Operative Technique in Plastic Surgery – Kevin C.Chung

outcomes, 199, 199f–200f
pathogenesis, 196
patient history and physical findings, 197
postoperative care, 199
surgical management, 197–198, 197f
techniques, 198b
Skin-only flap approach, lower blepharoplasty via subciliary
incision, 153–154, 154f
Skin-tarsus fixation technique, 130, 130f
Skoog’s technique, 658
Skull base fracture, 2875
Skull defects
anatomy, 774
complications, 778
definition, 774
iliac crest bone graft, 776–777, 777f
imaging studies, 774, 775f
merits and demerits, 775b
outcomes, 778
patient history and physical findings, 774
postoperative care, 778
rib graft, 777, 777f
split parietal calvarium, 775–776, 776f
surgical management
approach, 774
patient positioning, 774
preoperative planning, 774
zigzag bicoronal incision, 775, 775f
SL dissociation. See Scapholunate (SL) dissociation
SLA (superior labial artery), 37
SLAC (scapholunate advanced collapse), 1899
SLAT (split lip advancement technique), 2655, 2655f
Slider-crank model, 1899–1900

Sliding gluteal flap, 1703, 1703f
SLIL injury. See Scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) injury
Small cell carcinoma, of upper lip and nostril floor
Small finger abduction
correction, 2040
low combined median and ulnar nerve palsy, 2040
Small nerve gap repair, small caliber nerve, 2008, 2008f–2009f
SMAS. See Superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS)
SMASectomy, 206, 206f
SMASectomy face-lift
anatomy, 228, 228f
complications, 230
definition, 228
merits and demerits, 229b
outcomes, 230
patient history and physical findings, 228
postoperative care, 230
surgical management, 228–230
techniques, 229b, 229f
SMG (submandibular gland), 242–243
reduction, 246–247, 246f–247f
SMPA (silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty), 1940,
1948, 1949f, 1953, 1954f
SNAC (scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse), 1880, 1887f–1888f
Snapback test, 158
Sodium bicarbonate, local anesthesia, 972
Soft palate repair, 2659, 2659f
Soft tissue anatomy, 802
Soft tissue debridement, 2467
Soft tissue flaps, 2127
floor of mouth reconstruction
anterolateral thigh flap, 1211
medial sural artery perforator flap, 1211

pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap, 1211
radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flap, 1210
lateral mandible reconstruction
anatomy, 1047
completion, 1051
complications, 1051
definition, 1047
horizontally oriented flaps, 1048, 1049f
imaging studies, 1048
indication, 1047
merits and demerits, 1048b
nonhorizontally oriented flaps, 1049, 1049f–1050f
outcomes, 1051
patient history and physical findings, 1047–1048
postoperative care, 1051
surgical management, 1048
lateral mandible reconstruction with
anatomy, 1047
completion, 1051
complications, 1051
definition, 1047
horizontally oriented flaps, 1048, 1049f
imaging, 1048
indication, 1047
merits and demerits, 1048b
nonhorizontally oriented flaps, 1049, 1049f–1050f
outcomes, 1051
patient history and physical findings, 1047–1048
postoperative care, 1051
surgical management, 1048
maxillary reconstruction
anatomy, 1011–1012, 1011f–1012f
complications, 1021

definition, 1011
eyelids, 1019
imaging, 1012
imaging studies, 1012
merits and demerits, 1015b
nonoperative management, 1012–1013
nose, 1019
outcomes, 1020–1021
pathogenesis, 1012
patient history and physical findings, 1012
postoperative care, 1020
surgical management, 1013–1015
type I (limited maxillectomy) defect, 1013, 1013f–1014f,
1015–1016
type II (subtotal maxillectomy) defect, 1013, 1016
type III (total maxillectomy) defect, 1013, 1016–1019
type IV defect (orbitomaxillectomy), 1013, 1019
upper lip and oral commissure, 1019
Soft tissue infections, debridement of
definition, 2349
of foot and ankle, 2351, 2351f
anatomy, 2349–2350, 2349f
complications, 2351
differential diagnosis, 2350
imaging, 2350
merits and demerits
nonoperative management, 2350
pathogenesis, 2350
patient history and physical findings, 2350
postoperative care, 2351
preoperative planning, 2350
supine position, 2350
surgical management, 2350

Soft tissue masses, 2411
Soft tissue sarcoma resection, 1592
Soft tissue tumors, knee
anatomy, 2456
complications, 2458
definition, 2456
differential diagnosis, 2457
functional outcomes, 2458
imaging, 2456–2457, 2457f
knee sarcoma, wide resection of, 2457, 2458f
merits and demerits, 2458b
natural history, 2456
oncological outcomes, 2458
pathogenesis, 2456
patient history, 2456
physical findings, 2456
postoperative care, 2458
surgical management, 2457
approach, 2457
patient positioning, 2457
preoperative planning, 2457
Soft tissue tumors, lower leg, 2421, 2422f
anatomy, 2338, 2338f–2339f, 2420, 2420f
complications, 2341, 2422
definition, 2420
definition, 2338
differential diagnosis, 2339
differential diagnosis for, 2421
free tissue transfer, 2340
functional outcomes, 2422
imaging, 2339, 2421
merits and demerits, 2341b, 2422b
natural history, 2338, 2420–2421

oncological outcomes, 2422
outcomes, 2341, 2341f
pathogenesis, 2338, 2420
patient history and physical findings, 2339, 2421
patient positioning, 2339
postoperative care, 2341
preoperative planning, 2339, 2340f
previous biopsy incision, excision of, 2340, 2340f
surgical management, 2339, 2421
approach, 2421
biopsy incisions, 2421
patient positioning, 2421
preoperative planning, 2421
simple marginal excision, 2421
tourniquet, 2340, 2421
Soft tissue tumors of thigh
anatomy, 2497
completion, 2500
complications, 2501
deep sarcoma, 2499, 2499f, 2500f
definition, 2497–2501
differential diagnosis, 2498
functional outcomes, 2501
imaging, 2498, 2498f
incision and dissection, 2500, 2500f
merits and demerits, 2500b
natural history, 2497
oncological outcomes, 2501
pathogenesis, 2497
patient history and physical findings, 2497–2498
postoperative care, 2501
subcutaneous sarcoma, 2499, 2499f
surgical management, 2498

