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Director, Editorial Services: Mary Jo Casey
International Production Director: Andreas Schabert
International Marketing Director: Fiona Henderson
International Sales Director: Louisa Turrell
Director of Sales, North America: Mike Rosem an
President: Brian D. Scanlan
Frontispiece: “In Sight,” copyright © 1997 by Diane Feldman.
Cover image based on this original art.
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is available from the publisher upon request.
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q b c] b ] [ h f_ [ p _ nb _ j [ nc_ h n fi i e ch a L WVM& H [ h s i ` o m [ fmi q [ h n [
h _ ] e fc`n nb [ n ] [ h \ _ [ ] ] i g j f cm b _ ^ q cnb i o n b [ p ch a ni ^ i [ ` o ff
` [ ] _ fc`n( c` nb _ j [ nc_ h n ^ i _ m h #n h _ _ ^ i l ^ i _ m h #n q [ h n [ ` [ ] _ fc`n* D
\ _ fc_ p _ nb [ n e ch ^ i ` ] i h nl i f h _ _ ^ h #n \ _ q cmb ` o f nb ch e ch a _ cnb _ l * Dn(
ni i ( cm q cnb ch l _ [ ] b *
= MKS
` o ffs ( g [ e _ m m_ h m_ * > b [ j n_ l . cm ^ _ p i n_ ^ ni [ h [ ni g s * Dn cm [ \ ca
] b [ j n_ l [ h ^ [ h cg j i l n[ h n i h _ * R cnb i o n [ ] f_ [ l o h ^ _ l mn[ h ^ ch a i `
nb _ l _ a ci h [ f [ h [ ni g s ( nb _ mo l a _ l s q _ ^ i cm o h fce _ fs ni \ _ [ m _ ` ` _ ] ì
ncp _ [ h ^ [ m m[ ` _ [ m q _ #^ fce _ cn ni \ _ * D b [ p _ [ nn_ g j n_ ^ ni ] f_ [ l fs
^ _ m] l c\ _ [ h ^ p cp c^ fs cffo mnl [ n_ nb _ l _ f_ p [ h n [ h [ ni g c] mnl o ] no l _ m( ch ì
] fo ^ ch a nb _ ` [ m] c[ f f[ s _ l m [ h ^ l _ n[ ch ch a fca [ g _ h nm i ` nb _ h _ ] e ( nb _
\ l [ h ] b _ m i ` nb _ ` [ ] c[ f h _ l p _ ( nb _ ` o h ] nci h [ f [ h [ ni g s i ` nb _ g o m ì
] f_ m i ` nb _ f i q _ l fcj [ h ^ j f[ ns mg [ ( [ h ^ nb _ mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f mnl o ] ì
no l _ m nb [ n D i ` n_ h g i ^ c` s ( q cnb mj _ ] c[ f p c_ q m i ` nb _ mo \ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l
m[ fcp [ l s a f[ h ^ [ h ^ cnm m o l l i o h ^ ch a m * Db i j _ nb [ n s i o q cff o m_ nb cm
] b [ j n_ l [ m [ l _ [ ^ s l _ mi o l ] _ ` i l [ h m q _ l ch a k o _ mnci h m l _ f[ n_ ^ ni
[ h [ ni g s nb [ n ] i g _ ni g ch ^ [ m s i o WXMZI \ M nb l i o a b nb _ ] b [ j n_ l m
i h mo l a c] [ f n_ ] b h ck o _ *
I _ r n D [ ^ ^ l _ mm nb _ ] b i c] _ i ` ch ] cmci h m o m_ ^ ` i l q b [ n ] i o f^ \ _
] [ ff_ ^ [ U I TT%QVKQ[ QWV VMKS %TQN\ [ ] ZOM Za & Ob cm ^ cm] o mmci h cm ` i ffi q _ ^
\ s [ ] b [ j n_ l ^ _ p i n_ ^ ni nb _ ] i h mo fn[ nci h ã b i q D _ p [ fo [ n_ \ i nb
nb _ h _ ] e [ h ^ nb _ j [ nc_ h n ni q b i g nb _ h _ ] e \ _ fi h a m( [ m q _ ff [ m
q b [ n D n_ ff nb _ j [ nc_ h n [ \ i o n nb _ ] i h ^ o ] n i ` mo l a _ l s ( [ h ^ q b [ n
ni _ r j _ ] n \ _ ` i l _ [ h ^ [ ` n_ l * O b _ m _ k o _ h ] _ i ` _ p _ h nm i h nb _ ^ [ s
i ` mo l a _ l s cm nb _ h ^ _ m] l c\ _ ^ ( ` i ffi q _ ^ \ s mcr ] b [ j n_ l m nb [ n m j _ ì
] c` c] [ ffs [ ^ ^ l _ mm mo l a c] [ f n_ ] b h ck o _ ã nb _ ` cl mn* > b [ j n_ l 2 ( cffo mnl [ nì
ch a nb _ m n_ j )\ s )m n_ j j l i a l _ mmci h ` i l i j _ h ch a [ h ^ ] fi mch a nb _
h _ ] e ( ^ cmm_ ] nch a nb _ me ch )` [ n ` f[ j ( [ h ^ j _ l ` i l g ch a m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m
^ _ ` [ nnch a *
> b [ j n_ l 3 ` i ] o m _ m i h nb _ KW Z[ M \ j f[ ns mg [ j f[ mns ã [ j l i ] _ ^ o l _
nb [ n _ fcg ch [ n_ m g o m] f_ \ [ h ^ m \ s [ \ Q\ KP MZa $ [ h ^ [ fmi _ h [ \ f_ m m o \ ì
j f[ ns mg [ f [ _ mnb _ nc] mo l a _ l s ni n[ e _ j f[ ] _ q cnb i o n q i l l s ch a nb [ n
nb _ l i i ` b [ m \ f i q h i ` ` [ h ^ h i q q b [ n ^ i D ^ i ; O b _ ] i l m_ n j l i ì
p c^ _ m [ mn[ \ f_ l i i ` i p _ l g i ^ c` c_ ^ g c^ fch _ [ h ^ j [ l [ g _ ^ c[ h m o \ ì
j f[ ns mg [ f mnl o ] no l _ m7 [ h ^ g i l _ nb [ h nb [ n( cn j l i p c^ _ m [ ` [ o fnf_ mm
j f[ n` i l g i h q b c] b ni mj l _ [ ^ [ l _ ` l _ mb _ ^ me ch )` [ n ` f[ j *
j l _ ` [ ] _
> b [ j n_ l 4 cm ^ _ p i n_ ^ ni mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f mo l a _ l s ã ^ _ _ j fcj _ ] ni g s (
^ _ _ j ` [ m] c[ g [ h _ o p _ l m( [ h ^ j i mmc\ f_ [ ^ do mng _ h nm ni nb _ [ h n_ l ci l
^ ca [ mnl c] m( q b cf_ > b [ j n_ l 5 ^ _ [ fm _ r ] fo mcp _ fs q cnb nb _ \ o fa _ i ` [
mo \ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l m[ fcp [ l s a f[ h ^ ã _ r j fi l ch a nb _ nl _ [ ng _ h n i j nci h m(
[ fi h a q cnb nb _ cl \ _ h _ ` cnm [ h ^ j i mmc\ f_ j cn` [ ffm* O b _ h _ r n n q i ] b [ j ì
n_ l m _ r [ g ch _ g s [ j j l i [ ] b ` i l nl _ [ nch a nb _ j ni nc] ] b ch [ h ^ l _ mb [ j ì
ch a nb _ cff)mb [ j _ ^ _ [ l fi \ _ * O b _ \ i i e ] i h ] fo ^ _ m q cnb [ ] b [ j n_ l i h
nb _ j l i \ f_ g m nb [ n mi g _ ncg _ m ` i ffi q h _ ] e )fc` n mo l a _ l s [ h ^ b i q D
g [ h [ a _ nb _ g *
< l ncmnm [ h ^ j i _ nm b [ p _ fi h a [ j j l _ ] c[ n_ ^ nb _ [ _ mnb _ nc] cg j i l n[ h ] _
i ` nb _ h _ ] e ( \ o n cn cm i h fs q cnb ch l _ ] _ h n s _ [ l m nb [ n [ g i l _ mi j b cmì
nc] [ n_ ^ j o \ fc] b [ m ] i g _ ni l _ ] i a h ct _ nb [ n [ a i i ^ )fi i e ch a h _ ] e cm
[ j l _ l _ k o cmcn_ ` i l [ a i i ^ )fi i e ch a ` [ ] _ * Oi ^ [ s ( q i o f ^ )\ _ j [ nc_ h nm
i ` h _ [ l fs [ ff [ a _ m [ h ^ \ [ ] e a l i o h ^ m l _ k o _ mn [ VMKS TQN\ [ m [ h cmi ì
f[ n_ ^ j l i ] _ ^ o l _ * < h ^ ` i l nb i m_ q b i ^ i _ f_ ] n [ g i l _ ] i g j f_ n_
` [ ] _ fc`n( nb _ l _ mo fn cm o mo [ ffs h i n ] i h mc^ _ l _ ^ ni n[ ffs mo ] ] _ mm` o f o h ì
f_ mm [ mb [ j _ fs h _ ] e cm ch ] fo ^ _ ^ * Ai l g i mn j _ i j f_ ( nb _ g i ncp _ ` i l
mo l a _ l s cm mcg j fs [ ^ _ mcl _ ` i l a l _ [ n_ l m_ f` )_ mn_ _ g 7 \ o n ch ] l _ [ mch a ì
fs( g c^ ^ f_ )[ a _ ^ [ h ^ i f^ _ l j [ nc_ h nm \ _ fc_ p _ nb [ n [ s i o nb ` o f( [ nnl [ ] ì
ncp _ h _ ] e g [ s b _ fj nb _ g ni ] i h nch o _ q i l e ch a ] i g ` i l n[ \ fs q cnb
s i o h a _ l j l i nz a z m [ h ^ ] fc_ h nm* Dh ^ _ _ ^ ( nb _ ch n_ l _ mn ch h _ ] e )fc` n mo l ì
a _ l s b [ m h _ p _ l \ _ _ h a l _ [ n_ l nb [ h cn cm ni ^ [ s ( [ h ^ nb _ _ r j _ ] n[ nci h
cm nb [ n nb [ n ch n_ l _ mn q cff ] i h nch o _ ni a l i q *
D [ g i ` n_ h [ me _ ^ q b s [ _ mnb _ nc] mo l a _ l s i ` nb _ h _ ] e mi j l i ` i o h ^ fs
] [ j no l _ ^ g s ch n_ l _ mn* K_ l b [ j m cn cm \ _ ] [ o m_ D a l _ q o j ch [ ni q h
] [ ff_ ^ B l _ [ n I _ ] e * < h ^ j _ l b [ j m cn cm \ _ ] [ o m_ D \ _ ] [ g _ ch nl ca o _ ^ \ s
nb _ h _ ] e #m ] i g j f_ r \ o n g [ ff_ [ \ f_ [ h [ ni g s ã [ ffi q ch a ` i l ] b [ h a _
l [ h a ch a ` l i g [ mo \ nf_ l _ do p_ h [ nci h ni [ p _ l s ^ l [ g [ nc] nl [ h m` i l g [ ì
nci h * Ai l mo l a _ i h m q b i [ l _ mcg cf[ l fs ] [ j ncp [ n_ ^ ( D b i j _ nb cm \ i i e
h i n i h fs b _ fj m s i o l _ ` ch _ s i o l i q h [ j j l i [ ] b ni nb _ h _ ] e ( \ o n [ fmi
cm [ mncg o fo m ` i l ` o no l _ ch h i p [ nci h *
Ei _ f E * A_ f^ g [ h ( H ?
