Handbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery

Index
– hemangioblastomas as 184
– imaging in 178
– intraoperative imaging
in 179
– intraoperative
neuromonitoring in 179
– intraoperative ultrasound
in 179
– microsurgical laser in 179
– mixed gliomas as 183
– neurologic deficits in 180
– patient positioning in 178
– pilocytic astrocytoma
as 182
– postoperative management
in 180
– preoperative management
in 178
– pseudomeningocele
with 181
– spinal deformity and 181
– spinal tap in 178
– surgical adjuncts in 179
– surgical approach for 179
– surgical considerations
with 178
– types of 181
– ultrasonic aspirator in 179
Intraspinal lipoma
– classification 332
– clinical presentation of 332
– imaging 333
– of conus medullaris 332
– surgical treatment of 333
Intrathecal baclofen (ITB)
pump 371, 373, 375–376
Intraventricular cysts 475
Intraventricular hemorrhage of
prematurity (IVHp) 292
Intraventricular hemorrhage,
in ultrasonography 29
Intraventricular tumors
– anterior third
ventricular 150
– central neurocytoma
as 148, 149
– choroid plexus papilloma
and carcinoma as 146, 146,
147
– clinical presentation of 149
– complications with 150
– ependymomas as 145,
146
– lateral ventricular 150
– posterior third
ventricular 150
– postoperative management
with 150
– subependymal giant cell
astrocytoma as 148
– subependymoma as 147,
148
– surgical management
of 149, 151
Involuntary movements, in
examination 56
ISCA, see Intramedullary spinal
cord abscess (ISCA)
ITB, see Intrathecal baclofen
(ITB) pump
IVHp, see Intraventricular
hemorrhage of prematurity
(IVHp)
J
Jackson-Weiss syndrome 267
Juvenile pilocytic
astrocytoma 95
K
Ketamine 22
Ketorolac 20, 21
Klippel-Feil syndrome 314
Klippel–Trénaunay
syndrome 49
Knee fracture 500
Knobloch’s syndrome 231
L
Labor, in birth history 46
Lacosamide 78, 80
Lamotrigine 78, 81
Langerhans cell
histiocytosis 86, 86, 192
Lateral column 59
Lateral horn 58
Lateral pathways 60
Lateral pectoral neurotomy, in
spasticity 374
Lateral vestibulospinal
tract 61
Le Fort III advancement 282,
282, 283
Legius’ syndrome 49
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
(LGS) 80, 347
LEOPARD syndrome 49
Leptomeningeal cyst 88
Letterer-Siwe disease 86
Levetiracetam 78, 80
LGG, see Low-grade gliomas
(LGGs)
LGS, see Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome (LGS)
Li-Fraumeni syndrome 96
Linear sebaceous nevus
syndrome 49
Lipoma
– intracranial
–– anatomy in 256
–– di erential diagnosis
of 257, 258
–– imaging 257, 258, 258
–– locations of 257
–– presentation of 257
–– surgical considerations
with 258
– intraspinal
–– classification 332
–– clinical presentation
of 332
–– imaging 333
–– of conus medullaris 332
–– surgical treatment of 333
Lipomyelomeningocele
(LMMC) 328, 332
Lisch’s nodules 70
Lissencephaly 65, 65
Local anesthetics
– in pain management 22
– toxicity of 22
Loeys-Dietz syndrome 336
Long thoracic nerve
examination 498
Lorazepam 80
Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) 95,
140
– See also Hypothalamic
gliomas (HGs)
Lower subscapular nerve
examination 498
Lumbar puncture
– in germinal matrix
hemorrhage 292, 294
– in posterior fossa
tumors 154
– in supratentorial tumors 92
Lumbosacral radiography,
conventional 27
Lymphoma, as spinal column
tumor 191, 194
M
Macrocephaly, in
examination 49
Macules 49
Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), see Imaging
– angiography 38
– cerebrospinal fluid flow
imaging with 38
– contraindications for 37
– contrast-enhanced T1 35
– di usion tensor 39
– di usion weighted 38
– fat-saturated T1 and T2 36
– fluid-attenuated inversion
recovery in 36
– functional 40
– heavily T2-weighted 36
– in epilepsy 349
– in germinal matrix
hemorrhage 291
– in neurofibromatosis type
1 70–71
– in peripheral nervous
system trauma 400
– in spinal cord tum ors 189
– intraoperative, in posterior
fossa tumors 158
– inversion recovery
sequences in 36
– neurenteric cysts in 254
– perfusion weighted 39
– T1-weighted 35
– T2-weighted 35
– T2-weighted gradient
echo 36
– ultrafast 37
– venography 38
Magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (MRS) 40
Malignant peripheral nerve
sheath tumors (MPNSTs), in
neurofibromatosis type
1 71
Mannitol, in treatment of
raised ICP 8
Marfan’s syndrome 336
Mass lesion evacuation, in
treatment of raised ICP 9
Mass lesions
– in computed
tomography 33
– in traumatic brain injury,
intracranial pressure and 4
Maternal factors 45
MB, see Medulloblastoma (MB)
McCune-Albright
syndrome 49, 86
Measles, in encephalitis 438
Meckel’s syndrome 231
Medial pathways 60
Medial pectoral to
musculocutaneous nerve
transfer 386
Medial vestibulospinal
tract 61
Median nerve
examination 498
Median neurotomy, in
spasticity 374
Median to musculocutaneous
nerve transfer 386