approach, 2498
patient positioning, 2498, 2498f
preoperative planning, 2498, 2498f
Soft tissue–only reconstruction defects, 1047
Soleal sling, 2451, 2453, 2453f
release of, 2454
Soleus flap, soft tissue coverage of lower leg
anatomy, 2446, 2446f
complications, 2449
definition, 2446
distally based medial hemisoleus flap, 2448–2449, 2448f
imaging, 2446
merits and demerits, 2448b
outcomes, 2449, 2449f–2450f
patient history, 2446
physical findings, 2446
postoperative care, 2449
proximally based medial hemisoleus flap, 2447, 2447f, 2449
surgical management, 2446–2447
approach, 2447
frog leg positioning, 2447, 2447f
preoperative planning, 2446–2447
Sommerlad palatoplasty
anatomy, 2675
complications, 2682
definition, 2675
hard palate
incisions and dissection, 2676–2677, 2676f–2677f
nasal layer elevation, 2677–2678, 2677f
von Langenbeck incisions, 2678, 2678f
imaging, 2675
merits and demerits, 2676b
nasal layer, 2678, 2679f

closure, 2681, 2681f
muscle dissection, 2679, 2679f–2680f
oral layer, 2678, 2678f
outcomes, 2682
patient history and physical findings, 2675
postoperative care, 2682
surgical management
approach, 2676, 2676f
patient position, 2676
preoperative planning, 2675–2676
Space-occupying masses, 1987
Spaghetti wrist
anatomy, 2061
complications, 2064
definition, 2061
imaging, 2061
injured structures repair, 2063, 2063f
merits and demerits, 2062b, 2063b
outcomes, 2064
pathogenesis, 2061
patient history and physical findings, 2061
postoperative care, 2064
proximal structures, tagging, 2063, 2063f
surgical management
patient positioning, 2062
preoperative planning, 2062
wound presentation, exposed injuries, 2062, 2062f
SPAIR technique. See Short scar periareolar inferior pedicle
(SPAIR) technique
Speech problems, 2682
Speech therapy, velopharyngeal insufficiency, 2707
Sphenoid bone, medial orbit wall fractures, 830
Sphenoid greater wing, 2752

Sphincter pharyngoplasty, dynamic. See Dynamic sphincter
pharyngoplasty
Split calvarial bone graft harvest
age, 504
anatomy, 504, 504f
complications, 508
definition, 504
imaging studies, 505, 505f
merits and demerits, 506b
osteoconduction, 504
osteoinduction, 504
osteointegration, 504
outcomes, 508
outer table ex vivo split calvarial graft, 507, 507f
outer table in situ split calvarial graft, 506–507, 506f–507f
pathogenesis, 504
patient history and physical findings, 505
postoperative care, 508
shave graft, 506
surgical management
approach, 505
patient positioning, 505
preoperative planning, 505
Split calvarial grafts
anatomy, 997
complications, 1000
definition, 997
ex vivo, 998, 998f
imaging studies, 997
in situ, 999, 999f
merits and demerits, 998b
outcomes, 1000
patient history and physical findings, 997

postoperative care, 1000
surgical management
approach, 998
patient positioning, 998
preoperative planning, 997–998
thin split-thickness in situ, 999
Split flexor pollicis longus (FPL), 2023, 2023f
Split lip advancement technique (SLAT), 2655, 2655f
Split rib grafts
complications, 996
definition, 994
harvest site and completion, 995, 996f
imaging studies, 994
merits and demerits, 995b
outcomes, 996
patient history and physical findings, 994
postoperative care, 996
rib graft harvest, 995, 995f
rib/thoracic cage, 994, 994f
surgical management
patient positioning, 994
preoperative planning, 994
Split rib technique, 513, 513f
Split-thickness skin graft (STSG), 2366, 2368f–2369f, 2371, 2375,
2376f, 2396–2398, 2463, 2523, 2526–2527, 2769
free lateral arm flap, 2136
harvesting of, 2770–2771, 2770f, 2771f
posterior interosseous artery (PIA) flap, 2126, 2129, 2132
reverse radial forearm flap, 2116, 2118–2119
ulnar artery perforator flap, 2121, 2123
to volar forearm, 1765, 1765f
Sports-related injuries, 958
Spreader graft tunnels, 272f, 273, 291

Squamous cell carcinoma/cancer (SCC), 2128f
anatomy, 2303
buccal mucosal defects, 1220
complications, 2308
definition, 2303
differential diagnosis, 2304
direct closure and lateral cantholysis, 1078
excision reconstruction, 2305, 2305f
FOM, 1209
hemiglossectomy, 1198
imaging studies for, 2304
of the lateral mandible, 1049, 1049f–1050f
merits and demerits, 2307b
nasolabial flap, 1070
natural history, 2303
nonoperative management
outcomes, 2308
pathogenesis, 1068, 2303
patient history and physical findings, 2303, 2304f
of pharynx, 1244–1245, 1244f–1245f
postoperative care, 2308
on scalp, 984, 984f
surgical management, 2305, 2305f
tenzel semicircular rotational flap, 1084
wide local excision of, 2305, 2306f
SRN (superficial radial nerve) injury, 1930
SSA (subscapular artery), 1037, 1037f
STA (superficial temporal artery), 37, 37f–38f
Stahl ear
anatomy, 2821, 2821f
complications, 2825
definition, 2821
excision and suturing, 2823, 2823f–2824f

merits and demerits, 2824b
nonoperative management, 2821
outcomes, 2825, 2825f
pathogenesis, 2821
patient history and physical findings, 2821
postoperative care, 2825
preoperative assessment, 2822f
surgical management, 2821–2825, 2822f
approach, 2821–2825, 2822f–2823f
patient position, 2821
preoperative planning, 2821, 2822f
Stair-step incisions, 2911–2912, 2911f
Standard preauricular approach, 2920–2921, 2921f
Standard technique
markings and incisions, 2858, 2858f
suturing, 2859, 2859f
Standardized Way to Assess Grafts (SWAG), 649
Stapedial artery, 2729
Staphylococcus aureus, pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis, 1771
Static rhytids, 5
Static spacers, 2469
Statin, 2406
Steindler flexorplasty, 2961–2962, 2961f
Stenosis tenosynovitis. See Trigger finger release
Stenstrom-type anterior scoring, 2837
Steri-Strips, 2635
Sternal debridement
anatomy, 1522, 1523f
complications, 1526
definition, 1522
imaging, 1523, 1524f
merits and demerits, 1526b
natural history, 1523