(Trang không có chữ)
&) */ '" ! $( " ) .-
R b s q i o f^ D\ _ q cnb i o n nb _ _ g \ l [ ] _ i ` ` [ g cfs ; ã ? c[ h _ ( = l [ ^
[ h ^ Gct [ h ^ H cl c[ g $nb _ K_ j j _ l %( E_ ` ` ( @h c^ [ h ^ < f[ h ( = [ l l s [ h ^
Och [ ( U_ f^ [ [ h ^ < f\ _ l n( H cl c[ g [ h ^ Ns ^ h _ s *
R b _ l _ q i o f^ D\ _ q cnb i o n nb _ g _ h ni l ch a i ` nb _ m_ mo l a _ i h m; ã
? l * Ei b h C i i j _ m( ? l Ei b h > i h mn[ \ f_ ( ? l * Ei b h M_ g _ h mh s ^ _ l (
? l * Mi \ _ l n B i f^ q s h ( [ h ^ ? l * Dl pch a F l [ g _ l *
C i q ] i o f^ D \ _ q cnb i o n g s ` [ \ o fi o m mn[ ` ` ; ã J ` ` c] _ g [ h [ a _ l
H cffc_ G_ cnh _ l ( m_ ] l _ n[ l s G[ o l [ F _ _ ` _ ( m] l o \ h o l m_ K[ o fch _ ? i f[ h (
> M I < F [ nb f_ _ h Ai f_ s ( [ h ^ ` i l g _ l i ` ` c] _ g [ h [ a _ l @fct [ \ _ nb
$Nb cl f_ s % Mi \ _ l nm*
R b _ h ( c` _ p_ l ( q i o f^ nb cm \ _ [ o nc` o f \ i i e b [ p _ \ _ _ h l _ [ fct _ ^
q cnb i o n nb _ [ \ c^ ch a ` l c_ h ^ mb cj ( _ h ] i o l [ a _ g _ h n( [ h ^ ] i h mo g ì
g [ n_ me cff i ` L H K Kl _ mc^ _ h n F [ l _ h = _ l a _ l 7 q cnb i o n nb _ g [ l ì
p _ fi o m cffo mnl [ nci h m i ` < g [ h ^ [ = _ b l 7 i l nb _ j l _ ] cmci h _ ^ cnch a i `
No t [ h h _ R [ e _ ` c_ f^ 7 i l nb _ mns fcmb f[ s i o n i ` No m[ h Ol [ cf7 i l nb _
j l i ^ o ] nci h j ct t [ t t i ` > [ l i fs h M_ c] b 7 i l nb _ ] i fi l [ l ncmnl s i `
= l _ nn Nni h _ 7 i l nb _ i l a [ h ct [ nci h [ f ` f[ l _ i ` H c] b _ ff_ = _ l a _ l ;
< mj _ ] c[ f nb [ h e s i o ni _ [ ] b i ` g s j [ nc_ h nmã ` i l s i o l nl o mn ch
g _ ( [ h ^ ` i l q b [ n s i o b [ p _ n[ o a b n g _ * Dn cm \ _ ] [ o m_ i ` s i o
nb [ n nb cm q i l e b [ m g _ [ h ch a [ h ^ mo \ mn[ h ] _ *
< h ^ `ch [ ffs ( ni nb _ [ l ncmn $[ h ^ g s q c` _ %( ? c[ h _ A_ f^ g [ h ( q b i m_
_ r k o cmcn_ m] o fj no l _ ( Dh Nca b n( ch b [ \ cnm nb _ ] i p _ l i ` nb cm \ i i e
[ h ^ a l [ ] _ m cnm _ h nl s q [ s [ m ` l i h ncmj c_ ] _ ã g s [ ^ i l [ nci h *
DS
(Trang không có chữ)
* ) ." ) .-
QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
*
Ç
OC @ DI O@BM< O@? I @> F GDAO
0
Ç
BGJ = < GDNON Q@MNP N M@BDJ I < GDNON
5
Ç
OC @ DNJ G< O@? I @> F GDAO
- -
î
DI >DNDJ I N R DOC J P O NF DI @S > DNDJ I
. /
Ç
NF DI M@? DNOMD= P ODJ I
. 5
Ç
< I DI >DNDJ I AJ M NF DI @S > DNDJ I
/ /
Ç
OC@ @NN@I OD< G K< ? ? DI B J A OC@ I @> F
/ 3
Ç
J K@I GDK@> OJ H T Q@MNP N > GJ N@? GDKJ NP > ODJ I
/ 4
î
OMDH H DI B M< OC@M OC < I GDAODI B OC @ EJ R G
0-
Ç
> J MN@O KG< OTNH < KG< NOT
03
Ç
KG< OTNH < = < I ? N6 OC @ M< ODJ I < G@ AJ M P I DJ I
1/
Ç
NP = KG< OTNH < G < @NOC @OD> NP MB@MT
13
Ç
NH < GG >CDI N* = DB > CDI N* < I ? KOJ OD> > CDI N
2,
) OC @ Q< GP @ J A J K@I NP = H @I O< G NP MB@MT
21
ac `UW
QOZ O\ Ob] [
g ] T bVS \ SQY
0 ,
Ç
> @MQD> < G OMD< I B G@N
30
Ç
A< N> D< @ J A OC @ I @> F
32
î
NP K@MAD> D< G A< N> D<
32
Ç
? @@K A< N> D< @
34
Ç
DI Q@NODI B ? @@K A< N> D<
35
Ç
A< N> D< J A OC @ DI AM< CTJ D? H P N> G@N
35
Ç QDN> @M< G A< N> D<
35
Ç
KM@Q@MO@= M< G A< N> D<
4,
î
> < MJ OD? NC @< OC
4,
Ç OC @ KG< OTNH < < I ? H P N> G@N J A OC @ GJ R @M GDK
40
Ç
@S O@MI < G EP B P G< M Q@DI
52
Ç
J OC@M NP K@MAD> D< G Q@DI N
54
Ç
N@I NJ MT ? DNOMD= P ODJ I DI OC@ I @> F < I ? C@< ?
- , ,
Ç
B M@< O < P MD> P G< M I @MQ@
- , -
Ç
G@NN@M J > > DKDO< G I @MQ@
- , /
Ç
NKDI < G < > > @NNJ MT I @MQ@
- , 0
Ç
M@O< DI DI B GDB < H @I ON J A OC @ I @> F
- , 2
SD
SDD
Q] \ bS\ ba
Ç
NP = KG< OTNH < G A< O
- - /
Ç < I O@MDJ M ? DB< NOMD> < I ? H TGJ C TJ D? H P N> G@N
- - 2
Ç OC @ A< > D< G I @MQ@ < I ? OC @ GJ R @M GDK
- - 4
Ç H < I ? D= P G< M < I ? > @MQD> < G I @MQ@ = M< I > C@N
- . ,
Ç
M@< G K< M< GTNDN Q@MNP N KN@P ? J K< M< GTNDN J A OC@
H < I ? D= P G< M = M< I > C
- . 5
Ç OC @ H @I O< GDN O@NO
- / .
Ç R C < O > < P N@N OC @ ? @KM@NNJ M)? @KMDQ@? GDK H < MBDI
OJ MDN@;
- / /
Ç < QJ D? DI B < ? @KM@NNJ M R @< F I @NN
- / 1
î
NP = H < I ? D= P G< M N< GDQ< MT B G< I ?
- / 3
W
\ QW
aW
] \ a
* . ,
Ç
OC@ NP = H @I O< G DI >DNDJ I
- 11
Ç OC @ @< MGJ = @)= < N@ DI >DNDJ I
- 13
Ç
OC@ OC M@@)L P < MO@M)G@I B OC NP G> P N DI >DNDJ I
- 15
Ç OC @ OC M@@)L P < MO@M)G@I B OC NP G> P N DI >DNDJ I P N@? R DOC
< > C@@F GDAO
- 2-
Ç OC @ AP GG)G@I B OC NP G> P N DI >DNDJ I
- 2/
Ç OC @ C@GDS )C< DMGDI @ OJ P > C KJ DI O
- 22
Ç OC @ OC M@@)L P < MO@M J M AP GG)G@I BOC NP G> P N DI >DNDJ I
R DOC < CDI B@
- 23
Ç OC @ J > > DKDO< G C< DM)@? B@ DI >DNDJ I R DOC NF DI @S > DNDJ I
- 3-
bVS ^ ObW
S\ b W
\ Q] \ a c ZbObW
] \
* 0.
Ç R C < O OC @ K< OD@I O R < I ON
- 32
Ç
@S K@> O< ODJ I Nã OC @DMN < I ? H DI @
- 33
Ç < @NOC @OD> < NKDM< ODJ I N ã H DI @ < I ? OC@DMN
- 35
Ç OC @ < @NOC @OD> P I DO < I ? NP = P I DON J A OC @ I @> F
- 4,
Ç
@S < H DI DI B OC @ I @> F
- 4,
Ç OC @ NF DI
- 4.
î
OC @ A< O P I ? @M OC @ NF DI
- 42
) OC @ >CDI
- 44
Ç OC @ E< R GDI @ = < I ?
- 50
Ç OC @ NP = H @I O< G UJ I @
- 53
Ç OC @ H D? GDI @ NOMDK
. , 0
OC @ H D? I @> F GJ R G< I ?
. , 2
Ç OC @ G< O@M< G I @> F CDBCG< I ?
. - -
Ç OC @ H P N> P GJ H < I ? D= P G< M OMD< I BG@
. - /
â OC @ KJ NO< P MD> P G< M CDI O@MG< I ?
. - 1
Q] \ bS\ ba
S DDD
Ç < ? MT MP I
. - 2
â
H @? D> < G @Q< GP < ODJ I
. - 2
Ç O< GF < = J P O O@> C I DL P @ ã H < T= @ EP NO < GDOOG@
. . ,
Ç O< GF < = J P O OC @ KJ NOJ K@M< ODQ@ > J P MN@
. . ,
Ç O< GF < = J P O MDNF N < I ? KJ O@I OD< G KMJ = G@H N
. . 1
î
O< GF < = J P O < I @NOC @ND<
. . 3
Ç
H @? D> < ODJ I N* = G@@? DI B* < I ? O@NODI B
. . 4
Ç OC @ NP MBD> < G KG< I
. / ,
a c `US`gm
a aS_c S\ QS ] T SdS\ ba
+ , ,
Ç < H = D@I > @
. / 0
î
< I @NOC @ND< M@QD@R
. / 0
Ç
NP MB@MT M@QD@R
. / 1
î
KM@J K@M< ODQ@ H < MF DI B
. / 1
Ç
C
Ç
N< A@OT( > J H AJ MO H @< NP M@N* < I ? DI OM< J K@M< ODQ@
H J I DOJ MDI B
. / 5
Ç
DI E@> ODI B OC@ GJ > < G < I @NOC @OD>
. 0,
Ç
N@L P @I > @ AJ M < I DNJ G< O@? I @> F GDAO
. 0/
Ç
N@L P @I > @ AJ M < > J H = DI @? = MJ R )> C @@F )I @> F GDAO
. 01
Ç
M@BDH @I < AO@M G@< QDI B OC @ KJ NO< I @NOC @ND< M@> J Q@MT
< M@<
. 02
\ SQY TZO^ RW
aaSQbW
] \ O\ R ac PQc bO\ S] c a
ZW
^ SQb] [
g
+- 2
Ç
DI NOMP H @I ON AJ M AG< K ? DNN@> ODJ I
. 1,
Ç
@G@> OMJ > < P O@MT
. 1-
Ç OC @ T< I F < P @M $OJ I NDG)ODK% NP > ODJ I > < I I P G<
. 1.
î
GDBCODI B
. 1.
ä
KJ NDODJ I DI B
. 1.
Ç
=GDI ? P I ? @MH DI DI B
. 10
Ç C @H J NO< NDN
. 11
Ç
NP MBD> < G O@> C I DL P @
. 1 2
Ç < GJ I B NP G> P N DI >DNDJ I < I ? < NP = H @I O< G DI >DNDJ I
R DOC < I J K@I NP = > P O< I @J P N GDK@> OJ H T
. 12
Ç @< MGJ = @)= < N@ DI >DNDJ I ? DNN@> ODJ I
. 54
Ç J > > DKDO< G C< DM)@? B@ DI >DNDJ I
/ , .
SDQ
Q] \ bS\ ba
Q] `a Sb ^ ZObga[
O^ ZOabg
"
Ç OC @ CDNOJ MT J A KG< OTNH < KG< NOT
/ , 4
î
> J MN@O CDB CGDB CON
/ - .
î
DI NOMP H @I ON AJ M KG< OTNH < KG< NOT
/ - 0
Ç
NP OP M@ H < O@MD< G
/ - 0
Ç
KM@GDH DI < MT NP MB D> < G H < I @P Q@MN
/ - 1
Ç
NP MBD> < G O@> C I DL P @6 OC @ > G< NND> > J MN@O
/ . 0
â OC @ > J H KG@O@? > G< NND> > J MN@O R DOC N@K< M< O@
ND? @ KG@< ON
/ 0-
î
OC @ > J MN@O P NDI B OC @ B J )< I TR C @M@ NP OP M@
/ 0/
Ç OC @ > J H KG@O@? > J MN@O P NDI B OC @ B J )< I TR C @M@
NP OP M@
/ 02
Ç < QJ D? DI B < H D? GDI @ MD? B@
/ 03
Ç R C < O OJ ? J R DOC H P N> G@ CJ G@N J M O@< MN
/ 03
Ç
G< O@M< G < > > @NN OP > F )DI NP OP M@
/ 04
î
P KK@M KG< OTNH < < KKMJ S DH < ODJ I
/ 1,
Ç R C < O DN < > J MN@O* < I ? R C < O DN I J O
/ 1/
Ç KP GG)= < > F NP OP M@N AJ M ODI T KG< OTNH < = < I ? N
/ 1/
Ç OC @ P N@ J A NGDI B NP OP M@N
/ 12
ac P^ ZObga[
OZ OSa bVSbW
Q a c `US`g
, / ,
Ç
KM@J K@M< ODQ@ < NN@NNH @I O
/ 21
î
NP = KG< OTNH < G GDK@> OJ H T
/ 21
Ç
DI NOMP H @I ON AJ M NP = KG< OTNH < G NP MB@MT
/ 24
î
NP MB D> < G O@> C I DL P @6 NP = KG< OTNH < G GDK@> OJ H T
/ 24
Ç
K@MDCTJ D? A< N> D< M@G@< N@
/ 35
Ç
< I O@MDJ M ? DB< NOMD> M@G@< N@ < I ? OM< I N@> ODJ I
/ 4-
Ç
H D? GDI @ < KKMJ S DH < ODJ I J A ? DB< NOMD> H P N> G@N
/ 40
Ç
NC< Q@ M@N@> ODJ I J A OC @ < I O@MDJ M ? DB< NOMD> H P N> G@N
/ 42
Ç OC @ ADMH J = GDL P @ I @> F
/ 5,
î
NP MBD> < G ODKN
/ 50
Q] \ bS\ ba
r p
ac P[
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Pc ZO` aOZW
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Ç O< > OD> N AJ M = < OOGDI B OC@ = P GB@
0, 3
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0 , 3
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DI E@> ODI B OC @ BG< I ? OJ NCMDI F DO
0 , 5
î
M@NOM< DI DI B OC @ BG< I ?
