016
pathophysiology
additional factors, 1010
edema, 1010
inflammation, 1010
pressure, 1009, 1011f–1012f
postoperative considerations
acute management, 1015
postoperative complications, 1015, 1015t
rehabilitation and prevention, 1016
wound care
location, 1014–1015
nonoperative management, 1012–1013
surgical management, 1013
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Pressure necrosis, 612
Pressure, scar management, 20
Presurgical orthopedics, 229
Primary lymphedema, 1000
Primary sampling unit, 146
Principles, plastic surgery
backup plan, 4
debridement, 2
hair-bearing skin replacement, 2
informed decision, 1
innovate solutions, 5
internal or external distractors, 3
modifiable patient factors, 2
preserve form/function, 3
reconstruction, 2
surgical site protection, 4
tissue expansion, 2
vascularity, 3
Priori analyses, 160
Privacy, 140
Probability sampling, 147–148
Professionalism, 140
Profunda artery perforator, 60–61
Progesterone, 615
Prognathism, 290, 291f
Prolactin, 615
Proliferative scar formation, 18–19
Prolonged warm ischemia time, 829
Prominent ears, 540fSee alsoOtoplasty
closure, 540
constricted ears, 541, 541f–542f
lower third, 540
middle third, 540
postoperative care, 541
superior third, 540, 540f
Pronator quadratus (PQ), 692, 722
Pronator syndromeSeeProximal median nerve entrapment (PMNE)
Pronator teres (PT), 722, 787
Propeller flap, 28, 30f, 58
Prophylactic hernia prevention, 970
Prophylactic radiotherapy, 577
Prostate cancer, 577
Prostheses, 921
Prosthetic interfaces, 5
Prosthetic reconstruction, breast
patient selection, 588–589, 589f–590f
timing, 589–590, 590f, 590t
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Prosthetics implants
background, 77, 77t
foreign body response, 78
history, 77–78
Proximal amputations, 830
Proximal digital amputations, 917
Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) injuries, 667
anatomy, 797, 797f
categories, 797
central slip injuries, 800
complications, 800–801
dislocation, 797
dorsal PIPJ dislocation, 798
dorsal V sign, 798, 799f
Dupuytren disease (DD), 859
lateral PIPJ injuries, 800
outcomes, 800–801
stable, 798
treatment, 798
type I (hyperextension), 798
type II (dorsal dislocation), 798
type III (fracture-dislocation), 798
unstable
dynamic external fixation/dynamic skeletal traction, 799, 799f
hemihamate osteochondral arthroplasty, 800, 800f
K-wire fixation, 799
open reduction and internal fixation, 799
volar plate arthroplasty, 800
volar PIPJ dislocation, 800
Proximal median nerve entrapment (PMNE)
diagnosis, 692
nonoperative treatment, 692, 693f
operative treatment, 692
Proximal/middle phalanx, 732, 734f
Proximal phalanx, 847
Proximal phalanx fractures, 730
Proximal transhumeral amputation, 920–921
Proximodistal limb growth, 906
Pseudogynecomastia, 579–580
Psoriasis, 171, 172f
Psoriatic arthritis, 934, 935f
Psychiatric consultation, 714
Psychology, plastic surgery
aesthetic surgerySeeAesthetic surgery
principles, 127
reconstructive surgerySeeReconstructive surgery
PTEN, 583
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Ptosis
breast, 556, 556f, 656
correction of eyelid, 387–389
frontalis sling, 389
grade I, 556
grade II, 556
grade III, 556
levator advancement, 388–389
levator repair, 388–389
Müller muscle-conjunctiva resection, 388
nipple, 576
outcomes, 389
preoperative evaluation, 387–388
prognosis, 389
Pulley reconstruction in mutilating upper extremity injuries, 821
Pulley systems of fingers, 755, 756f
Pulsed dye laser (PDL), 468
Pulselessness, 900
P-value, 156
Pyogenic granuloma, 882
Q-stick, 528
Quality of life (QoL), 630
RASeeRheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Radial club hand, 912
Radial collateral ligament (RCL), 802
Radial component, tumor resection, 869
Radial forearm flap, 59
Radial hand, 668, 668f
Radial longitudinal deficiency (RLD), 912–913, 913f
Radial nerve compression
nonoperative treatment, 694
operative treatment, 694, 694f
posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), 694, 694f
superficial sensory branch, 694
Radial nerve palsy
anatomy, 787
tendon transfers