nonoperative management, 1523
outcomes, 1526
pathogenesis, 1522
patient history and physical findings, 1523
postoperative care, 1526
surgical management
approach, 1524
positioning, 1524
preoperative planning, 1524
Sternal fixation, 1525
Sternal necrosis, 1522
Sternal nonunion, 1522
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM), 212
Sternum, 1522, 1523f
Steroids, 2276
STF (superficial temporal fascia), 872, 873f
Stiles-Bunnell transfer, of FDS to lateral bands, 2021–2022, 2021f
Stimulating catheter, 2318
Straightline cleft palate repair. See Sommerlad palatoplasty
Strip suturectomy, 447
Structural autograft, 2355, 2362
Stryker-Leibinger, 2622
STSG. See Split-thickness skin graft (STSG)
STT (scaphotrapeziotrapezoid) joint arthritis, 1957
Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), 2799
Subciliary approach, pediatric orbital fractures, 946–947, 947f
Subciliary incision
lower blepharoplasty via
anatomy, 148, 149f–150f
complications, 155–156
definition, 148
imaging, 150
merits and demerits, 155b

nonoperative management, 151
outcomes, 155, 156f
patient history and physical findings, 148–150
postoperative care, 155
skin-muscle flap approach with orbicularis oculi resuspension,
152–153, 152f–153f
skin-only flap approach with reverse orbicularis oculi tightening,
153–154, 154f
surgical management, 151
Subcision cannula, 2811, 2812f
Subcondylar fracture, mandible fractures, open treatment of, 908,
912–913, 912f
Subcutaneous fat, 2378
Subcutaneous lateral brow lifting
anatomy, 82, 82f
approach, 83–84, 84f
complications, 87–88
definition, 82
direct eyebrow incision, 87
hairline approach
anterior, 84–85, 84f, 85f
posterior, 86, 86f
merits and demerits, 87b
nonoperative management, 83
outcomes, 87
pathogenesis, 82–83
patient history and physical findings, 83
positioning, 83
postoperative care, 87
preoperative planning, 83
surgical management, 83–84
transverse forehead line approach, 86–87, 86f
Subcutaneous plane, 74

Subcutaneous sarcoma, 2499, 2499f
Subcutaneous tissue expander insertion into abdomen, 1739, 1739f
Subfascial implant
definition, 1297–1298, 1298f
IMF incision, 1305, 1305f
implant placement, 1307–1308, 1308f
periareolar incision, 1306–1307, 1306f
pocket, 1307, 1307f
closure, 1308, 1308f–1309f
control, 1307
subcutaneous periareolar approach, 1307
transparenchymal periareolar approach, 1307
Subglandular implant
definition, 1297, 1297f
IMF incision, 1305, 1305f
implant placement, 1307–1308, 1308f
periareolar incision, 1306–1307, 1306f
pocket
closure, 1308, 1308f–1309f
control, 1307
subcutaneous periareolar approach, 1306
subglandular pocket, 1306–1307, 1307f
transparenchymal periareolar approach, 1306
Submandibular approach, 673–674, 674f
Submandibular gland (SMG), 242–243
reduction, 246–247, 246f–247f
Submental artery island flap, 1220
Submental island flap, 1221–1222, 1222f
Submental vascularized lymph node harvest, 2562
Submucosal resection, 384, 384f
Submucous cleft palate
velopharyngeal insufficiency, 2706
Submuscular implant

definition, 1298, 1298f
IMF incision, 1305f, 1309
implant placement, 1308f, 1311
periareolar incision, 1306f, 1309–1310
pocket closure, 1308f–1309f, 1311
pocket dissection, 1310–1311, 1310f
Suboptimal knee range of motion, 2492
Subpectoral tissue expander placement, dermal allograft,
1381–1382, 1381f, 1382f
Subperiosteal defect exposure, 517
Subplatysmal fat, 242, 244, 245f
Subplatysmal neck lifting
anatomy, 242
anterior platysmaplasty and myotomy, 248, 248f–249f
cervical lipectomy, 245–246, 245f
complications, 250
definition, 242, 242f–243f
imaging, 243
merits and demerits, 249b
nonoperative management, 243
outcomes, 249
patial digastric myectomy, 247, 248f
patient history and physical findings, 242–243, 243f–244f
postoperative care, 249
skin flap elevation, 245
submandibular gland reduction, 246–247, 246f–247f
surgical management, 243–244
approach, 244, 244f
positioning, 244
preoperative planning, 244
Subscapular artery (SSA), 1037, 1037f
Subscapular vascular system, 1037
Subtalar joint, 2355

Subtotal maxillectomy defect, 1013, 1016
Supercharged reverse sural artery flap, 2390
Supercilii muscle, removal, transpalpebral corrugator resection, 111
Superficial aponeurosis, 1273, 1273f–1274f
Superficial branch of radial nerve (SBRN)
anatomy, 1754
at wirst, 1758
Superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA), 2137–2138
free groin flap, 2142, 2142f
pedicled groin flap, 2140
Superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap,
2487–2488
Superficial fascial system (SFS), 1619
Superficial infections, 2362
Superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA), 2563
Superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), 201–202,
205–206, 206f, 231, 916, 1103, 1146
dissection, lamellar high SMAS face-lift, 221–222, 221f
flap, 205–206, 206f, 2915, 2926–2927
manipulation, 196
plication, 206
suspension, lamellar high SMAS face-lift, 222–223, 222f
Superficial palmar branch of radial artery vascularized bone flap,
1883, 1883f
Superficial peeling techniques, 60
Superficial peroneal nerve, 2323, 2324f, 2410–2412, 2412f, 2414,
2420, 2423
compression release and/or neurectomy, 2413–2414
Superficial radial nerve (SRN) injury, 1930
Superficial sarcomas, 2421
Superficial scar, 2429
Superficial temporal artery (STA), 37, 37f–38f
Superficial temporal fascia (STF), 872, 873f