0 , 5
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0 - ,
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M@KJ NDODJ I DI B OC@ BG< I ?
0- /
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> < H J P AG< B DI B < = P GB@
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0 . 3
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0. 5
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0 . 5
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K< MOD< G M@N@> ODJ I
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> < P N@N J A >CDI KOJ NDN
0 1,
Ç OTK@N J A > CDI KOJ NDN
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NP = H @I O< G NF DI > M@< N@
0 10
â
G@Q@GDI B H @OC J ?
0 11
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0 12
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Q] \ bS\ ba
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\ U
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0 3 0
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0 32
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> J MM@> ODJ I J A < KDSD@ @< MGJ = @
033
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@< MGJ = @ NDU@
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Ç > J MM@> ODJ I J A OC @ = DB @< MGJ = @
0 41
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@< MGJ = @ @? B@ @S >DNDJ I
043
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05-
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N@MJ H < N < I ? OC@DM N@L P @G< @
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1, ,
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NP = > P O< I @J P N AD= MJ P N NOM< I ? N
1, -
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M@> P MM@I O KG< OTNH < = < I ? N
1, .
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KG@< ON < MJ P I ? OC @ @< MGJ = @
1, 1
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G< O@M< G I @> F NF DI AJ G? N
1, 1
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? DNOJ MO@? @< MGJ = @
1, 2
Ç J Q@MGT ? @A< OO@? J M PI ? @MADGG@? E< R GDI @
1, 2
Ç QDND=G@ KJ NO< P MD> P G< M DI >DNDJ I N> < MN
1, 3
î
? DNKG< > @? C
î
K@MNDNO@I O J M M@> P MM@I O EJ R G
1, 4
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NP = H @I O< G > J I Q@S DOT
1, 4
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NP = H < I ? D= P G< M N< P N< B @
1- -
Ç NP = H @I O< G > < QDOT
1- .
î
KMJ H DI @I O < ? < H #N < KKG@
1- /
Ç M@> P MM@I O NP = H < I ? D= P G< M N< GDQ< MT BG< I ? = P GB@
1- 0
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1- 1
î
@S > @NN NP = H @I O< G NF DI
1- 3
W
\ RSf
. +*
NECK LIFT
(Trang không có chữ)
QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
M@B < M? DI B OC @ J P O> J H @(
OC @ ? J > ? D? > J I A@NN(
R C < O ? @AD@N ? P NOT GJ B D>
H < T NP > > @@? DI OC @ AG@NC *
-
.
\ SQY ZW
Tb
3
Q _ m nb _ nc] mo l a _ l s i ` nb _ h _ ] e cm [ h MTI [ \ QK I Z\ & Dn
m_ _ e m ni mb [ j _ ncmmo _ m nb [ n h i n i h fs mnl _ n] b [ h ^ mnl [ ch ( \ o n
[ fmi ] i h nl [ ] n [ h ^ [ ^ [ j n( ch q [ s m nb [ n mi g _ ncg _ m mo l j l cm_ _ p _ h
m_ [ mi h _ ^ j f[ mnc] mo l a _ i h m* Dn cm [ fmi [ h _ g j cl c] [ f ^ cm] cj fch _ ( ch
q b c] b i \ m_ l p [ nci h l [ nb _ l nb [ h ] [ f] o f[ nci h ( n_ mnch a l [ nb _ l nb [ h
nb _ i l s ( \ _ mn a [ o a _ m nb _ p [ fo _ i ` j l [ ] nc] _ ^ g _ [ mo l _ m* Dn cm nb [ n
_ f[ mnc] cns [ h ^ _ g j cl c] cmg nb [ n b [ p _ \ l i o a b n g _ ni [ h o h ] i h ì
p _ h nci h [ f [ j j l i [ ] b ni h _ ] e fc` n m o l a _ l s * D \ _ fc_ p _ nb [ n6
î
@r ] cmch a me ch cm i ` n_ h nb _ f_ [ mn cg j i l n[ h n j [ l n i ` [ h _ ] e
fc`n*
î
H i ^ c` s ch a nb _ ] _ h nl [ f mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f ncmmo _ m cm i ` n_ h nb _
g i mn cg j i l n[ h n j [ l n*
Ç Ne ch ch ] cmci h m i ` n_ h h _ _ ^ h i n f_ [ p _ nb _ mb _ fn_ l i ` nb _
j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l mo f] o m*
Ç J j _ h fcj _ ] ni g s ( l [ nb _ l nb [ h ] fi m_ ^ fcj i mo ] nci h ( cm a _ h _ l ì
[ ffs j l _ ` _ l l _ ^ ( \ _ ] [ o m_ cn [ ` ` i l ^ m j l _ ] cm_ ] i h nl i f i ` nb _
m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m j [ ^ ^ ch a i ` nb _ h _ ] e *
î
O b _ j f[ ns mg [ cm j l _ ` _ l _ h nc[ ffs nca b n_ h _ ^ [ n nb _ ` l i h n i `
nb _ h _ ] e ( h i n nb _ \ [ ] e *
î
O b _ j f[ ns mg [ h _ _ ^ h i n \ _ ] o n ni _ fcg ch [ n_ g o m] f_ \ [ h ^ m(
^ _ _ j _ h nb _ b s i c^ [ h a f_ ( i l a cp _ mb [ j _ ni [ nb c] e h _ ] e *
î
@r ] _ mm di q f ` [ n cm o mo [ ffs ^ cm] [ l ^ _ ^ l [ nb _ l nb [ h l _ j i mcì
nci h _ ^ \ [ ] e ch nb _ ] b _ _ e *
î
O b _ \ o fa _ i ` [ mo \ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l m[ fcp [ l s a f[ h ^ g [ s [ n ncg _ m
\ _ ^ _ [ fn q cnb \ s [ j [ l nc[ f a f[ h ^ _ r ] cmci h ( l [ nb _ l nb [ h [ nì
n_ g j nch a ni ] [ g i o ` f[ a _ cn( i l nl s ch a ni ca h i l _ cn*
Ç < ] b _ _ e fc`n cm i ` n_ h o h h _ ] _ mm[ l s ` i l j [ nc_ h nm q b i i h fs
q [ h n [ h ^ i h fs h _ _ ^ nb _ h _ ] e [ h ^ di q f cg j l i p _ ^ *
D b [ p _ o m_ ^ V M K S TQN\ ` i l nb cm \ i i e #m ncnf_ mcg j fs \ _ ] [ o m_ cn b [ m
] i g _ ni g _ [ h [ mo l a c] [ f j l i ] _ ^ o l _ nb [ n l _ ] i h ni o l m i l l _ do p _ ì
h [ n_ m nb _ h _ ] e * Dl i h c] [ ffs ( q b _ h [ j j fs ch a g s o mo [ f g _ nb i ^ m
i ` h _ ] e fc` nch a ( h i nb ch a cm [ ] no [ ffs fc` n_ ^ * Dh g i m n ] [ m_ m( nb _ l _
cm h i j i mn_ l ci l j o ff i h nb _ me ch ( h i h _ ] e me ch _ r ] cmci h ( [ h ^ h i
\ [ ] e q [ l ^ nca b n_ h ch a i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ g o m] f_ * M[ nb _ l ( [ fc`n cm
mcg o f[ n_ ^ \ s l _ ^ cmnl c\ o nci h i ` f[ r h _ ] e me ch ( [ h n_ l ci l nca b n_ h ch a
i ` nb _ j f[ ns mg [ ( [ h ^ [ l _ mi fo n_ ( [ f\ _ cn ] o mni g ct _ ^ ( l _ mb [ j ch a
i ` nb _ m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m [ h ^ mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f ncmmo _ m*
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
/
Ob cm j [ nc_ h n( ` i l _ r [ g j f_ ( b [ ^ [ TQN\ %
TM[ [ h _ ] e fc`n* Dh [ ^ ^ cnci h ni [ mo \ ì
g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h ( [ j _ l c[ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cì
mci h q [ m o m_ ^ * Dn mn[ l n_ ^ \ _ b ch ^ b _ l
nl [ a o m [ h ^ nb _ h l [ h nb l _ _ k o [ l n_ l m
i ` nb _ q [ s o j nb _ j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l mo fì
] o m*
Ob _ m_
ch ] cmci h m
j l i p c^ _ ^
[ ] ì
] _ mm ` i l [ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ^ _ ` [ nnch a i `
nb _ fi q _ l ] b _ _ e [ h ^ h _ ] e ( [ mo \ j f[ ì
ns mg [ f fcj _ ] ni g s ( [ j _ l cb s i c^ ` [ m] c[
l _ f_ [ m_ ( [ fi q j [ l nc[ f nl [ h m_ ] nci h i `
nb _ [ h n_ l ci l ^ ca [ mnl c] g o m] f_ m( [ j [ l ì
nc[ f l _ m_ ] nci h i ` nb _ mo \ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l
m[ fcp[ l s a f[ h ^ m( [ h ^ ] i l l _ ] nci h i ` b _ l
] b ch j ni mcm* I i me ch q [ m l _ g i p _ ^
` l i g b _ l h _ ] e *
= o n q b s cm cn nb [ n q _ ^ i h #n b [ p _ ni fc` n nb _ h _ ] e [ m q _ o mo [ ffs fc`n nb _ ` [ ff_ h
` [ ] _ ã q cnb [ h o j q [ l ^ l _ j i mcnci h ch a i ` nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m [ h ^ g o m] o fi [ j i h _ o )
l i nc] ncmmo _ m( [ h ^ nb _ _ r ] cmci h i ` _ r ] _ mm me ch ; Ob _ [ h m q _ l cm \ WXWOZI XP a &
P h fce _ nb _ ` [ ] _ [ \ i p _ cn( q cnb cnm nq i l _ f[ ncp_ fs `f[ n [ h ^ l _ f[ ncp_ fs
mg [ ff)mo l ` [ ] _ ^ ] b _ _ e j f[ n_ [ o m ^ cp c^ _ ^ \ s [ h [ m[ f [ h ^ g _ h n[ f
g i o h n[ ch l [ h a _ [ h ^ [ fcj )_ ^ a _ ^ i l [ f \ [ l l c_ l m_ [ ( nb _ [ h n_ l ci l
h _ ] e \ _ fi q j l _ m_ h nm [ p _ l s ^ c` ` _ l _ h n f[ h ^ m] [ j _ 6 [ ] o l p _ ^ ( o h ^ o ì
f[ nch a j f[ h _ l _ m_ g \ fch a [ b [ f` )] s fch ^ _ l q cnb h i g c^ fch _ i \ mn[ ] f_ m
m_ j [ l [ nch a nb _ nq i mc^ _ mã [ mo l ` [ ] _ \ ca _ h i o a b ni I J [ WZJ I a i i ^
^ _ [ f i ` mo l a c] [ ffs ` l _ _ ^ me ch *
0
\ SQY ZW
Tb
= _ ] [ o m_ nb _ h _ ] e [ h ^ nb _ ` [ ] _ b [ p _ ^ c` ` _ l _ h n mb [ j _ m [ h ^ ^ c` ` _ l _ h n mo l ` [ ] _ m(
nb _ mo l a c] [ f g [ h _ o p _ l m h _ _ ^ _ ^ ni _ ` ` _ ] ncp_ fs nl _ [ n _ [ ] b ] [ h ^ c` `_ l * Dh nb _ h _ ] e (
_ r ] _ mm ` [ n ] [ h [ fq [ s m \ _ ^ cm] [ l ^ _ ^ ( q b _ l _ [ m ch nb _ ] b _ _ e ( _ r ] _ mm ` [ n cm i ` n_ h