common sets, 787, 787t
FCR tendon transfer set, 788, 788f
flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), 787
median to radial nerve tendon transfers, 788, 788f
pronator teres (PT), 787
Radial tunnel syndrome (RTS), 694
Radiation-induced malignancies, 209
Radiation therapy (RT), 585
basics, 203–205, 204f–205f
cutaneous radiation toxicities
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acute cutaneous toxicities (ACT), 209
late toxicities, 209
externally administered radiation therapy, 203
scar management, 20
toxicity, 205–207, 205f–206f, 210t
breast cancer, 207
head and neck cancers (HNC), 207–208
lymphedema, 209
nonmelanoma skin cancers, 208
osteoradionecrosis, 208–209
radiation-induced malignancies, 209
sarcoma, 208
wound healing, 12
Radical fasciectomy, 861
Randomized controlled trial (RCT), 864
Ray amputation and transposition, 917, 
 918f
Raynaud phenomenon (RP), 876, 877–878
Recipient vessels, microvascular anastomosis, 604–605, 608f
Reconstructive elevator, 823
Reconstructive ladder, 4, 823
Reconstructive surgery
patient perspectives
amputation, 130
breast reconstruction, 130
congenital anomalies, 130
expectations, 130
goals, 130
neuroma pain, 130
oncologic reconstruction, 130
orthognathic surgery, 130
physician perspectives, 130
Reconstructive transplantation, 72
face transplantation, 73–74
future outlook, 75
novel technologies, 75
penile transplantation, 74–75
upper extremity transplantation, 72–73, 72f–73f
uterus transplantation, 74
Rectus abdominis, 59–60
Regenerative medicineSeeTissue engineering
Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNI), 923
Regional anesthesiaSee alsoLocal anesthesia
Regional flaps, cheek reconstruction, 415, 416f
Regional nerve blocks, local anesthesia, 108–109
Regression analysis, 159
Reiter syndrome, 935
Rejection, transplantation
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acute rejection, 68
chronic rejection, 68–69
hyperacute rejection, 68
Relative reduction, 155
Relative risk (RR), 151
Replantation, 917
contraindications, 829
digital, 829
ectopic, 829
indications, 828
single digit, 829
specific level of amputation
distal digital replantation, 835–836
major limb replantation, 841–843
multiple-digit replantation, 839
pediatric replantation, 836–837
ring avulsion amputation, 838–839
thumb replantation, 837–838
transmetacarpal replantation, 839–840
surgical technique
bone fixation, 832, 833f
nerve repair, 834
skin closure, 834
tendon repair, 832–833, 833f
vessel repair, 833–834, 834f
suspended or delayed, 828
Research studies
analytic plan, 148–149
developing, 145–146
hypothesis testing, 149–151
population, 146
sampling technique, 146, 147, 147t
nonprobability sampling, 147
probability sampling, 147–148
study design, 151–152
Resuscitation
analgesia, 181
escharotomy, 181, 182f
extremes of age, 182
hypermetabolism, 182
infection, 183
inhalation injury, 182–183
initial debridement, 181
prophylaxis, 182
sedation, 181
wound care, 181
Retinoids, 168
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Retrognathism, 290, 291f
Retropulsion, 764, 766f
Revascularization, 3, 50–51, 828
Reverse radial forearm flap, 28, 31f
Revision rhinoplasty, 534–535
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 755
anatomy, 929–932
diagnosis, 928–929
disease impact, 927–928
epidemiology, 927–928
history, 927
irreducible ulnar-volar subluxation, 931, 932f
laboratory testing, 928, 928t
medical treatment, 928–929, 929t
mixed finger deformities, 931, 933f
pathophysiology, 928–929
progression, 929–932
progressive collapse, 929, 930f
rheumatoid nodules, 929, 930f
silicone implant arthroplasty, 931, 933f
surgical options, 929–932
swan-neck deformity, 931, 933f–934f, 933t
tendon transfers for attritional rupture, 930, 932t
thumb deformities, 932
wrist and hand, 929, 930f
wrist salvage procedures for DRUJ, 929, 931f
Rheumatoid nodules, 929
Rhinophyma, 19
Rhinoplasty
advanced rhinoplasty maneuvers, 534
closed rhinoplasty (basic), 533–534
complications, 535
computer imaging, 523
external examination, 523
internal examination, 523