Superficial vein, 2395
Superficial venous system of foot
Superior gluteal artery flap, 1735, 1735f–1736f
anatomy, 1734, 1734f
complications, 1737
definition, 1734
imaging, 1734
outcomes, 1737
patient history and physical findings, 1734
postoperative care, 1737
surgical management
approach, 1735
positioning, 1734
preoperative planning, 1734
Superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flap, 1461, 1462f
anatomy, 1459–1460, 1459f–1460f
complications, 1463
definition, 1459
imaging, 1460
merits and demerits, 1462b
outcomes, 1462
patient history and physical exam, 1460
postoperative care, 1462
recipient vessel exposure, 1462
surgical management
approach, 1461
patient positioning, 1461
preoperative planning, 1460–1461
Superior labial artery (SLA), 37
Superwet liposuction, 2572
Supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF)
advantages, 1249
anatomy, 1249–1250, 1249f

complications
distal flap ischemia and necrosis, 1253
donor site wound dehiscence, 1254
hematoma, 1254
orocutaneous fistula formation, 1254
shoulder sensation and dysesthesia, 1254
strictures, 1254
venous insufficiency, 1254
definition, 1249
disadvantages, 1250
flap harvest, 1251–1252, 1251f
flap inset and completion, 1252–1253, 1252f
imaging studies, 1250
markings, 1251, 1251f
merits and demerits, 1251b
outcomes, 1253
patient history and physical findings, 1250
postoperative care, 1253, 1254f
procedure, 1250
surgical management
patient positioning, 1250
preoperative planning, 1250, 1250f
Supraclavicular flap, 1230
Supraclavicular vascularized lymph node harvest, 2561, 2561f
Supraorbital artery, 20, 20f
Supraorbital nerve, 20, 20f, 70
anatomy, 966, 966f
facial nerve blocks, 970, 970f
and supratrochlear nerve, scalp reconstruction with rotation flaps,
980
transpalpebral corrugator resection, 109
Supratarsal approach, orbital roof fractures, 842f, 843
Supratip area, management of, 357, 357f–358f

Supratrochlear artery, 20, 20f
Supratrochlear nerve, 70
anatomy, 966, 966f
facial nerve blocks, 970, 970f
transpalpebral corrugator resection, 109
Sural flap, 2440
Sural nerve, 2324, 2324f
Sural nerve harvest
anatomy, 2911
coaptation, 2946, 2946f
complications, 2912
definition, 2911
dissection, 2945, 2945f
identification, 2944, 2944f
imaging, 2911
merits and demerits, 2912b
outcomes, 2912
patient history and physical findings, 2911
postoperative care, 2912
surgical management
approach, 2911
patient position, 2911
preoperative planning, 2911
technique, 2009
tunneling, 2944–2946, 2944f, 2945f
Surgical managementenzel semicircular rotational flap, 1085
Suture closure techniques, 3079f
Suture techniques, 978, 978f
SWAG (Standardized Way to Assess Grafts), 649
Swan-neck deformity, 1933
characteristics of, 1937, 1937f
correction of
FDS tenodesis for, 1945, 1946f

lateral band mobilization, 1947, 1947f
retinacular ligament reconstruction, 1945, 1946f
step-cut (Z) central slip lengthening, 1947
mechanism of, 1937, 1938t
thumb, 1938
SWS (Sturge-Weber syndrome), 2799
Syme amputation, 2546
Sympathectomy, 2158, 2158f
Symphysis, mandible fractures, open treatment of, 908, 910
Syndromic cleft palate, 2669
Synovial osteochondromatosis, 2456
Synovial sarcoma, 2421
Syringe fascial sleeve wrapping, 370, 370f

T
TA (tibialis anterior), 2363
Tajima suture repair, 2057, 2057f
Tangential excision and skin grafting, 2577–2578, 2577f, 2578f
anatomy, 2575
complications, 2579
contact ankle burn, 2577f
definition, 2575
merits and demerits, 2577b, 2578b
natural history, 2575
nonoperative management, 2575–2576
outcomes, 2579
pathogenesis, 2575
patient history and physical exam, 2575, 2575f–2576f
postoperative care, 2579
surgical management
patient positioning, 2577
preoperative planning, 2576, 2576f
Tanzer constricted ear classification, 2826f
TAR (transversus abdominis release), 1556, 1559–1560, 1560f
TAR (thrombocytopenia-absent radius) syndrome, 2268
Tarsal tunnel, 2451, 2452f, 2453, 2453f
release of, 2454–2455, 2454f
Tarsoligamentous integrity, 158
Tarsomarginal graft, eyelid coloboma, 2845–2846, 2845f
Tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint, 2344
TBIs (toe-brachial pressures), 2400
TCA peel. See Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel
TCL (transverse carpal ligament), 1977, 1978f, 1986f
TCS (Treacher Collins syndrome), 723
TDAP flap. See Thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap

Tear trough, 50, 162
fat grafting, 183
and lid-cheek junction
anatomy, 26
complications, 28
definition, 26
merits and demerits, 28b
outcomes, 28
pathogenesis, 26–27
patient history and physical findings, 27
postprocedural care, 28
preparation, 27, 27f, 28f
Temporal crest line, 69, 69f
Temporal fascia/allograft dermis, 358, 358f
Temporal ligamentous adhesion, 69
Temporal region
fillers injection, 39
anatomy, 37, 37f–38f
complications, 40
definition, 37
merits and demerits, 40b
nonoperative management, 38
outcomes, 40, 40f–41f
patient history and physical findings, 37–38
postoperative care, 40
techniques, 38b
Temporalis muscle, 69, 440, 871, 873f, 944f
fascia, 222f
flap
definition, 1262
dissection, 1265, 1265f
elevation, 1265–1266, 1266f
inset and completion, 1267, 1267f

interposition graft, 1266–1267
neurovascular supply, 1262, 1263f
retrograde temporalis flap, 1264
superficial and deep layers, 1262, 1263f
surgical management, 1264
Temporary lateral tarsorrhaphy, 154
Temporary nerve paralysis, 973
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 915
anatomy, 676
complications, 682
definition, 676
differential diagnosis, 676
distraction osteogenesis
anatomy, 691
complications, 696
definition, 691
differential diagnosis, 692
imaging, 692
indications, 693
merits and demerits, 693b
natural history, 691–692
outcomes, 695–696
pathogenesis, 691
patient history and physical findings, 692
postoperative care, 695
reverse distraction, 693–695, 694f
surgical management, 693–695
imaging, 676, 676f
merits and demerits, 678b
nonoperative management, 677
outcomes, 682
patient history and physical findings, 676
postoperative care, 682