\ _ mn l _ j i mcnci h _ ^ ni l _ mni l _ ^ _ ` c] c_ h n i l ^ cmj f[ ] _ ^ ncmmo _ p i fo g _ * Dn g _ [ h m nb [ n
nb _ j f[ ns mg [ i ` nb _ h _ ] e ] [ h \ _ l _ _ ` _ ^ [ n nb _ ` l i h n( l [ nb _ l nb [ h [ n nb _ \ [ ] e (
nb _ l _ \ s di ch ch a ` i l ] _ m q cnb a l [ p cns ch mn_ [ ^ i ` j o ffch a [ a [ ch mn cn* Dn g _ [ h m nb [ n ch
g i mn j [ nc_ h nm( nb _ _ r ] _ mm me ch i ` nb _ h _ ] e ] [ h \ _ ` l _ _ ^ [ h ^ ^ cmj _ l m_ ^ q cnb i o n
nb _ h _ _ ^ ` i l _ r ] cmci h ( [ ffi q ch a nb _ ch ] cmci h m o m_ ^ ` i l mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m [ ] ] _ mm ni
\ _ e _ j n q _ ff b c^ ^ _ h * < h ^ cn g _ [ h m nb [ n \ s ` i ] o mch a i h [ ZMU WL MTQVO i ` nb _
h _ ] e ncmmo _ m( l [ nb _ l nb [ h ] i h ] _ h nl [ nch a i h mcg j fs b ce ch a nb _ m_ ncmmo _ m o j ì
q [ l ^ ( [ fi h a _ l )f[ mnch a [ h ^ g i l _ l _ ` ch _ ^ cg j l i p _ g _ h n ch h _ ] e [ j j _ [ l [ h ] _ ] [ h
i ` n_ h \ _ l _ [ fct _ ^ *
OC@ DI O@BM< O@? I @> F GDAO
H i mn i ` nb _ h _ ] e fc`nm nb [ n Dj _ l ` i l g [ l _ ] i g \ ch _ ^ q cnb ] b _ _ e fc` nmã q b [ n g i mn
mo l a _ i h m [ h ^ g i mn j [ nc_ h nm q i o f ^ ] [ ff [ NI KM TQN\ i l [ NI KM%VMKS TQN\ & < m mo ] b (
nb _ [ j j l i [ ] b ni h _ ] e )fc` n m o l a _ l s ^ _ m] l c\ _ ^ ch nb cm \ i i e ] i o f^ \ _ ch n_ a l [ n_ ^ (
ch q b i f_ i l ch j [ l n( ch ni g i m n ` [ ] _ )fc` nch a n_ ] b h ck o _ mã q b _ nb _ l [ i h _ )f[ s _ l
mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m fc`n(1)/. )02)13)4å [ nq i )f[ s _ l mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m [ h ^ m o \ )N H < N fc`n(& [ i h _ )
f[ s _ l m o \ )N H < N fc`n(5)-4)/4)0- [ mo \ j _ l ci mn_ [ f fc`n(' i l i h _ i ` nb _ [ U I TT%[ KI Z ] b _ _ e
fc`n j l i ] _ ^ o l _ m&ã [ fnb i o a b m_ p_ l [ f i ` nb _ mg [ ff)m] [ l g _ nb i ^ m g [ e _ [ j i ch n i `
m_ p _ l _ fs fcg cnch a nb _ _ r n_ h n i ` me ch o h ^ _ l g ch ch a ch nb _ h _ ] e *
Ob _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h j f[ h _ ch nb _ ] b _ _ e
q [ m ] i h ` fo _ h n q cnb nb _ ^ cmm_ ] nci h
j f[ h _ ch nb _ h _ ] e ( [ m m b i q h i h nb _
l ca b n( ch nb cm j [ nc_ h n q b i b [ ^ [ mo \ ì
] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ ] _ )h _ ] e fc`n*
é M_ ` _ l _ h ] _ m / ( 0 ( - 1 ( - 2 ( 2 , ( 3 1 ( 5 - *
nM_ ` _ l _ h ] _ m - ( - , ( . 4 ( 0 / )0 1 ( 4 / ( - , / *
YM_ ` _ l _ h ] _ m . ( 2 ( . 0 ( 0 5 ( 2 . ( 4 4 ( 5 1 *
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
1
Ob _ m_ nq i j [ nc_ h nm b [ ^ [ h _ ] e fc`n [ m j [ l n i ` [ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ ] _
fc`n q cnb i o n h _ ] e me ch _ r ] cmci h *
2
\ SQY ZW
Tb
Ob cm ch nl [ i j _ l [ ncp _ j b i ni m b i q m nb _ m o \ ) N H < N ^ cmm_ ] nci h j f[ h _
ch nb _ ] b _ _ e [ h ^ nb _ mo j l [ j f[ ns mg [ f ^ cmm_ ] nci h j f[ h _ ch nb _ h _ ] e
m_ j [ l [ n_ ^ \ s nb _ j f [ ns m g [ ) N H < N f[ s _ l _ r n_ h ^ ch a o j ch ni nb _
] i g j i mcn_ i h _ )f[ s _ l ] b _ _ e ` f[ j * O b cm j [ nc_ h n o h ^ _ l q _ h n [ ^ _ _ j
j f[ h _ ` [ ] _ )h _ ] e fc`n*
Ob cm q i g [ h b [ ^ [ h _ ] e fc` n ch n_ a l [ n_ ^ ch ni [ L M M X X TI V M NI KM
TQN\ q cnb i o n h _ ] e me ch _ r ] cmci h *
*
$ QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
3
Ob cm g [ h [ fmi b [ ^ [ ^ _ _ j j f[ h _ ` [ ] _ fc`n [ h ^ ] i h ] i g cn[ h n h _ ] e fc`n
q cnb i o n h _ ] e me ch _ r ] cmci h *
< ff i ` nb _ mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m( j f[ ns mg [ f( [ h ^ mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f ncmmo _
g i ^ c` c] [ nci h m o m_ ^ ch g s [ j j l i [ ] b ni h _ ] e )fc` n mo l a _ l s ] [ h \ _
[ ] ] i g j fcmb _ ^ nb l i o a b [ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h * Ob [ n g _ [ h m nb [ n
[ h s i l [ ff i ` nb i m_ g [ h _ o p _ l m ] i o f^ \ _ j _ l ` i l g _ ^ q cnb [ [ P W Z\ %
[ MI Z ` [ ] _ fc` nã ch q b c] b nb _ j l _ [ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cmci h o mo [ ffs _ h ^ m [ n
i l do mn \ _ b ch ^ nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ * < n nb _ [ h h o [ f g _ _ nch a i ` nb _ < g _ l c] [ h
Ni ] c_ ns ` i l < _ mnb _ nc] Kf[ mnc] No l a _ l s $< N < K N % ch . , , , ( Dj l _ m_ h nì
_ ^ g s - , )s _ [ l _ r j _ l c_ h ] _ q cnb ` [ ] _ i l h _ ] e fc`n q cnb i o n [ j i mn)
[ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cmci h *. 0 Dh fi i e ch a \ [ ] e i h nb [ n ^ _ ] [ ^ _ i ` _ r j _ l c_ h ] _ (
b i q _ p _ l ( D ^ cm] i p _ l _ ^ nb [ n g s _ ` ` i l nm ni _ h ^ nb _ ch ] cmci h [ n nb _ _ [ l ì
fi \ _ i ] ] [ mci h [ ffs f_ `n [ j _ l g [ h _ h n [ h ^ pcmc\ f_ o j q [ l ^ [ ^ p [ h ] _ ì
g _ h n ` f[ j L W O %M I Z \ _ fi q nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ ( i l [ a [ nb _ l _ ^ j f_ [ n \ _ b ch ^
nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ ( ch j [ nc_ h nm q cnb f[ r ncmmo _ m ch nb _ d[ q fch _ l _ a ci h *
4
\ SQY ZW
Tb
Dn g [ s q _ ff \ _ nb [ n D _ h ] i o h n_ l g i l _ me ch l _ ^ o h ^ [ h ] s [ l i o h ^ nb _
_ [ l nb [ h i nb _ l [ P W Z\ %[ K I Z [ ] ZO M W V [ \ _ ] [ o m_ D o h ^ _ l g ch _ g i l _ _ r ì
n_ h mcp _ fs ch nb _ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e [ h ^ \ _ b ch ^ nb _ _ [ l * M_ a [ l ^ f_ mm( D h i q
o mo [ ffs ] i h nch o _ nb _ [ U I TT%QVKQ[ QWV ] b _ _ e )fc` n ch ] cmci h q _ ff o j ch ni
nb _ j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l mo f] o m q b _ l _ nb _ l _ cm _ h i o a b l i i g ni ] i g ` i l nì
[ \ fs ] b [ m_ [ q [ s [ ` i f^ i l j f_ [ n ã \ o n g i l _ [ \ i o n nb [ n f[ n_ l *
Ob cm j [ nc_ h n b [ ^ [ m b i l n)m ] [ l ] b _ _ e fc` n q cnb nb _ j l _ [ o l c] o f[ l ch ] cì
mci h _ h ^ ch a [ n nb _ [ h n_ l ci l \ [ m_ i ` nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ * O b _ fc`n q [ m j l cì
g [ l cfs ch [ p _ l nc] [ f ^ cl _ ] nci h * N b _ [ fmi b [ ^ [ ] i h ] i g cn[ h n h _ ] e
fc` n nb [ n ch ] fo ^ _ ^ [ K W Z[ M \ X TI \ a [ U I X TI [ \ a o mch a [ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ì
] cmci h * < f nb i o a b m i g _ me ch q [ m l _ g i p _ ^ ` l i g b _ l ] b _ _ e [ fi h a
nb _ j l _ [ o l c] o f[ l [ h ^ fi q _ l mc^ _ \ o l h )_ ^ a _ ch ] cmci h ( h i me ch q [ m
l _ g i p _ ^ ` l i g nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m h _ ] e *
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
5
BGJ = < GDNON Q@MNP N M@BDJ I
do p _ h [ nci h * Ob _ s \ _ fc_ p_ nb [ n i h ] _ [ j _ l mi h cm j [ mn 0 1 i l 1 ,
s _ [ l m i ` [ a _ ( nb _ ` [ ] _ [ h ^ h _ ] e ( \ l i q m [ h ^ _ s _ fc^ m [ ff g i l _ i l
f_ mm m b i q nb _ cl [ a _ * > i h m_ k o _ h nfs ( ` i l mo l a _ l s ni [ ] b c_ p _ [ h [ no ì
l [ f [ h ^ b [ l g i h ci o m l _ mo fn( nb _ q b i f_ ` [ ] _ [ h ^ h _ ] e mb i o f^ \ _
nl _ [ n_ ^ [ n nb _ m[ g _ ncg _ * Ai l nb _ g ( fc` nch a [ m[ a a ch a h _ ] e q cnb i o n
[ fmi fc`nch a nb _ ` [ ] _ $q b c] b mi g _ a fi \ [ fcmnm nb ch e cm n_ ] b h c] [ ffs
cg j i mmc\ f_ % cm fce _ j [ ch nch a do mn i h _ l i i g ch [ h i f^ b i o m_ 6 i h ] _
^ i h _ ( [ ff nb _ i nb _ l l i i g m q cff cg g _ ^ c[ n_ fs ( [ h ^ fi o ^ fs ( ] l s i o n ` i l
[ ` l _ mb ] i [ n [ m q _ ff* > _ l n[ ch fs ( nb _ l _ cm i ` n_ h mi g _ nb ch a ni \ _ m[ c^
` i l mj l o ] ch a o j nb _ _ h ncl _ j f[ ] _ [ n i h _ ncg _ *
? MOQWVI TQ[ \ [ $ i h nb _ i nb _ l b [ h ^ ( \ _ fc_ p _ nb [ n ^ c` ` _ l _ h n l _ a ci h m
i ` nb _ ` [ ] _ [ h ^ h _ ] e [ a _ ch ^ c` ` _ l _ h n q [ s m ( [ n ^ c` ` _ l _ h n l [ n_ m(
[ ] ] i l ^ ch a ni ^ c` ` _ l ch a a _ h _ nc] [ h ^ _ h p cl i h g _ h n[ f ^ _ n_ l g ch [ h nm*
Ob _ l _ ` i l _ q _ q i o f^ ] i g g i h fs _ r j _ ] n ni m_ _ ( [ m q _ ^ i ( g _ h [ h ^
q i g _ h q b i h _ p _ l b [ ^ ] i mg _ nc] mo l a _ l s ( q b i ^ cmj f[ s [ m[ a ni
nb _ ] b _ _ e q b cf_ mj i l nch a [ l _ f[ ncp_ fs s i o nb ` o f)fi i e ch a h _ ] e ( [ h ^
i nb _ l m q cnb ` [ ff_ h h _ ] e m( q b i ^ cmj f[ s nc^ s ` [ ] _ m( [ m q _ m_ _ [ m
q _ ff* R _ ^ i h #n j [ o m_ ni i \ m_ l p _ nb [ n nb _ m_ ` [ ] _ m [ h ^ nb _ m_
h _ ] e m m i g _ b i q fi i e o h h [ no l [ f i l ^ cmb [ l g i h ci o m ni a _ nb _ l * R b s (
nb _ h ( mb i o f^ [ mo l a c] [ ffs l _ do p _ h [ n_ ^ h _ ] e nb [ n cm j [ cl _ ^ q cnb [