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nasal analysis
alar base width, 523, 525f
alar-columellar relationship, 524–525, 529f
alar rim orientation, 523, 525f
base view triangle, 524, 526f
bony base width, 523, 525f
columellar lobular angle, 524, 527f
dorsal aesthetic lines, 523, 525f
facial fifths, 523, 524f
facial thirds, 523, 524f
Gull wing line, 523, 525f
horizontal ideal chin position, 524, 527f
lobular to nostril ratio, 524, 526f
midline facial vertical, 523, 524f
nasal length, 524, 526f
nasofrontal angle, 524, 527f
nasolabial angle, 524, 527f
nostril shape, 524, 526f
opposing equilateral triangles, 524, 525f
perceived nasal length, 524
supratip break, 524, 527f
tip projection, 524, 528f
nasal anatomy, 521f
arterial blood supply, 519, 522f
bones, 519
cartilage, 519
mucosa, 519
nerve supply, 519, 522f
skin, 519
venous blood supply, 519
nasal conditions
anatomic, 519
physiologic, 519
open rhinoplasty (basic), 527–533
outcomes, 535
patient history and examination
aesthetic nasal history, 519–522
bleeding disorders/difficulties, 522
concerns and goals, 519
current employment, 523
current medications, 522
current physical activities, 523
diagnostic testing, 523
health history, 523
physical examination, 523
previous nasal surgery, 522
psychological history, 522
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revision, 534–535
terminology associated with, 519, 520t–521t
treatment plan
functional procedures, 525–526
medical treatment, 526
surgical treatment, 526–527
Riedel line, 548, 548f
Ring avulsion amputation, 838–839, 839f, 839t
Robotic surgery, 5
Rolando fracture, 735, 736f
Rosacea, 170
Rotation flap, 27, 29f
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 629
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), 
 115
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, 266, 268f
Sagittal band injuries, 772
Sagittal split osteotomy (SSO), 296, 297f
Saline implants, 592
Salivary gland tumors
acinic cell carcinoma, 361
anatomy, 359, 360f
incidence, 359–360
malignant mixed tumors, 361
mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 361
pleomorphic adenoma, 360
risk factors, 359–360
treatment, 361–362
warthin tumor, 360
Sample average, 155
Sample size, 155
Sampling frame, 146
Sampling techniques, 146, 147, 147t
nonprobability sampling, 147
probability sampling, 147–148
Sampling unit, 146, 147f
Sarcoma, 208
“Saturday Night Palsy,” 694
Scaffolds, wound healing, 15
Scalp
anatomy, 365
defect, 365
definition, 365
reconstruction
composite tissue allograft transplantation, 370–371, 370f
flaps, 365, 367
microsurgical techniques, 366–367, 369t
nonmicrosurgical techniques, 365–366, 366f
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tissue expansion, 366
Scalp reconstruction, 193
Scalp tissue expansion, 99, 99f–100f
Scaphoid fractures
biomechanics, 748
classification, 748, 749t
complications, 750, 750f–751f
epidemiology, 748
nonoperative treatment, 748–749
open reduction and internal fixation, 749–750
operative indications, 748
outcomes, 750
postoperative management and rehabilitation, 750
radiographic evaluation, 748
vascularity, 748
Scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC), 943
Scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC), 943
Scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL), 808
Scapholunate ligament injury
diagnosis
dynamic instability, 809
grade I, 810
grade II, 810
grade III, 811
grade IV, 811
predynamic instability, 809
scaphoid ring sign and Terry Thomas sign, 810, 811f
scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC arthritis), 810, 810f
stage I, 809, 810f
stage II, 809, 810f
stage III, 809, 810f
stage IV, 809, 810f
standard three-view wrist X-rays, 810
static instability, 809
recovery, 812
rehabilitation, 812
treatment
dynamic instability, direct repair not possible, 811
dynamic instability, direct repair possible, 811
predynamic instability, 811
static, irreducible instability, 812
static, reducible instability, 811–812
Scapho-trapezial-trapezoid (STT) joint, 940
Scapula free flap, 435, 437f
Scar contractures, 19