reconstruction with stock/custom prosthesis
design, 681, 681f
markings, 678, 678f
maxillomandibular fixation and prosthesis insertion, 680, 680f
preauricular incision and discectomy, 678–679, 678f
submandibular incision and condylectomy, 679, 679f
surgical management
patient positioning, 677, 677f
preauricular approach, 677
preoperative planning, 677, 677f
retromandibular approach, 678
submandibular approach, 678
Temporoparietal fascia (TPF), 916
Ten test, 2411, 2452
Tendon graft
with ECRB to adductor pollicis, 2022, 2023f
with ECRB to lateral bands, 2022, 2022f
Tendon repair, 2152, 2322
Tendon sheath inflammation
anatomy, 2090
complications, 2092
definition, 2090
differential diagnosis, 2090
imaging, 2090
merits and demerits, 2092b
natural history, 2090
nonoperative management, 2090
outcomes, 2092
pathogenesis, 2090
patient history and physical findings, 2090
postoperative care, 2092
surgical management
approach, 2091

patient positioning, 2091
Tendon stripper, harvest with, 2912
Tendon transfers
median nerve palsy
anatomy, 2012
approach, 2013
complications, 2017
definition, 2012
differential diagnosis, 2013
high median nerve injury, 2015–2016
imaging, 2013
low median nerve injury, 2013–2015
merits and demerits, 2013b, 2017b
natural history, 2012
nonoperative management, 2013
outcomes, 2017
pathogenesis, 2012
patient history and physical findings, 2012
patient positioning, 2013
postoperative care, 2017
preoperative planning, 2013
surgical management, 2013
thumb opposition, 2013–2015
of pronator teres to extensor carpi radialis brevis, 2052, 2052f
Tenolysis of flexor tendons
anatomy, 2073
complications, 2077
definition, 2073
differential diagnosis, 2074
imaging, 2074
merits and demerits, 2076b
natural history, 2073
nonoperative management, 2074

outcomes, 2077
pathogenesis, 2073
patient history and physical findings, 2073–2074
postoperative care, 2077
surgical management
approach, 2074
patient positioning, 2074
preoperative planning, 2074
Tenosynovitis of first dorsal compartment. See de Quervain
syndrome
Tenotomy scissors, 1989
Tenovaginitis. See Trigger finger release
Tensor fascia lata (TFL)
flaps for trochanteric ulcers (see Trochanteric ulcers)
V-Y advancement flap, 1718–1719, 1719f
Tensor fascia lata flap, 2487–2488, 2518
Tensor veli palatini (TVP), 2687
Tenzel semicircular flap, 1078
eyelid coloboma, 2844–2845, 2844f–2845f
Tenzel semicircular rotational flap
anatomy, 1084
complications, 1088
definition, 1084
lower eyelid defects
design and flap elevation, 1086, 1086f
donor-site repair, 1087, 1087f
flap inset, 1086f, 1087
tarsal edges, 1086, 1086f
merits and demerits, 1086b
nonoperative management, 1084
outcomes, 1088
patient history and physical findings, 1084
posterior lamellar flap, 1087

postoperative care, 1088
preoperative planning, 1085, 1085f
surgical management, 1085, 1085f
Teratogen exposure, 2596
Terry Thomas sign, 1852, 1852f
Tessier 3 and 4 clefts
anatomy, 2719
complications, 2728
definition, 2719, 2719f
dissection and facial flap elevation, 2723–2724, 2723f–2724f
eyelid correction, 2724, 2724f
facial musculature repositioning, 2725, 2725f–2726f
imaging, 2720
incisions, 2722, 2722f
markings, 2722, 2722f
merits and demerits, 2722b
outcomes, 2726–2727
patient history and physical findings, 2719
postoperative care, 2726
surgical management, 2720–2721
approach, 2720
patient position, 2721
preoperative planning, 2721
Tessier 7–macrostomia repair
anatomy, 2729, 2729f
complications, 2734
cutaneous scar modifications, 2733, 2733f
definition, 2729
imaging, 2730
merits and demerits, 2731b
natural history, 2729
outcomes, 2734
pathogenesis, 2729

patient history and physical findings, 2729–2730
postoperative care, 2734
surgical management, 2730
approach, 2730
patient position, 2730
preoperative planning, 2730
vermilion-shifted commissuroplasty with optional cutaneous Z-
plasty
commissuroplasty and skin closure, 2732, 2733f
design, 2731, 2732f
dissection and orbicularis repair, 2731–2732, 2732f
markings, 2731, 2731f
Tessier sign, 493, 493f
Tetanus immunization, 976
TFL. See Tensor fascia lata (TFL)
TGDC. See Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC)
Thenar compartment release, 1762, 1763f
Thenar flap, 2101–2102, 2101f–2102f
Thermoplast splint, 863, 863f
Thigh fasciotomy, 2332, 2332f
anterior, 2331
medial (adductor), 2331
posterior, 2331
Thigh pathology
lower femoral nerve exposure, 2535
lower sciatic exposure, 2529f–2530f, 2532
Thigh, soft tissue tumors of
anatomy, 2497
approach, 2498
completion, 2500
complications, 2501
deep sarcoma, 2499, 2499f, 2500f
definition, 2497–2501

differential diagnosis, 2498
functional outcomes, 2501
imaging, 2498, 2498f
incision and dissection, 2500, 2500f
merits and demerits, 2500b
natural history, 2497
oncological outcomes, 2501
pathogenesis, 2497
patient history and physical findings, 2497–2498
patient positioning, 2498, 2498f
postoperative care, 2501
preoperative planning, 2498, 2498f
subcutaneous sarcoma, 2499, 2499f
surgical management, 2498
Third and fourth lumbricals, 1986–1987, 1986f
Third occipital (C3) nerves, 966f, 967
Thoracic epidurals, 2327
anatomic features of, 2326t
approaches to, 2327
Thoracic reconstruction
omental flap for
anatomy, 1532–1534, 1533f
complications, 1542
definition, 1532
differential diagnosis, 1535
flap inset, 1540, 1540f
free flap transposition, 1540
imaging, 1535
laparoscopic harvest, 1539, 1539f
merits and demerits, 1540b
natural history, 1534
nonoperative management, 1535
open harvest, 1537–1538, 1537f–1538f