h [ no l [ ffs l _ f[ r _ ^ $c*_ *( h i h fc` n_ ^ % ] b _ _ e h _ ] _ mm[ l cfs [ j j _ [ l f_ mm
b [ l g i h ci o m; D ^ i h #n \ _ fc_ p _ nb [ n cn b [ m ni ã [ m fi h a [ m nb _ j [ ì
nc_ h n cm j l i j _ l fs m_ f_ ] n_ ^ ( [ h ^ nb _ mo l a _ l s cm ^ i h _ mi nb [ n cn j l i ì
^ o ] _ m [ h [ no l [ f)fi i e ch a \ f_ h ^ *
= o n nb _ OTWJ I TQ[ \ [ q i o f^ ch mcmn nb [ n c` i h fs [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc`n cm
^ i h _ ( g i mn j [ nc_ h nm q cff ^ _ p _ fi j _ h i o a b [ ^ ^ cnci h [ f ^ _ n_ l ci l [ nci h
ch nb _ cl ` [ ] _ m - 4 ni . 0 g i h nb m f[ n_l ( nb [ n nb _ ch ] i h a l o cns \ _ nq _ _ h
nb _ ` [ ] _ [ h ^ nb _ h _ ] e q cff ] i g j _ f nb _ g ni l _ no l h ` i l nb _ ] b _ _ e fc`n
nb [ n mb i o f^ b [ p _ \ _ _ h ^ i h _ ch nb _ ` cl mn j f[ ] _ ã [ ] i a _ h n [ l a o ì
g _ h n* H s i q h _ r j _ l c_ h ] _ ( b i q _ p _ l ( q i o f^ mo a a _ mn nb [ n mo ] b [
m] _ h [ l ci cm nb _ _ r ] _ j nci h l [ nb _ l nb [ h nb _ l o f_ * Ob [ n cm \ _ ] [ o m_ D
l i o nch _ fs nc^ s o j nb _ d[ q fch _ [ h ^ ] f_ [ l [ q [ s nb _ di q f q b _ h ì
_ p _ l D ^ i [ h Q[ WTI \ ML VMKS TQN\ & Ob _ ] b _ _ e [ \ i p _ nb _ d[ q fch _ ] [ h
] i h nch o _ ni [ a _ [ n cnm i q h j [ ] _ ( q b c] b i ` n_ h cm a l [ ] _ ` o ffs mfi q *
B l [ h n_ ^ ( g [ h s h _ ] e )fc` n_ ^ j [ nc_ h nm ^ i l _ no l h [ n mi g _ j i ch n ` i l [
] b _ _ e fc`nã o mo [ ffs h i n \ _ ] [ o m_ nb _ s `_ _ f nb [ n nb _ cl ` [ ] _ m [ h ^
h _ ] e m fi i e i o n i ` ms h ] q cnb _ [ ] b i nb _ l ( \ o n \ _ ] [ o m_ nb _ m_ j [ ì
nc_ h nm ` ch [ ffs NMMT ZM I L a ` i l [ ` [ ] _ fc`n*
&'
\ SQY ZW
Tb
Ob cm q i g [ h q [ m h i n \ i nb _ l _ ^ \ s nb _ g cf^ l _ f[ r [ nci h ch b _ l
] b _ _ e m [ h ^ ch cnc[ ffs i h fs q [ h n_ ^ b _ l h _ ] e ] i h ni o l cg j l i p _ ^ *
Ob _ m_ nq i j b i ni m m b i q b _ l \ _ ` i l _ [ h ^ 0 s _ [ l m [ ` n_ l [ h cmi f[ n_ ^
h _ ] e fc`n*
O_ h s _ [ l m f[ n_l ( mb _ l _ no l h _ ^ ` i l [ ` [ ] _ fc`n* Ob _ m_ j b i ni m m b i q
b _ l \ _ ` i l _ [ h ^ [ ` n_ l nb [ n j l i ] _ ^ o l _ *
H s \ [ mc] [ nncno ^ _ ] i h ] _ l h ch a mo l a c] [ f l _ do p _ h [ nci h i ` nb _ ` [ ] _
[ h ^ h _ ] e cm nb [ n nb _ l _ cmh #n do mn i h _ q [ s ni j l i j _ l fs a i [ \ i o n
cn* = i nb i \ d_ ] ncp _ [ h ^ mo \ d_ ] ncp _ ` [ ] ni l m ^ _ m_ l p _ ] i h mc^ _ l [ nci h *
Ni g _ ncg _ m cn cm \ _ mn ` i l nb _ j [ nc_ h n ni ^ i [ ] i g j f_ n_ no h _ )o j i h
_ p _ l s nb ch a nb [ n ] i o f^ o m_ cn [ ff [ n nb _ m[ g _ ncg _ ( [ h ^ mi g _ ncg _ m cn
cm \ _ mn ni ^ i nb _ l _ b [ \ cfcn[ nci h ch mn[ a _ m* D#g h i n mo l _ q b _ nb _ l
nb [ n MTI [ \ QK q [ s i ` nb ch e ch a g [ e _ m g _ [ ZMOQWVI T%OTWJ I TQ[ \ ( i l [
OTWJ I T%ZMOQWVI TQ[ \ &
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
* *
OC@ DNJ G
Ob _ n_ l g Q[ WTI \ ML VMKS TQN\ g _ [ h m nb [ n nb _ [ ^ d[ ] _ h n ] b _ _ e cm
h i n [ fmi fc` n_ ^ * Ai l j [ nc_ h nm q b i WJ RMK\ Q^ MTa h _ _ ^ i h fs nb _ h _ ] e
l _ g i ^ _ f_ ^ ( [ h ^ j _ l b [ j m [ fmi nb _ d[ q fch _ ( q b i m _ ] _ h nl [ f ] b _ _ e m
[ l _ [ ] ] _ j n[ \ f_ [ m cm( [ ` [ ] _ fc`n cm i ` n_ h o h h _ ] _ mm[ l s * Ai l nb _ g ( [ h
Q[ WTI \ ML VMKS TQN\ g [ s q _ ff \ _ [ h [ j j l i j l c[ n_ ] b i c] _ *&
Ob cm j [ nc_ h n q [ m [ a i i ^ ] [ h ^ c^ [ n_ ` i l [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n* Nb _
b [ ^ [ s i o nb ` o f)fi i e ch a ` [ ] _ q cnb i h fs g i ^ _ mn h [ mi f[ \ c[ f [ h ^
f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l ` i f^ m( \ o n mb _ b [ ^ [ `o ff( ` [ ff_ h h _ ] e nb [ n g [ ^ _
b _ l [ j j _ [ l i f^ _ l [ h ^ f_ mm p ca i l i o m nb [ h mb _ q cmb _ ^ * Nb _ ^ c^ h i n
q [ h n [ ` [ ] _ fc`n* Nb _ _ f_ ] n_ ^ ni b [ p _ [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc`n nb [ n ch ì
] fo ^ _ ^ [ d[ q fch _ ] f_ [ h )o j *
é M_ ` _ l _ h ] _ m . . ( . / ( / 0 ( 1 , ( 1 0 ( 1 1 ( 3 . ( 4 , ( 4 - ( - , 4 *
- .
\ SQY ZW
Tb
? _ ] c^ ch a q b [ n ni ^ i ` i l j [ nc_ h nm q b i l _ k o _ m n do m n [ h _ ] e fc` n(
\ o n q b i q i o f ^ mca h c` c] [ h nfs \ _ h _ ` cn ` l i g [ ] i g \ ch _ ^ ` [ ] _ )
h _ ] e fc` n( cm i ` n_ h g i l _ ] i g j fc] [ n_ ^ * K[ nc_ h nm h i n ch ` l _ k o _ h nfs
n_ ff g _ nb [ n nb _ s l _ [ ffs ^ i h #n q [ h n [ ` [ ] _ fc` n( s _ n nb _ s q [ h n ni
\ _ l c^ i ` nb _ cl g i nb _ l #m h _ ] e * J nb _ l m m[ s nb [ n nb _ s do mn ] [ h #n
n[ e _ m_ p _ l [ f q _ _ e m i ` ` ` l i g q i l e ( i l m] b i i f( i l mi ] c[ f [ h ^ ` [ g cfs
l _ mj i h mc\ cfcnc_ m ni b c^ _ [ mq i ff_ h ` [ ] _ ( \ o n nb _ s ] i o f^ ] i h ] _ [ f [
\ l o cm_ ^ h _ ] e \ _ h _ [ nb [ no l nf_ h _ ] e mq _ [ n_ l i l [ m] [ l ` * J nb _ l m ] i h ì
` c^ _ nb [ n nb _ s ] [ h #n ` ch [ h ] c[ ffs [ ` ` i l ^ [ ] i g j f_ n_ ` [ ] _ fc`n( \ o n nb _ s
] i o f^ g [ h [ a _ [ h _ ] e fc`n( q b c] b cm q b [ n g [ nn_ l m g i m n ni nb _ g *
O b _ ` [ ] n cm nb [ n ` i l i h _ l _ [ mi h i l [ h i nb _ l ( g [ h s j [ nc_ h nm mcg j fs
^ i h #n q [ h n( i l ` l [ h e fs l _ ` o m_ ni b [ p _ ( [ ` [ ] _ fc`n ã i ` n_ h mcg j fs \ _ ì
] [ o m_ nb _ s [ l _ h i n j [ l nc] o f[ l fs \ i nb _ l _ ^ \ s nb _ cl h [ mi f[ \ c[ f i l
f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l ` i f^ m i l ` [ ] c[ f q l ch e f_ m( i l \ _ ] [ o m_ nb _ s ` _ [ l nb [ n
[ ` [ ] _ fc`n q cff m i g _ b i q [ fn_ l nb _ cl [ j j _ [ l [ h ] _ ch [ q [ s nb [ n cm
j ms ] b i fi a c] [ ffs i l mi ] c[ ffs o h ] i g ` i l n[ \ f_ ` i l nb _ g * Dl _ mj _ ] n nb [ n
j i ch n i ` p c_ q * O b _ e _ s k o _ mnci h cm6 D QTT I V Q[ W TI \ M L V M K S TQN\
U I S M \ P M _ P W TM X M Z[ W V TWWS J M \ \ M Z$ V W \ R] [ \ \ P M V M K S 2 A P M [ h ì
m q _ l cm cg j i l n[ h n( \ _ ] [ o m _ q _ ^ i h #n m_ _ [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n
ch cmi f[ nci h *
O i b _ fj g _ [ h m q _ l nb [ n k o _ mnci h ^ o l ch a nb _ ] i h mo fn[ nci h ( Db [ p _
nb _ j [ nc_ h n fi i e ch [ g cl l i l q b cf_ D o m_ g s b [ h ^ m ni mb c` n [ h ^ fc`n
nb _ _ r ] _ mm [ h ^ ` [ ff_ h ncmmo _ m ch [ q [ s nb [ n m cg o f[ n_ m [ h cmi f[ n_ ^
h _ ] e fc` n [ h ^ di q f nl cg * Ai l ] i g j [ l cmi h ( D m cg o f[ n_ [ ] i g \ ch _ ^
` [ ] _ [ h ^ h _ ] e fc` n* Ob _ h ( c` nb _ j [ nc_ h n mncff j l _ ` _ l m ni b [ p _ nb _
cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc`n ^ i h _ [ h ^ ] f_ [ l fs o h ^ _ l mn[ h ^ m nb [ n nb _ m [ a a cì
h _ mm ch nb _ g _ ^ c[ f ] b _ _ e m h _ [ l [ h ^ \ _ f i q nb _ ] i l h _ l m i ` nb _
g i o nb q cff V W \ \ _ cg j l i p _ ^ i h _ ci n[ \ s [ h _ ] e fc` n( [ h ^ c` Dnb ch e
nb [ n [ _ mnb _ nc] [ ffs nb _ j [ nc_ h n q cff fi i e i e [ s q cnb i o n [ ] b _ _ e fc`n*
D#ff ^ i [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc`n* = o n c` D ` _ _ f nb [ n nb _ l _ do p _ h [ n_ ^ h _ ] e
q cff h i n mcn q _ ff p cmo [ ffs q cnb nb _ h i h fc` n_ ^ ` [ ] _ ( i l c` D m_ h m_ nb [ n
nb _ j [ nc_ h n q cff mi i h \ _ ] i g _ ^ cmm[ ncm` c_ ^ q cnb nb _ l i i g f_ ` n o h ì
j [ ch n_ ^ ( D#ff o l a _ [ g i l _ a fi \ [ f [ j j l i [ ] b *
J ` j [ l nc] o f[ l cg j i l n[ h ] _ cm nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m _ r j _ ] n[ nci h [ m ni
q b [ n q cff b [ j j _ h ( i l g i l _ ni nb _ j i ch n( q b [ n _ W V \ b [ j j _ h ni
nb _ f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l ` i f^ q b _ h [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n cm ^ i h _ * D#p _
m_ f_ ] n_ ^ mcr ] [ m_ m ni cffo mnl [ n_ nb [ n mj _ ] c` c] ] i h mc^ _ l [ nci h *
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
- /
O b _ ` cl mn ] [ m_ cm [ 1 0 )s _ [ l )i f^ q i g [ h q b i b [ ^ f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l
` i f^ m !I ZZW_ [ " nb [ n _ r n_ h ^ _ ^ b [ f` )q [ s ^ i q h ni nb _ d[ q fch _ ` l i g
nb _ ] i l h _ l m i ` b _ l g i o nb * N b _ _ f_ ] n_ ^ ni b [ p _ [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e
fc` n nb [ n ch ] fo ^ _ ^ [ d[ q fch _ ] f_ [ h )o j * I i nb ch a q [ m ^ i h _ ni b _ l
] b _ _ e m* Ai l _ q [ l h _ ^ nb [ n nb _ f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l ` i f^ m q i o f^ h i n \ _
cg j l i p _ ^ \ s nb _ j l i ] _ ^ o l _ ( mb _ q [ m k o cn_ j f_ [ m_ ^ q cnb nb _ i o nì