Scar management, 888
aesthetic problems, 19
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functional problems, 19
medical management, 20–21
prevention, 19–20
proliferative scar formation, 18–19
surgical management, 21
Schwannomas, 871, 871f
Scleroderma, 878, 879f, 935
Scoliosis, 564
Screening, breast cancer, 584
Scrotal reconstruction, 997
Sebaceous nevi, 242, 242f
Seborrheic dermatitis, 170–171
Secondary lymphedema, 1001
Secondary sampling unit, 146
Secondary speech surgery, 234–235
Second-toe transfer, 851–852, 853
Sedation, 104, 109
Segmental bone loss, 735
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), 585
Senile gynecomastia, 575
Sensory loss, 690
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), 585
Separation-aspiration-fat equalization (SAFE) liposuction technique, 634
Septal cartilage harvesting, 530
Septic arthritis, 675–676, 676f
Septoplasty, 530
closed rhinoplasty (basic), 534
open rhinoplasty (basic), 530
Seroma, 572, 629
Sex hormones, 615
Short-scar periareolar inferior-pedicle reduction (SPAIR), 559–560
Shoulder disarticulation, 921
Silicone, 476
Silicone gel, scar management, 20
Silicone implants, 557, 592
Simon gynecomastia classification system, 576, 576t
Simple random sampling, 147
Single-lens reflex (SLR), 120
Single-stage comprehensive mandibular restoration, 438–440
Single-stage flexor tendon grafting, 759
Single-stage mastopexy-augmentation, 561–562, 561f
Skeletal fixation, 821, 822f
Skeletal injuries
lower facial fractures, 351–352
midfacial fractures, 346–350
panfacial fractures, 352
upper facial fractures, 345–346
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Skeletal reconstruction, tumor reconstruction, 869
Skewedness, 155, 157–158
Skin
aging, 459–460
anatomy, 167, 168f, 459
benign lesions
acne, 171–172
alopecia, 172
contact dermatitis, 170, 170f
eczema, 170
hair disorders, 172
hyperpigmentation, 172
hypopigmentation, 172
nail disorders, 172
nevi, 170
psoriasis, 171, 172f
rosacea, 170
seborrheic dermatitis, 170–171
urticaria, 171
and breast parenchyma, 559
chemical peels, 168
fitzpatrick skin type, 167
implants
tissue expanders, 83
laser resurfacing, 168
melanoma, 174–175, 174f, 175t
merkel cell carcinoma, 175
nonmelanoma skin cancers, 172–173
basal cell carcinoma, 173
squamous cell carcinoma, 173, 173t
retinoids, 168
rhinoplasty, 519
soft-tissue infections
bacterial infections, 168
bites, 168
cutaneous viral infections, 169, 169f
dermatologic manifestations, 169–170
exanthems, 169
fungal infections, 169
infestations, 169, 169f
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 169–170
stings, 168
sunscreen, 167
thighplasty, 643
tissue expansion, 98t
Skin care, 888
Skin closure, hand and upper extremity, 834
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Skin dimpling, 576
Skin flap perfusion, 590
Skin grafts, 21
anatomy, 49–50, 50f
areola reconstruction, 612
burn scars, 190
cheek reconstruction, 415
conventional skin grafts, 52–53
mechanisms
graft contraction, 51
histology, 51
imbibition, 50
revascularization, 50–51
nasal reconstruction, 397–401, 398f–402f
partial/full-thickness skin loss, 680
techniques
donor site, 51–52
graft failure, 52
graft fixation, 52
skin graft donor site, 52
Skin growths, 219
Skin layers, 238
Skin-only lifts, facelifting, 512
Skin-reducing mastectomy, 589, 590f
Skin redundancy, 576
Skin resurfacing
chemical peels, 461–463
dermabrasion, 463
laser, 463–469
ablative lasers, 466
CO2 lasers, 466
erbium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, 466–467, 467f–468f
fractionated photothermolysis lasers, 467–468
hybrid fractionated lasers, 468
intense pulsed light (IPL), 469
melanin-containing lesions, 469
Nd:YAG, 469
nonablative lasers, 468
potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) lasers, 469
pulsed dye laser (PDL), 468
vascular lesions, 468
patient selection, 460–461, 460t–461t
postprocedural care, 469
wound healing, 461
Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM), 584
Skin substitutes
advanced wound therapy, 54
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