outcomes, 1541–1542, 1541f
pathogenesis, 1534
patient history and physical findings, 1534
pedicle transposition, 1539–1540, 1539f
postoperative care, 1541
surgical management
approach, 1536–1537
positioning, 1536
preoperative planning, 1536f, 1535, 1535–1536
rectus abdominis flap for
anatomy, 1528
complications, 1531
definition, 1528
imaging, 1529
merits and demerits, 1531b
nonoperative management, 1529
outcomes, 1531
pathogenesis, 1528
patient history and physical findings, 1528
postoperative care, 1531
surgical management
approach, 1529–1530
positioning, 1529
preoperative planning, 1529
Thoracic vascularized lymph node harvest, 2562, 2562f
Thoracoacromial artery, 1515
Thoracoacromial pedicle, 1517, 1517f, 1519f
Thoracodorsal artery, 1543
Thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap, 1368–1370,
1368f–1369f, 1544–1545, 1545f, 2381–2383, 2383f, 2387f, 2440,
2487–2488
flap design, 1372, 1373f
flap placement and completion, 1372–1373, 1373f–1374f

harvesting, 1372, 1373f
Thoracodorsal vessels, 1447, 1450
Thoracopagus, 3092, 3093f–3094f
Thorax, 1532
Three-dimensional (3D) implant reconstruction, cranial vault
anatomy, 515
closure, 517
complications, 518
definition, 515
differential diagnosis, 515
free flap coverage, 516, 516f
imaging, 515, 515f
implant placement and fixation, 516, 517f
merits and demerits, 516b
natural history, 515
nonoperative management, 515
outcomes, 517, 518f
pathogenesis, 515
patient history and physical findings, 515
postoperative care, 517
surgical management, 515
Three-dimensional osteotomy, 1035
Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, 890, 890f
Thrombocytopenia-absent radius (TAR) syndrome, 2268
Through-knee amputation, 2549
Thumb
adduction
low combined median and ulnar nerve palsy, 2037
restoration, 2022
boutonniere deformity, 1938
carpometacarpal joint, 1957
arthritis, 1956
arthrodesis of, 1958, 1967, 1968f–1969f

Eaton classification of, 1958, 1959b
fusion for osteoarthritis, 1962, 1962f
reconstruction using FCR (Eaton-Littler procedure), 1963–1964,
1963f–1964f
trapeziectomy and APL suspensionplasty, 1965, 1965f–1967f
extension, 2029, 2030f
flexion, 2037f, 2040
opposition reconstruction, 2036–2037
high median nerve injury, 2015–2016
low median nerve injury, 2013–2015
surgical management, 2772–2773
Z-plasty, 2773–2774, 2773f–2774f
stabilization, 2023
swan-neck deformity, 1938
Thumb defects, flap coverage of
anatomy, 2105
complications, 2113
definition, 2105
imaging, 2105
merits and demerits of, 2112b
nonoperative management, 2105
outcomes, 2113, 2113f
patient history, 2105
physical findings, 2105
postoperative care, 2113
surgical management, 2105–2106, 2106f
approach, 2106
first dorsal metacarpal artery flap, 2109, 2110f–2111f
moberg flap, 2107–2109, 2108f
reverse dorsoradial homodigital flap, 2112
Thumb hypoplasia
anatomy, 2243
Blauth classification system, 2243

definition, 2243
differential diagnosis, 2243
imaging, 2243
index finger pollicization
completion, 2248, 2248f
complications, 2249
dorsal flap placement, 2247, 2247f
markings and dissection, 2244–2245, 2244f–2245f
merits and demerits, 2249b
metacarpal preparation and osteosynthesis, 2246–2247, 2246f
outcomes, 2249
postoperative care, 2249
tendon repair, 2247–2248, 2248f
pathogenesis and natural history, 2243
patient history and physical findings, 2243
surgical management, 2244
approach, 2244
patient positioning, 2244
preoperative planning, 2244
Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC)
anatomy, 2905, 2905f
complications, 2910
definition, 2905
differential diagnosis, 2905
exposure of, 2907, 2908f
imaging, 2905, 2906f
merits and demerits, 2909b
natural history, 2905
nonoperative management, 2905–2906
outcomes, 2910
pathogenesis, 2905
patient history and physical findings, 2905
postoperative care, 2910

surgical management
patient position, 2906
preoperative planning, 2906
Tibial inverts and plantar flexes (TIP), 2452
Tibial nerve, 2323, 2323f, 2972
acute traumatic injury, repair of, 2453
anatomy, 2451–2452, 2451f
complications, 2455
differential diagnosis, 2453
imaging, 2452–2453
injuries, 2451–2455
merits and demerits, 2455b
nonoperative management, 2453
outcomes, 2455
pathogenesis, 2452
patient history, 2452
physical findings, 2452
postoperative care, 2455
soleal sling, release of, 2454
surgical management, 2453
approach, 2453, 2453f
patient positioning, 2453
preoperative planning, 2453
tarsal tunnel, release of, 2454, 2454f
tibial nerve traction injury, 2454–2455
traction injury, 2454–2455
Tibial reconstruction
anatomy, 2431–2432, 2431f
complications, 2436–2437
definition, 2431
double-barrelled fibula technique, 2436, 2436f
free fibula flap, 2433–2435, 2434f
imaging, 2432, 2432f

merits and demerits, 2436b
outcomes, 2436
patient history, 2432
pedicled fibula graft, 2435–2436, 2435f
physical findings, 2432
surgical management
approach, 2433
patient positioning, 2432–2433, 2433f
preoperative planning, 2432
Tibial stimulation, 2318
Tibialis anterior (TA), 2363
Tibialis posterior muscle, 2432, 2510
Tibial-peroneal arterial occlusive disease, 2404–2405
anterior tibial artery exposure, 2404
conduit, selection of, 2404
indications, 2404
pedal artery exposure, 2405
peroneal artery exposure, 2405, 2405f
posterior tibial artery exposure, 2404–2405
Tibiofemoral articulation, 2465
Tinel sign, 1977
at elbow, 1993
tibial nerve, 2452
Tinel test, 1987, 2411
TIP (tibial inverts and plantar flexes), 2452
Tip projection (TP), 276, 276f, 338
in open rhinoplasty
anatomy, 304
complications, 308–309
definition, 304, 304f
determination of, 307
imaging, 305
lower lateral cartilages, isolation of, 306, 306f–307f

lower lateral cartilages, separation of, 306
merits and demerits, 308b
nonoperative management, 305
nose, opening, 306
outcomes, 308, 308f–309f
pathogenesis, 304–305, 305f
patient history and physical findings, 305
postoperative care, 308
resupporting, 307–308, 307f
surgical management, 305–306
Tip rotation, controlling in open rhinoplasty
anatomy, 310
cartilage grafts, 314, 314f
columellar struts, 313, 313f
complications, 314
definition, 310, 310f
imaging, 310
lateral crural strut grafts, 312, 312f
merits and demerits, 314b
outcomes, 314
patient history and physical findings, 310, 310f
postoperative care, 314
scroll area, division of, 311–312, 311f
septal resection, 312, 312f
skin undermining, 311
surgical management, 311
suture techniques, 313, 313f
tongue-and-groove technique, 313, 313f
TIP urethroplasty, 3044–3045, 3044f–3045f
Tissue expander exposure, 1741
Tissue expander fill, 1740
Tissue expander infection, 1741
Tissue expander placement