] i g _ * Ob _ j i mni j _ l [ ncp _ j b i ni a l [ j b m q _ l _ n[ e _ h . s _ [ l m ` i ffi q ì
ch a mo l a _ l s *
- 0
\ SQY ZW
Tb
Ob cm 2 , )s _ [ l )i f^ q i g [ h j l _ m_ h n_ ^ q cnb g i l _ [ ^ p [ h ] _ ^ mca h m i `
j [ h ` [ ] c[ f [ a ch a * Nb _ [ fmi b [ ^ m_ p _ l [ f mca h c` c] [ h n g _ ^ c] [ f j l i \ ì
f_ g m nb [ n q _ l _ q _ ff g [ h [ a _ ^ [ h ^ mn[ \ f_ * Nb _ q [ m \ i nb _ l _ ^
g [ ch fs \ s nb _ [ j j _ [ l [ h ] _ i ` b _ l h _ ] e [ h ^ di q fm* O b _ j [ nc_ h n( b _ l
j b s mc] c[ h ( [ h ^ D [ ff [ a l _ _ ^ nb [ n [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n( l [ nb _ l nb [ h [
g i l _ ch p i fp _ ^ ` [ ] _ [ h ^ h _ ] e fc`n( q [ m nb _ [ j j l i j l c[ n_ i j _ l [ nci h
` i l b _ l * < fnb i o a b h i nb ch a q [ m ^ i h _ ni b _ l ] b _ _ e m( _ s _ fc^ m( i l
\ l i q m( nb _ l _ do p _ h [ nci h i ` nb _ h _ ] e [ h ^ d[ q fch _ m_ _ g _ ^ ni l _ do ì
p _ h [ n_ nb _ l _ mn i ` nb _ ` [ ] _ [ m q _ ff* < ` n_ l nb _ mo l a _ l s ( nb _ j [ nc_ h n
[ h ^ D\ i nb ` _ fn nb [ n b _ l L W V M V M KS [ h ^ b _ l V W \ %L W V M NI KM \ f_ h ^ _ ^
h [ no l [ ffs * I i me ch q [ m l _ g i p _ ^ ` l i g b _ l h _ ] e *
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
- 1
Ob cm 2 1 )s _ [ l )i f^ j [ nc_ h n m[ c^ nb [ n mb _ q [ m h i n ] i h ] _ l h _ ^ [ \ i o n
b _ l ` [ ] c[ f q l ch e f_ m( h i l q [ m mb _ \ i nb _ l _ ^ \ s nb _ f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l
` i f^ m nb [ n l [ h nb l _ _ k o [ l n_ l m i ` nb _ q [ s ^ i q h ni q [ l ^ nb _ d[ q fch _
!I ZZW_ [ "& Dh ` [ ] n( mb _ q [ m k o cn_ ] i g ` i l n[ \ f_ q cnb nb _ g * C _ l h _ ] e
q [ m [ h i nb _ l g [ nn_ l 6 mb _ [ ^ g cnn_ ^ nb [ n mb _ h _ p _ l fce _ ^ nb _ ] i h ì
ni o l i ` b _ l NQZU WJ TQY] M VMKS [ h ^ b [ ^ \ _ ] i g _ ch ] l _ [ mch a fs ^ cmì
] i h n_ h n_ ^ ch l _ ] _ h n s _ [ l m [ m m[ a a ch a h _ ] e me ch [ h ^ g o m] f_ ` o l ì
nb _ l \ fo h n_ ^ nb _ ] _ l p c] i g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l [ h a f_ * Nb _ mj _ ] c` c] [ ffs q [ h nì
_ ^ W V Ta b _ l h _ ] e l _ ] i h ` ca o l _ ^ ( [ h ^ nb _ mg [ ff di q fm _ fcg ch [ n_ ^ * D
j _ l ` i l g _ ^ [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n [ h ^ di q f nl cg ( q b c] b ( [ m _ r j _ ] nì
_ ^ ( ^ c^ h i nb ch a ni cg j l i p _ b _ l fch _ ^ ] b _ _ e m [ h ^ f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l
` i f^ m( \ o n cn ^ c^ j l i p c^ _ nb _ o h i \ nl o mcp _ ( s _ n j f_ [ mch a ( ] i h ni o l
] b [ h a _ nb [ n nb _ j [ nc_ h n q [ m m_ _ e ch a *
- 2
\ SQY ZW
Tb
Dh ] i h nl [ ^ cmnch ] nci h ni nb _ nb l _ _ j [ nc_ h nm do mn j l _ m_ h n_ ^ ( nb _ ` i fì
fi q ch a nb l _ _ j [ nc_ h nm $[ a _ m 1 4 ( 1 - ( [ h ^ 2 4 ( l _ mj _ ] ncp _ fs % q _ l _ [ ff
\ i nb _ l _ ^ [ m g o ] b \ s nb _ cl f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l ` i f^ m !I ZZW _ [ " [ h ^
g [ l ci h _ nn_ ] l _ [ m_ m [ m nb _ s q _ l _ \ s [ h i \ fck o _ h _ ] e [ h a f_ [ h ^
di q fch a * Ai l nb _ g ( [ ] i g \ ch _ ^ ` [ ] _ [ h ^ h _ ] e fc` n q [ m ^ i h _ nb [ n
cg j l i p _ ^ nb _ f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l ` i f^ m \ s fc` nch a nb _ ] b _ _ e *
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
- 3
- 4
\ SQY ZW
Tb
A[ ] c[ f ] i h ni o l cm [ h i nb _ l ` [ ] ni l ni ] i h mc^ _ l q b _ h ^ _ ] c^ ch a i h
nb _ [ j j l i j l c[ n_ h _ m m i ` [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n* B _ h _ l [ ffs ( l i o h ^ (
mk o [ l _ ( ] b o \ \ s ( [ h ^ ^ l i i j s fi q _ l ] b _ _ e m ^ i h i n \ f_ h ^ [ m q _ ff
q cnb h _ q fs mfcg g _ ^ [ h ^ nl cg g _ ^ h _ ] e m [ m i p[ f( nl c[ h a o f[ l ( nb ch (
[ h ^ h i h l _ f[ r _ ^ ` [ ] _ m ^ i * R cnb nb i m_ l [ nb _ l \ [ mc] a o c^ _ fch _ m ch
g ch ^ ( D ^ _ ] c^ _ q cnb nb _ j [ nc_ h n b i q g o ] b nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m ` [ ] c[ f
] i h ni o l q cff ch ` fo _ h ] _ nb _ mo l a c] [ f j f[ h *
Ai l _ r [ g j f_ ( nb cm j [ nc_ h n ^ cmfce _ ^ nb _ ] i h ni o l i ` b _ l h _ ] e [ m q _ ff
[ m nb _ mk o [ l _ mb [ j _ i ` b _ l fi q _ l ` [ ] _ * < ` [ ] _ )h _ ] e fc` n [ ` ` i l ^ _ ^
nb _ h _ ] _ m m [ l s [ ] ] _ mm ` i l [ ] [ l _ ` o ffs ] i h nl i ff_ ^ i j _ h m o \ ] o n[ ì
h _ i o m fcj _ ] ni g s i ` nb _ fi q _ l b [ f` i ` nb _ ] b _ _ e ( nl [ h m` i l g ch a
b _ l mk o [ l _ ` [ ] _ ch ni [ g i l _ j f_ [ mch a nl c[ h a o f[ l ] i h ni o l * M _ g i p ì
ch a ` [ n ` l i g [ ] b _ _ e ( b i q _ p _ l ( g o mn \ _ ^ i h _ ] [ o nci o mfs ni j l _ ì
p _ h n [ h o h j f_ [ m[ h n ] i h ni o l ã ` [ p i l ch a nb _ l _ g i p [ f i ` f_ mm l [ nb _ l
nb [ h g i l _ *
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
- 5
Ai l nb cm / 0 )s _ [ l )i f^ j [ nc_ h n q cnb [ ` cl g l i o h ^ ` [ ] _ [ h ^ `off h _ ] e ( D
` _ fn nb [ n [ ] b [ h a _ ch \ [ mc] ` [ ] c[ f mb [ j _ q [ m h i n [ j j l i j l c[ n_ * Ob _
[ _ mnb _ nc] i \ d_ ] ncp _ m i ` nb _ mo l a _ l s ch ] fo ^ _ ^ [ h cg j l i p _ ^ ^ _ ` ch cì
nci h i ` nb _ d[ q fch _ q cnb g [ ch n_ h [ h ] _ i ` [ mi ` n)fi i e ch a ] o mb ci h
i ` mo \ ] o n[ h _ i o m ` [ n nb l i o a b i o n nb _ h _ ] e [ h ^ d[ q fch _ [ l _ [ * < h
i j _ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n q [ m ^ i h _ 7 cn ch ] fo ^ _ ^ [ h _ r n_ h mcp _ mo \ ] o ì
n[ h _ i o m [ h ^ mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f fcj _ ] ni g s ( [ j _ l cb s i c^ ` [ m] c[ l _ f_ [ m_ ( [
j [ l nc[ f l _ m_ ] nci h i ` i h _ mo \ g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l m[ fcp[ l s a f[ h ^ ( [ h ^ [ ] i l ì
m_ n j f[ ns mg [ j f[ mns * I i me ch q [ m _ r ] cm_ ^ ` l i g nb _ h _ ] e *
Dh a _ h _ l [ f( j [ nc_ h nm ch nb _ cl f[ n_ n_ _ h m nb l i o a b nb _ cl ` c` nc_ m [ l _
\ _ nn_ l ] [ h ^ c^ [ n_ m ` i l [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n nb [ h [ l _ nb i m_ ch
nb _ cl mcr nc_ m( m_ p _ h nc_ m( [ h ^ \ _ s i h ^ ã h i n \ _ ] [ o m_ me ch ni h _ cm
\ _ nn_ l ch s i o h a _ l j [ nc_ h nm( \ o n \ _ ] [ o m_ [ TQN\ ML VMKS n_ h ^ m ni
\ f_ h ^ \ _ nn_ l p cmo [ ffs q cnb [ h h i h fc` n_ ^ ` [ ] _ ch s i o h a _ l j [ nc_ h nm*
I i h _ nb _ f_ mm( D p _ l s i ` n_ h ^ i [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n i h h i n)mi )
s i o h a j [ nc_ h nm q cnb a l [ nc` s ch a l _ mo fnm*
. ,
\ SQY ZW
Tb
Ob cm 3 , )s _ [ l )i f^ q i g [ h e h _ q nb [ n mb _ q i o f ^ fi i e \ _ mn q cnb [
` o ff ` [ ] _ fc`n( \ o n mb _ ^ c^ h #n g ch ^ b _ l g i ^ _ l [ n_ fs j l i g ch _ h n h [ ì
mi f[ \ c[ f [ h ^ f[ \ ci g [ h ^ c\ o f[ l ` i f^ m( [ h ^ i h fs q [ h n_ ^ b _ l h _ ] e [ h ^
d[ q fch _ l _ do p _ h [ n_ ^ * < h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` n ` cn nb _ \ cff*
Ai l [ f[ l a _ j i l nci h i ` nb _ j i j o f[ nci h ( [ a _ 3 , cm h i fi h a _ l ] i h mc^ ì
_ l _ ^ M TL M ZTa 1 q i g _ h [ h ^ g _ h i ` n_ h fcp_ p ca i l i o m fcp_ m q _ ff ch ni
nb _ cl _ ca b nc_ m [ h ^ h ch _ nc_ m* H [ h s ` ch ^ nb [ n [ nc^ s h _ ] e ch ] l _ [ m_ m
nb _ cl m _ h m _ i ` q _ ff)\ _ ch a ^ o l ch a nb i m_ s _ [ l m*
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
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g _ h b _ [ l ncfs ^ cmfce _ nb _ q [ s \ [ a a s h _ ] e ncmmo _ j cf_ m o j i h nb _ cl
mb cl n ] i ff[ l ( i ` n_ h nb _ s [ l _ h i n j [ l nc] o f[ l fs ] i h ] _ l h _ ^ [ \ i o n nb _
l _ mn i ` nb _ ` [ ] _ * Kl i g ch _ h n h [ mi f[ \ c[ f ` i f^ m( i l [ fcnnf_ m[ a a ch a
h _ [ l nb _ ] i l h _ l m i ` nb _ g i o nb ( [ l _ ` l _ k o _ h nfs l _ a [ l ^ _ ^ [ m I L L QVO
KP I ZI K \ M Z ni nb _ ` [ ] _ * H [ h s g _ h [ fmi j l _ ` _ l ni [ p i c^ nb _ j l _ [ o ì
l c] o f[ l m] [ l m [ h ^ mb c` n ch \ _ [ l ^ j i mcnci h nb [ n [ ] ] i g j [ h s [ ` [ ] _
fc`n*
@[ ] b i ` nb _ ` i ffi q ch a nb l _ _ g _ h b [ ^ [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc` nã [ ff
q cnb i o n h _ ] e me ch _ r ] cmci h ã q b c] b cm q b s nb _ cl ` [ ] _ m fi i e nb _
m[ g _ ch nb _ \ _ ` i l _ [ h ^ [ ` n_ l j c] no l _ m* C i q _ p _ l ( ] f_ [ h ch a o j nb _
h _ ] e [ h ^ d[ q fch _ ] [ h n[ e _ s _ [ l m i ` ` [ g [ h #m [ j j _ [ l [ h ] _ ( [ mc^ _
` l i g j l i p c^ ch a [ h c] _ m_ h m_ i ` q _ ff)\ _ ch a q b _ h ] i h ` l i h nch a i h _ ì
m_ f` ch nb _ g cl l i l ` i l nb _ g i l h ch a mb [ p _ *
. .
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Ob _ m_ g _ h q _ l _ ] i g ` i l n[ \ f_ q cnb nb _ cl h [ mi f[ \ c[ f [ h ^ f[ \ ci g [ h ì
^ c\ o f[ l ` i f^ m \ o n p _ l s g o ] b q [ h n_ ^ [ h _ [ n_ l )fi i e ch a h _ ] e * < h
cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc`n a [ p _ nb _ g nb [ n*
*
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. /
DI >DNDJ I N R DOCJ P O NFDI @S>DNDJ I
Ob _ k o _ mnci h nb [ n j l i \ [ \ fs ] i g _ m ni g ch ^ [ n nb cm j i ch n cm6 D P I \ [ _ ZW V O _ Q\ P
M` KQ[ QVO VMKS [ S QV I V a _ I a 2 H s [ h mq _ l cm6 > N\ M V $ VW\ P QVO& Dh ` [ ] n( D _ r ] cm_
h _ ] e me ch g s m_ f` [ n ncg _ m* = o n g i mn h _ ] e m ^ i h i n l _ k o cl _ me ch _ r ] cmci h ( [ h ^
h i n b [ p ch a ni _ r ] cm_ h _ ] e me ch g _ [ h m nb [ n D ] [ h ] b i i m_ ni [ p i c^ [ h ch ] cmci h
nb [ n _ r n_ h ^ m ^ i q h q [ l ^ \ _ b ch ^ i l [ fi h a nb _ i ] ] cj cn[ f b [ cl fch _ ( q b c] b b [ m [
h o g \ _ l i ` [ ^ p [ h n[ a _ m nb [ n D#ff ^ _ m] l c\ _ mb i l nfs *
I V`SS&_c O`bS`&ZS\ UbV
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Dh nb _ g [ di l cns i ` j [ nc_ h nm o h ^ _ l a i ch a [ h _ ] e fc` n( _ cnb _ l [ m [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ j l i ì
] _ ^ o l _ i l ] i g \ ch _ ^ q cnb [ ` [ ] _ fc`n( D o m_ [ mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h ( j fo m i h _ i `
` i o l j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l mo f] o m ch ] cmci h m( l [ h a ch a ch f_ h a nb ` l i g [ - *1 ] g mfcn \ _ b ch ^
nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ ni [ h ch ] cmci h nb [ n l o h m nb _ _ h ncl _ f_ h a nb i ` nb _ mo f] o m* < ff ` cp _ ch ] cì
mci h m [ l _ o m_ ^ do mn ` i l [ ] ] _ mm7 nb _ s [ l _ h i n ch n_ h ^ _ ^ ` i l nb _ _ r ] cmci h i `
h _ ] e me ch *
. 0
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< fnb i o a b _ p _ l s nb ch a nb [ n h _ _ ^ m ni \ _ ^ i h _ ` i l g i mn h _ ] e fc` nm( ch ì
] fo ^ ch a g [ h [ a ch a p _ l s f[ r me ch ( ] [ h \ _ [ ] ] i g j fcmb _ ^ nb l i o a b [
mo \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h [ fi h _ $q b c] b [ n i h _ ncg _ q [ m b i q D ^ c^ [ ff g s
h _ ] e fc`nm%( nb _ mo f] o m ch ] cmci h m ` [ ] cfcn[ n_ f[ n_ l [ f me ch o h ^ _ l g ch ì
ch a ( f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e ^ _ ` [ nnch a ( f[ n_ l [ f b _ g i mn[ mcm( [ h ^ nb _ j f[ ] _ ì
g _ h n i ` h _ ] e ^ l [ ch m* @r ] _ j n ` i l nb _ [ ] TK] [ QVKQ[ QWV _ Q\ P I P QOP
P QVOM$ nb _ i nb _ l nb l _ _ mo f] o m ch ] cmci h m [ l _ _ h ncl _ fs ] i h ` ch _ ^ ni nb _
j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l mo f] o m( q b c] b g _ [ h m nb [ n _ p _ h nb _ j [ nc_ h n#m b [ cl
mns fcmn i l \ [ l \ _ l o mo [ ffs q i h #n h i nc] _ nb _ g *
M[ l _ fs ( mi g _ j [ nc_ h nm q cff ^ _ p _ fi j b s j _ l nl i j b s i ` [ j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l
ch ] cmci h m] [ l ( mi nb _ m b i l n_ m n mo f] o m ch ] cmci h h _ _ ^ _ ^ ni ] i g ì
` i l n[ \ fs [ ] ] i g j fcmb nb _ j l i ] _ ^ o l _ cm ] b i m_ h * = o n b s j _ l nl i j b s
i ` [ mo f] o m m] [ l cm o h ] i g g i h _ h i o a b [ h ^ o mo [ ffs h i h j l i \ f_ g ì
[ nc] _ h i o a b nb [ n D h _ p _ l b _ mcn[ n_ ni o m_ [ fi h a _ l mo f] o m ch ] cmci h
c` nb [ n q cff ch [ h s q [ s ` [ ] cfcn[ n_ nb _ mo l a _ l s *
O b _ ` cp _ [ ] ] _ mm ch ] cmci h m b [ p _ nb _ ` i ffi q ch a [ nnl c\ o n_ m6
- * N o \ g _ h n[ f ch ] cmci h 6 Kl i p c^ _ m [ ] ] _ mm ` i l [ g c^ fch _ j f[ ns mì
g [ j f[ mns [ h ^ ] _ h nl [ f mo \ j f[ ns mg [ f mo l a _ l s *
. *
@[ l fi \ _ )\ [ m_ ch ] cmci h 6 P m_ ^ [ m [ P M TX M Z ni nb _ mo \ g _ h n[ f
ch ] cmci h * Dn j l i p c^ _ m [ mg [ ff _ h nl [ h ] _ mcn_ \ _ b ch ^ nb _ _ [ l ì
fi \ _ ` i l \ fch ^ o h ^ _ l g ch ch a ch nb _ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e [ h ^ d[ q fch _
[ l _ [ ch j [ nc_ h nm q b i i h fs b [ p _ g cf^ ni g i ^ _ l [ n_ me ch f[ r cns
nb [ n cm fcg cn_ ^ ni nb _ g c^ fch _ [ l _ [ i ` nb _ h _ ] e ( [ h ^ q b i l _ ì
k o cl _ fcnnf_ c` [ h s i j _ h f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e ^ _ ` [ nnch a *
/ * Ob l _ _ )k o [ l n_ l )f_ h a nb mo f] o m ch ] cmci h 6 > b i m_ h ` i l h _ ] e m
q cnb _ cnb _ l g i ^ _ l [ n_ me ch f[ r cns i l h _ ] e m nb [ n l _ k o cl _ [ h
i j _ h f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e fcj _ ] ni g s * Ob cm ch ] cmci h cm [ fmi ] i g g i h fs
o m_ ^ q cnb [ h Q[ W TI \ M L KP M M S TQN\ ni j l _ p _ h n [ L W O %M I Z \ _ ì
f i q nb _ _ [ l fi \ _ *
0 * Ob l _ _ )k o [ l n_ l )f_ h a nb i l ` o ff)f_ h a nb mo f] o m ch ] cmci h q cnb [
b ca b mb i l n nl [ h m p _ l m _ b ch a _ 6 P m_ ^ ` i l j [ nc_ h nm q cnb g i ^ ì
_ l [ n_ ni ] i h mc^ _ l [ \ f_ h _ ] e me ch f[ r cns * Ob _ mb i l n( b i l ct i h n[ f
fcg \ j l i p c^ _ m [ j f[ ] _ q b _ l _ nb _ f[ r g [ mni c^ me ch ` f[ j ] [ h
\ _ j o ff_ ^ ni ` i l [ no ] e i l [ nl cg ( l _ ^ o ] ch a nb _ l cme i ` f_ [ p ch a
[ p cmc\ f_ j f_ [ n i l ` i f^ [ fi h a nb _ mo f] o m mo no l _ fch _ \ _ b ch ^
nb _ _ [ l * O b _ P QVOM [ fmi g [ e _ m cn _ [ mc_ l ni m[ ` _ fs [ h ^ [ ^ _ ì
1 • central concepts 25 quately elevate the skin flap over the mastoid area, and im- proves the visibility under the neck flap. For these reasons, this incision is a good choice for newcomers to the small incision approach of neck lifting. 5. Full-length sulcus incision: Also used for patients with considerable neck skin laxity, who have very thin, very fine, or very short hair, or a posteriorly positioned occipital hair- line, any of which could make the concealment of a trans- verse hinge scar difficult. The principal advantage of sulcus incisions is that they are stealthy, providing maximum concealment. The details of their design and indications for use are found in Chapter 3. The main disadvantage of sulcus incisions, especially those with- out a hinge, is that they are not meant for skin excision. The loos- ened skin behind and below the ear, which is not pulled back and trimmed, may on occasion leave a permanent skin pleat along the suture line or a permanent skin fold in the lateral neck. The photo on the left shows the floppy skin flap behind the ear after an extensive lateral neck undermining via a three-quarter- length sulcus incision. On the right, note the slightly pleated suture line that results at times when no skin is shifted to a higher hinge or excised along a hair-edge incision.
. 2
\ SQY ZW
Tb
< ` n_ l [ h _ ] e fc`n q cnb i o n me ch ch ] cmci h ( g cf^ me ch ` i f^ m [ h ^ j o ] e _ l m ch nb _
g [ mni c^ [ l _ [ [ h ^ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e q cff o mo [ ffs mg i i nb i o n ch nb _ g i h nb m ` i ffi q ì
ch a mo l a _ l s * Ai l _ r [ g j f_ ( nb _ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e ` i f^ j l _ m_ h n [ n . q _ _ e m [ ` n_ l mo l ì
a _ l s ch nb cm j [ nc_ h n b [ m ^ cm[ j j _ [ l _ ^ \ s / g i h nb m !NI Z ZQOP \ XP W\ W"&
J ] ] [ mci h [ ffs ( b i q _ p _ l ( [ ` n_ l [ h _ ] e fc` n q cnb i o n [ f[ n_ l [ f me ch _ r ] cmci h ( [
j f_ [ n i l ` i f^ q i h #n ^ cm [ j j _ [ l ã [ m q [ m nb _ ] [ m_ ch nb cm j [ nc_ h n* O b _ ] _ h n_ l
[ h ^ l ca b n j b i ni m q _ l _ n[ e _ h -
s _ [ l [ ` n_ l mo l a _ l s * O b _ I ZZW _ [ ch ^ c] [ n_ nb _
` cr _ ^ me ch ` i f^ m* B _ h _ l [ ffs ( nb _ a l _ [ n_ l nb _ h _ ] e me ch _ r ] _ mm( nb _ a l _ [ n_ l nb _
] b [ h ] _ i ` [ f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e ` i f^ j _ l mcmnch a ã [ h ^ nb _ a l _ [ n_ l nb _ h _ _ ^ ni o h ^ _ l ì
g ch _ nb _ ` f[ j i o n ni nb _ i ] ] cj cn[ f b [ cl fch _ mi nb [ n fi i m_ h _ ^ me ch ] [ h \ _ [ ] ì
] i g g i ^ [ n_ ^ *
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
. 3
< m q cnb [ ff ch ] cmci h m( mo f] o m ch ] cmci h m [ l _ mo m] _ j ì
nc\ f_ ni m] [ l b s j _ l nl i j b s ã [ fnb i o a b nb cm i ] ] o l m
ch ` l _ k o _ h nfs * Ob cm j b i ni m b i q m [ b s j _ l nl i j b c] m] [ l
!I ZZW_ " ch nb _ ] [ o ^ [ f j i l nci h i ` [ nb l _ _ )k o [ l n_ l )
f_ h a nb mo f] o m ch ] cmci h
-
s _ [ l [ ` n_ l mo l a _ l s * < h
c^ _ h nc] [ f m_ a g _ h n i ` m] [ l b s j _ l nl i j b s ^ _ p _ fi j _ ^
\ _ b ch ^ nb _ ] i h nl [ f[ n_ l [ f _[ l * < m cm i ` n_ h nb _ ] [ m_ (
nb cm j [ nc_ h n b [ ^ h i j l ci l b cmni l s i ` ch ] cmci h m] [ l b s ì
j _ l nl i j b s *