approach, 2738
and closure, 1390–1391, 1391f
complications, 1392
definition, 1385
implant pocket creation, 1386–1390, 1387f–1389f
merits and demerits, 1386b, 1391b, 2739t
outcomes, 1392
patient history and physical findings, 1385
patient position, 2738
postoperative care, 1392, 2739, 2739f
preoperative planning, 2737–2738
preparation of, 1390, 1390f
surgical management
implant selection, 1385–1386
patient positioning, 1386
preoperative planning, 1385–1386
technique, 2738b
wound assessment, 1386
Tissue expander removal and flap advancement, 1740, 1740f
Tissue expander with acellular dermal matrix
anatomy, 1380
complications, 1383
definition, 1380
with dermal allograft
prepectoral, 1382
subpectoral, 1381–1382
imaging, 1380
merits and demerits, 1383b
outcomes, 1383
pathogenesis, 1380
patient history and physical findings, 1380
postoperative care, 1383
surgical management

approach, 1380
patient positioning, 1380
preoperative planning, 1380
Tissue expansion, 2366
advancement of flap, 992, 992f
anatomy, 990, 1109
base diameter, 990
complications, 993, 1115
definition, 990, 1109
with implants, 2979
insertion, 991, 991f, 1111
merits and demerits, 991b, 1111b
neck expansion, 1113, 1113f
outcomes, 993, 993f, 1114, 1114f
pathogenesis, 990, 990f
patient history, 990, 1109
physical findings, 990
postoperative care, 993, 1114
shapes, 990
surgical management, 990–991, 1109–1110
approach, 991
direct expansion and closure, 1110
expanded cervicofacial flap, 1110, 1112, 1113f
expanded flap elevation and inset, 1111, 1111f–1112f
flap incisions and tissue transposition, 1110
incision placement, 1110
patient positioning, 991, 1110
port placement, 1110
preoperative antibiotics, 991
preoperative planning, 990–991, 1109–1110
risks, 991
size, shape, and number, 1110
temporary markings, 991

Tissue necrosis, 46, 47f
TKA. See Total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
TMC. See Trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint, thumb
TMJ. See Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Tobramycin, 2471
Toe amputation, 2545
Toe fillet flap, 2366
Toe to thumb transfer
anatomy, 2168, 2168f–2169f
complications, 2175
definition, 2168
imaging, 2169
merits and demerits, 2170b, 2174b
outcomes, 2174–2175
patient history and physical findings, 2168–2169
postoperative care, 2174
recipient site preparation, 2172, 2172f–2173f
surgical management
approach, 2170
patient positioning, 2170
preoperative planning, 2170
thumb closure, 2173, 2173f
Toe-brachial pressures (TBIs), 2400
Tongue flap (anteriorly based), 2702, 2702f
Tongue-and-groove technique
open rhinoplasty, controlling tip rotation in, 313, 313f
short nose, 341–342, 341f
Tongue-lip adhesion. See Pierre Robin sequence (PRS)
Topical antibiotics, 2803
Topical liposomal lidocaine, 2800
Topical tetracaine, 2843, 2846, 2858, 2861, 2865
Topical timolol, 2800
Toronto Test Score, 2949

Total cranial vault remodeling
anatomy, 470, 470f
closure, 475
complications, 476
definition, 470
imaging, 470
merits and demerits, 471b
natural history, 470
new Bandeau and forehead
bone remodeling, 473, 473f
removal, 472, 472f
nonoperative management, 470
occipital bone, 474
outcomes, 476, 476f
pathogenesis, 470
patient history and physical findings, 470
pericranial flap dissection, 471, 472f
postoperative care, 476
replacement, 475, 475f
skull base, 474, 474f
surgical management
approach, 471
patient positioning, 471
preoperative planning, 470–471, 471f
zigzag skin incision, 471, 471f
Total glossectomy defects
anatomy, 1215
anesthesia and assessment, 1216, 1216f
complications, 1218
definition, 1215
flap inset, 1217, 1217f
flap selection and harvest, 1216, 1216f
imaging, 1215

merits and demerits, 1216b
outcomes, 1218, 1218f
pathogenesis, 1215
patient history and physical findings, 1215
postoperative care, 1218
surgical management
patient positioning, 1215
preoperative planning, 1215
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), 2465–2467, 2467f
knee, bony and soft tissue debridement
imaging, 2468
outcomes, 2472
pathogenesis, 2466–2467
patient history and physical findings, 2467, 2467f
postoperative care, 2471
surgical management, 2469
Total maxillectomy defect, 1013, 1016–1019
Total urogenital mobilization (TUM), 3068, 3068f
TP (tip projection), 276, 276f
TPF (temporoparietal fascia), 916
TPIF (transverse preputial island flap), 3045
Traction injury, 2412
TRAM flap. See Transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous
(TRAM) flap
Transaxillary breast augmentation
anatomy, 1290
closure and dressings, 1295, 1295f
complications, 1296
definition, 1290
device placement, 1294, 1294f
incision and initial dissection, 1291
merits and demerits, 1295b
optical cavity, 1292, 1292f

outcomes, 1296
patient history and physical findings, 1290, 1291f
pectoralis major muscle release, 1292–1294, 1293f
postoperative care, 1295
surgical management
approach, 1291
equipment, 1290, 1291f
patient positioning, 1290–1291, 1291f
preoperative planning, 1290
Transcanalicular diode laser, 2872
Transconjunctival approach
of malar implants, 394, 394f
pediatric orbital fractures, 948, 948f
Transconjunctival fat, removal and redraping
anatomy, 140, 140f–141f
completion, 144
complications, 146–147
definition, 140
exposure, 143, 143f
fat pad resection, 144, 144f
imaging, 142, 142f
merits and demerits, 145b
nonoperative management, 142
outcomes, 146, 146f–147f
patient history and physical findings, 140–142
postoperative care, 146
surgical management, 142–143
TransCyte double-layer dressing, 2769
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) mutations, 478
Transgender breast surgery
anatomy, 1327
complications, 1329
definition, 1327