Ob _ i ] ] cj cn[ f b [ cl )_ ^ a _ ch ] cmci h cm ^ _ mca h _ ^ ni _ ` ` cì
] c_ h nfs l _ g i p _ mf[ ] e h _ ] e me ch q cnb i o n b [ cl fch _ ^ cmì
ni l nci h [ h ^ q cnb fcnnf_ ] b [ h ] _ i ` f_ [ pch a [ pcmc\ f_
me ch j f_ [ n i l me ch ` i f^ \ _ b ch ^ i l \ _ fi q nb _ _[ l *
C i q _ p _ l ( nb _ nl [ ^ _ )i ` ` cm nb _ j i mmc\ cfcns i ` ^ _ n_ ] ì
nci h $o mo [ ffs i h fs [ ` [ ch n q b cn_ fch _ % q b _ h nb _ b [ cl
cm j o ff_ ^ \ [ ] e * = o n c` m] [ l b s j _ l nl i j b s i ] ] o l m( [ m
cn ^ c^ ch nb cm j [ nc_ h n( nb _ ch ] l _ [ m_ ^ pcmc\ cfcns i ` nb _
m] [ l ( ] i g j [ l _ ^ q cnb [ m] [ l no ] e _ ^ ch nb _ j i mn[ o ì
l c] o f[ l mo f] o m( g ca b n \ _ [ j l i \ f_ g *
R b s h i n j f[ ] _ nb _ ch ] cmci h i \ fck o _ fs \ _ b ch ^ nb _ i ] ì
] cj cn[ f b [ cl fch _ q b _ l _ cn q i o f^ \ _ \ _ nn_ l ] i h ] _ [ f_ ^
\ o n mncff [ ffi q _ r ] cmci h i ` f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e me ch ã fce _ nb _
i h _ m_ _ h b _ l _ ; D o m_ ^ nb [ n ns j _ i ` ch ] cmci h ` i l
g [ h s s _ [ l m \ o n [ \ [ h ^ i h _ ^ cn \ _ ] [ o m_ D` i o h ^ nb [ n
` i ffi q ch a me ch _ r ] cmci h ( nb _ b [ cl fch _ i ` n_ h mb c` n_ ^
\ [ ] e q [ l ^ ( i l nb _ ch ] cmci h m] [ l q [ m f_`n q cnb i h fs [
h [ l l i q ` l ch a _ i ` b [ cl ch ` l i h n i ` cn( j l i p c^ ch a fcnnf_
] i h ] _ [ fg _ h n( i l mi g _ b [ cl fi mm i ] ] o l l _ ^ [ fi h a nb _
_ ^ a _ m i ` nb _ m] [ l ( i l [ g cm[ fca h g _ h n i ` nb _ b [ cl fch _
` i ffi q _ ^ nb _ ` f[ j j o ff)\ [ ] e *3#. 0)0. )14)54
. 4
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Gi h a ( i \ fck o _ i ] ] cj cn[ f ch ] cmci h m nb [ n _ r n_ h ^ ^ i q h q [ l ^ ` l i g [ h ch ] cmci h ch
nb _ j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l [ l _ [ [ l _ [ fmi [ a i i ^ ^ _ [ f g i l _ ^ cml o j ncp _ ni nb _ \ fi i ^
mo j j fs i ` nb _ me ch ` f[ j \ _ b ch ^ nb _ _ [ l nb [ h [ l _ ch ] cmci h m ] i h ` ch _ ^ ni nb _
mo f] o m* Ob cm f[ mn ] i h mc^ _ l [ nci h cm j [ l nc] o f[ l fs l _ f_ p [ h n ch nb _ m_ j [ nc_ h nm6
î
Ob i m_ q b i [ l _ $i l l _ ] _ h nfs b [ p _ \ _ _ h % m g i e _ l m
î
Ob i m_ q cnb mi g _ ns j _ i ` g c] l i [ h a ci j [ nb s ( mo ] b [ m ^ c[ \ _ n_ m i l M[ s ì
h [ o ^ #m ^ cm_ [ m_
î
O b i m _ q b i b [ p _ l _ ] _ cp _ ^ l [ ^ c[ nci h nl _ [ ng _ h n ni nb _ h _ ] e
î
O b i m _ q b i b [ p _ b [ ^ [ j l ci l h _ ] e ch ] cmci h ` i l [ nb s l i c^ _ ] ni g s i l
] [ l i nc^ _ h ^ [ l n_ l _ ] ni g s
= _ ] [ o m_ nb _ [ ] ] _ mm mo f] o m ch ] cmci h m [ l _ ] fi m_ ^ q cnb i o n me ch _ r ] cmci h ( nb _ s
[ l _ [ fq [ s m ] fi m_ ^ q cnb i o n n_ h mci h ( ` o l nb _ l l _ ^ o ] ch a nb _ j i n_ h nc[ f ` i l p [ m] o ì
f[ l ] i g j l i g cm_ ch [ h _ r n_ h m cp _ fs o h ^ _ l g ch _ ^ j i mn[ o l c] o f[ l me ch ` f[ j * Ob cm
] i h mc^ _ l [ nci h n[ e _ m i h [ h ch ] l _ [ m_ ^ cg j i l n[ h ] _ c` [ f[ l a _ h _ ] e b _ g [ ni g [
^ _ p _ fi j m [ ` n_ l mo l a _ l s
T i o g [ s [ me 6 O b _ h q b s h i n o m_ [ fi h a ( b ca b nl [ h m p _ l m _ ch ] cmci h nb [ n cm
] VTQS MTa ni ] [ o m_ [ h i n] b [ n nb _ b [ cl fch _ ( ] [ h #n \ _ m_ _ h ] l i mmch a nb _ g [ m ì
ni c^ me ch ( [ h ^ q i h #n ] i g j l i g cm_ nb _ \ fi i ^ mo j j fs ni nb _ g [ mni c^ ` f[ j ã fce _
nb _ ch ] cmci h m_ _ h b _ l _ ;
H s [ h mq _ l cm nb [ n D[ fmi o m_ ^ nb [ n ns j _ i ` ch ] cmci h ` i l g [ h s s _ [ l m( \ o n h i q
` [ p i l [ b ca b ( [ P W Z\ nl [ h mp _ l m_ ch ] cmci h ch m_ f_ ] n_ ^ ] [ m_ m* < h s nl [ h mp _ l m_ ch ì
] cmci h j f[ ] _ ^ b ca b _ h i o a b ` i l a i i ^ ] i h ] _ [ fg _ h n mcg j fs ] [ h h i n j l i p c^ _
p _ l s g o ] b me ch ` i l _ r ] cmci h ã [ nb ch mnl cj [ n g i m n !KMV\ MZ"& Ob cm cm b [ l ^ fs
q i l nb nb _ fi h a m] [ l ch nb _ i ] ] cj cn[ f m] [ fj !ZQOP \ " nb [ n ] i o f^ j l i ^ o ] _ mi g _
b [ cl fi mm( i l ] i o f^ f_ [ p_ ^ s m_ mnb _ mc[ m ` l i g _ h ] i o h n_ l m q cnb nb _ f_ mm_ l [ h ^
a l _ [ n_ l i ] ] cj cn[ f h _ l p _ m* R b [ n#m g i l _ ( [ p _ l nc] [ f me ch fc`n \ _ b ch ^ nb _ _ [ l ` l i g
[ fi h a ( nl [ h mp _ l m_ ch ] cmci h mi g _ ncg _ m j l i ^ o ] _ ^ [ h o j q [ l ^ l i n[ nci h i ` j l _ ì
*
n QS\ b`OZ Q] \ QS^ ba
. 5
_ r cmnch a b i l ct i h n[ f f[ n_ l [ f h _ ] e me ch ] l _ [ m_ m mi nb [ n nb _ s [ mmo g _ ^ [ h o h h [ nì
o l [ f p_ l nc] [ f i l c_ h n[ nci h * Dh ] i g j [ l cmi h ( nb _ [ ] TK] [ QVKQ[ QWV _ Q\ P I [ P W Z\
\ ZI V [ ^ M Z[ M P QVOM nb [ n D ^ i o m_ k o cn_ i ` n_ h ni ^ [ s $` i l [ ] ] _ mm( h i n ` i l me ch
_ r ] cmci h % ch p [ ^ _ m nb _ i ] ] cj cn[ f m] [ fj i h fs g ch cg [ ffs [ h ^ o mo [ ffs j l i ^ o ] _ m
fcnnf_ c` [ h s fc`n i l l i n[ nci h ni nb _ f[ n_l [ f h _ ] e me ch * Ob _ mb i l n nl [ h mp _ l m_ b ch a _
cm i h fs . ni / ] g fi h a *
NFDI M@? DNOMD=P ODJ I
C i q cm cn j i mmc\ f_ ni nca b n_ h [ m[ a a s h _ ] e c` h i me ch cm l _ g i p _ ^ ; Ob _ [ h ì
m q _ l cm [ S QV ZML Q[ \ ZQJ ] \ QWVã [ mo l a c] [ f n_ ] b h ck o _ nb [ n n[ e _ m [ ^ p [ h n[ a _ i `
nq i j b s mc] [ f j b _ h i g _ h [ 6 [ S QV I KKW U U W L I \ QW V [ h ^ [ S QV KWV\ ZI K\ QWV&
@[ ] b i ` nb _ m_ n q i j [ nc_ h nm b [ ^ [ h _ ] e fc` n ch q b c] b h i h _ ] e me ch q [ m
_ r ] cm_ ^ * Ob _ mf[ ] e me ch q [ m ch mn_ [ ^ n[ e _ h o j _ h ncl _ fs \ s nb _ j l i ] _ mm i ` ZM i
L Q[ \ ZQJ ] \ QWV& = s nb _ m_ _ r [ g j f_ m D^ i h i n g _ [ h ni cg j fs nb [ n D[ fq [ s m nl _ [ n
j [ nc_ h nm q cnb nb cm g o ] b me ch f[ r cns q cnb i o n me ch _ r ] cmci h ã D^ i h #n( [ m D#ff ^ _ ì
m] l c\ _ f[ n_ l ã \ o n nb _ s [ l _ g _ [ h n ni ^ _ g i h mnl [ n_ nb [ n q cnb j l i j _ l n_ ] b h ck o _ (
me ch ^ i _ m h i n [ fq [ s m b [ p _ ni \ _ _ r ] cm_ ^ ( _ p _ h ch p _ l s ` o ff h _ ] e m*
/ ,
\ SQY ZW
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@ S QV I K K W U U W L I \ QW V ch p i fp _ m nb _ ^ cmj _ l m[ f i ` _ r ] _ m m me ch ni
j f[ ] _ m ch nb _ h _ ] e q b _ l _ cn ] [ h \ _ ch ] i l j i l [ n_ ^ q cnb i o n j l i ì
^ o ] ch a [ h i nc] _ [ \ f_ l o ` ` f_ * Ai l _ r [ g j f_ ( [ j l i g ch _ h n g c^ fch _
q [ nnf_ ] [ h o mo [ ffs \ _ [ ] ] i g g i ^ [ n_ ^ ] i g ` i l n[ \ fs \ s o h ^ _ l g ch ì
ch a nb _ me ch ` l i g nb _ j i mn_ l ci l \ i l ^ _ l i ` i h _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^ g o m ì
] f_ ni nb _ i nb _ l ( a cp ch a nb _ ` l _ _ ^ g c^ fch _ q _ \ _ h i o a b l i i g ni
mj f[ s i o nq [ l ^ [ h ^ ^ i q h q [ l ^ ( ^ _ j i mcnch a [ fcnnf_ i ` nb _ _ r ] _ mm
b _ l _ [ h ^ [ fcnnf_ nb _ l _ [ ] l i mm nb _ m_ g c] s fch ^ _ l i ` nb _ h _ ] e *
Ob cm j [ nc_ h n o h ^ _ l q _ h n [ h cmi f[ n_ ^ h _ ] e fc`n ch q b c] b mo \ g _ h n[ f
[ h ^ _ [ l fi \ _ )\ [ m_ ch ] cmci h m q _ l _ o m_ ^ * O b _ h _ ] e ` f[ j q [ m o h ^ _ l ì
g ch _ ^ f[ n_ l [ ffs \ _ s i h ^ nb _ j i mn_ l ci l _ ^ a _ i ` nb _ mn_ l h i g [ mni c^
g o m] f_ m ni j l i p c^ _ [ ^ _ k o [ n_ [ ] ] i g g i ^ [ nci h ` i l nb _ _ r ] _ mm me ch
[ h ^ ni j l i g i n_ me ch ] i h nl [ ] nci h * I i me ch q [ m _ r ] cm_ ^ *
@ S QV K W V \ ZI K \ QW V Q[ [ g [ h c` _ m n[ nci h i ` nb _ ch b _ l _ h n _ f[ mnc] cns i `
nb _ me ch nb [ n ] [ o m _ m cn ni mb l ch e q b _ h nb _ l _ n[ ch ch a fca [ g _ h nm
[ h ^ m o \ ] o n[ h _ i o m m _ j n[ b i f^ ch a cn ch j f[ ] _ b [ p _ \ _ _ h m _ p _ l _ ^ *
Dh a _ h _ l [ f( nb _ ` [ l nb _ l [ ` c_ f^ [ h [ l _ [ i ` me ch cm o h ^ _ l g ch _ ^ ( nb _
a l _ [ n_ l q cff \ _ nb _ i p _ l [ ff mb l ch e [ a _ nb [ n i ] ] o l m* @p _ h i f^ me ch
nb [ n b [ m m_ _ g ch a fs fi mn cnm mj l ch a q cff _ r j _ l c_ h ] _ m i g _ ^ _ a l _ _ i `
mb l ch e [ a _ i h ] _ cn b [ m \ _ _ h ] o n ` l _ _ *
D ` cl mn i \ m_ l p _ ^ nb _ j b _ h i g _ h i h i ` me ch ` f[ j ] i h nl [ ] nci h g [ h s
s _ [ l m [ a i q b _ h D \ _ a [ h ni l _ mo l ` [ ] _ \ o l h )m] [ l l _ ^ ` [ ] _ m q cnb
f[ l a _ l _ a ci h [ f me ch ` f[ j m* < ` n_ l nb _ ` f[ j m b [ ^ \ _ _ h mo ` ` c] c_ h nfs l _ ì
f_ [ m_ ^ ` l i g nb _ cl ` [ m] ci ] o n[ h _ i o m [ h ^ i m m_ i ] o n[ h _ i o m n_ nb _ l m(
nb _ s q i o f ^ a fc^ _ _ [ mcfs ni nb _ l _ ] cj c_ h n mcn_ q b _ l _ nb _ s ] i o f^ nb _ h
\ _ ` cr _ ^ ch j f[ ] _ * = o n c` nb _ ` f[ j m q _ l _ h i n cg g _ ^ c[ n_ fs m_ ] o l _ ^ (
nb _ s q i o f ^ l _ ] i cf( ^ l [ q ch a ch q [ l ^ ni [ mct _ mg [ ff_ l nb [ h nb _ cl
i l ca ch [ f ^ cg _ h mci h m* C _ l _ #m [ h _ r [ g j f_ *