imaging, 1327
merits and demerits, 1328b
nonoperative management, 1327
outcomes, 1329, 1329f–1330f
patient history and physical findings, 1327
postoperative care, 1329
surgical management
patient positioning, 1327, 1327f
preoperative planning, 1327
Translaceration approach, 843
Transmetatarsal amputation, 2545, 2545f
Transosseous suture technique
bone tunnels creation, 2495, 2495f
completion and assessment of repair, 2495
extensor retinaculum, anterior approach to, 2494
suture passage and knot tying, 2495, 2495f
tendon preparation, 2494, 2494f
Transpalpebral corrugator resection
anatomy, 93, 93f, 109
complications, 96, 113
corrugator and depressor supercilii muscle, removal of, 111, 111f
corrugator and procerus muscles, transblepharoplasty excision of,
94, 94f
definition, 93, 109
fat grafting and closure, 111, 112f
history, 109
imaging, 109
incision and dissection, 110, 110f
merits and demerits, 95b, 112b
nonoperative management, 93, 110
outcomes, 95, 95f, 112, 112f
pathogenesis, 109
patient history and physical findings, 93, 109

postoperative care, 95, 112
surgical management, 93–94, 110
approach, 94, 110
positioning, 94
preoperative planning, 94, 110
Transparietal/transtemporal distraction, for sagittal craniosynostosis
anatomy, 485, 485f
asymmetric transverse distraction osteogenesis, 486–487, 487f
complications, 489
definition, 485
imaging, 486
merits and demerits, 486b
outcomes, 488
patient history, 485
physical examination, 485
postoperative care, 488
surgical management
patient positioning, 486, 486f
preoperative planning, 486
Transportation of amputated digit, 2149
Transposition of ulnar nerve, 1995–1998
anterior subcutaneous, 1997–1998, 1997f–1998f
submuscular, 1996–1997, 1996f
Transverse carpal ligament (TCL), 1977, 1978f, 1986f
Transverse corrugator supercilii, 70
Transverse elliptical excision, lip pits, 2654, 2655f
Transverse facial artery, 1122
Transverse forehead line approach, 86–87, 86f
Transverse mucosal resection and linear closure, 2762, 2762f
Transverse osteotomy, 586, 587f–588f
Transverse preputial island flap (TPIF), 3045
Transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, 1528
anatomy, 1408, 1408f–1409f

complications, 1412–1413
definition, 1408
dissection and flap elevation, 1410, 1411f
free TRAM flap (see Free transverse rectus abdominis
myocutaneous flap)
imaging, 1409
merits and demerits, 1412b
muscle-sparing free flap (see Muscle-sparing free transverse
rectus abdominis myocutaneous (MS-TRAM) flap)
nonoperative management, 1409
outcomes, 1412
passing and insetting the flap, 1410–1411, 1411f
pathogenesis, 1408
patient history and physical findings, 1408–1409
postoperative care, 1412
preparation, 1410, 1410f
surgical management
patient positioning, 1409
preoperative planning, 1409
Transverse upper gracilis (TUG) flap, 1471–1472, 1472f
anatomy, 1469, 1470f
complications, 1474
definition, 1469, 1469f
harvesting
completion, 1472, 1473f
dissection, 1471, 1471f
flap elevation, 1471, 1472f
flap preparation and placement, 1472, 1472f–1473f
imaging, 1470
merits and demerits, 1473b
outcomes, 1474
patient history and physical exam, 1469–1470
postoperative care, 1474

surgical management
approach, 1470
patient positioning, 1470
preoperative planning, 1470
Transversus abdominis muscle, 1563
Transversus abdominis release (TAR), 1556, 1559–1560, 1560f
Trapdoor orbital fractures, 816, 877
Trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint, thumb
arthrodesis, dorsoradial approach to, 1832
with K-wire fixation, 1836
with plate and screw fixation, 1833–1836, 1833f, 1834f, 1835f
complications, 1837–1838
definition, 1831
differential diagnosis, 1832
imaging, 1831–1832
merits and demerits, 1836b
nonoperative management for, 1832
outcomes, 1836, 1837f
pathogenesis, 1831
patient history and physical findings, 1831
postoperative care, 1833f, 1836
surgical management, 1832
patient positioning, 1832
preoperative planning, 1832
Trapezius muscle flap
anatomy, 1730, 1730f
based on DSA, 1731–1732, 1732f
based on transverse cervical, 1732, 1732f–1733f
complications, 1733
definition, 1730
imaging, 1731
outcomes, 1733
patient history and physical findings, 1730–1731

postoperative care, 1733
surgical management
approach, 1731
positioning, 1731
preoperative planning, 1731
Traumatic nerve injuries
primary repair and graft
anatomy, 2004–2005
bruner/mid-lateral incisions, 2006
complications, 2010
definition, 2004
in elbow, 2004, 2007f–2008f
in forearm, 2004, 2005f
imaging, 2005–2006
larger nerve gaps/caliber nerve, 2009
merits and demerits, 2007b, 2010b
outcomes, 2010
patient history and physical findings, 2005
postoperative care, 2010
primary, 2007
small nerve gap, caliber nerve, 2008
stair-step sural nerve harvest, 2006, 2006f
surgical management
approach, 2006
patient positioning, 2006
preoperative planning, 2006
tenotomy scissors, 2006
at wrist level, 2004, 2004f
Traumatic optic neuropathy, 951, 957
Traumatic ptosis, 2850
Traumatic superior orbital fissure syndrome, 824
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS), 723
Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tear, 1839

Trichiasis, 2871
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel, 60
anatomy, 57
complications, 58–59
cotton tip applicator
on awake patient, 58
on sedated patient, 57, 58f
definition, 57
merits and demerits, 58b
outcomes, 58
patient history and physical findings, 57
postoperative care, 58
surgical management, 57
Trigeminal nerve
anatomy, 966, 966f
components, 966, 966f
scalp reconstruction with rotation flaps, 980
Trigger digit. See Trigger finger release
Trigger finger, in rheumatoid arthritis, 1938–1939
Trigger finger release
anatomy, 2090
complications, 2092
definition, 2090
differential diagnosis, 2090
imaging, 2090
merits and demerits, 2092b
natural history, 2090
nonoperative management, 2090
outcomes, 2092
pathogenesis, 2090
patient history and physical findings, 2090
postoperative care, 2092
surgical management