Medical history 48
– See also History
Medullary reticulospinal
tract 61
Medulloblastoma (MB) 154,
160, 161
Mehta’s casting 338
Meningiomas 102
Meningitis
– aseptic, in posterior fossa
tum ors 160
– bacterial 430, 433, 435
– tuberculous 460
– viral 434, 435
Menkes’ kinky hair
disease 426
Mental status, in
examination 50
Meperidine 19
MEPs, see Muscular evoked
potentials (MEPs)
Mesial temporal resection, in
epilepsy 354
Mesial temporal sclerosis 346
508

Index
Methadone 22
– oral 18
– parenteral 19
Microcephaly, in
examination 49
Microsurgical laser, in
intramedullary spinal cord
tumors 179
Migraine, basilar 316
Migration disorders 63, 63,
64–66
Miller-Dieker syndrome 65
MMC, see Myelomeningocele
(MMC)
Monitoring
– in intramedullary spinal
cord tum ors 179
– in posterior fossa tumor
surgery 158
– in scoliosis surgery 340
– in tethered cord syndrome
surgery 329
– intracranial pressure
–– indications for 5
–– methods 5, 6
Monobloc advancement 282,
282, 283
Monro-Kellie doctrine 2, 3
Morphine
– oral 18
– parenteral 19
Motor examination 53
Movement coordination, in
examination 55
MPNSTs, see Malignant
peripheral nerve sheath
tum ors (MPNSTs)
MRI, see Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
MRS, see Magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (MRS)
MSX genes 277
Muenke’s syndrome 279
Mumps 436
Muscle bulk, in
examination 53
Muscle paralysis, in treatment
of raised ICP 8
Muscle relaxants, in pain
management 22
Muscle strength, in
examination 54
Muscle tone, in
examination 53
Muscular evoked potentials
(MEPs), in peripheral nerve
injury 399
Musculocutaneous nerve
examination 498
Musculocutaneous neurotomy,
in spasticity 374
Myelomeningocele (MMC)
– endoscopic third
ventriculostomy in 297
– hydrocephalus and 305
– in Chiari malformation 222
– in spina bifida 322, 328
– lipomyelomeningocele 328,
332
– primary closure of 327
– scoliosis and 336
– tethered cord and 326–327
– with intracranial
lipoma 256
Myelopathy, in pineal region
tumors 138
Myopathies, pain management
and 14
Myotonias, pain management
and 14
N
nBPI, see Neonatal brachial
plexus injury (nBPI)
NCC, see Neurocysticercosis
(NCC)
NCs, see Neurenteric cysts
(NCs)
Neck ultrasonography 31
Neonatal brachial plexus
injury (nBPI), see Peripheral
nervous system trauma
– anatomy in 382, 383
– classification of 382
– complications with 387
– examination in 383
– nonsurgical management
of 384
– outcomes with 387
– postoperative care with 387
– surgical indications for 384
– surgical technique
with 384, 385–386
Nerve action potentials, in
peripheral nerve
injury 399, 399
Nerve grafting, in peripheral
nervous system trauma 400
Nerve transfer, in neonatal
brachial plexus injury 386
Neurapraxia 398
Neurenteric cysts (NCs)
– classification of 253
– cranial 253
– histopathology of 253
– imaging 253
– outcomes with 254
– spinal 253
– surgical management
of 254
Neuroblastoma 89, 190, 190,
194
Neurocutaneous stigmata 49,
49
Neurocysticercosis (NCC)
– clinicopathogensis of 473
– diagnosis of 474
– surgery for 474
Neurofibromatosis type 1
(NF1)
– brain function in 74
– brain tum ors in 73, 107,
108
– cellular biology in 68
– clinical presentation of 68,
69
– cutaneous manifestations
of 49, 70
– diagnosis of 68, 69
– genetics in 68
– imaging in 69
– malignant peripheral nerve
sheath tumors in 71
– management of 69
– optic pathway gliomas
in 71, 73
– plexiform neurofibromas
in 70
– scoliosis in 336
– skeletal manifestations
of 74
Neurological examination, see
Examination
Neurolysis, in peripheral
nervous system trauma 400
Neuronavigation
– active reference marker
system in 484
– defined 484
– electromagnetic 486
– imaging and 486
– in endoscopy 488
– in epilepsy surgery 489
– in frameless stereotaxy 489
– in microsurgery 489
– in posterior fossa
tum ors 158
– in skull base surgery 488
– in spine surgery 489
– in supratentorial tumors 95
– in ventricular
endoscopy 488
– indications for 487
– intraoperative 487
– marker registration in 486
– multimodal image
integration in 486, 487
– optical 484, 485
– passive reference system
in 485
– surface registration in 486
– systems 484
– terminology with 484
– tracking in 486
– ultrasound in 487
– ventricular catheter
placement in 487
– with intraparenchymal
lesions 489
– workflow 486
Neurotm esis 398
Neurotomy, selective, in
spasticity 373, 374, 375–
376
Nevus
– flammeus 49
– unilateral linear 49
NF-1, see Neurofibromatosis
Nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), in pain
management 19
NSAIDs, see Nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
O
Obesity, pain management
and 14
Obturator nerve
examination 498
Obturator nerve injury 405
Obturator neurotomy, in
spasticity 374
Oculomotor nerve, in
examination 51
Oculomotor nucleus 170
Olfactory nerve, in
examination 51
OPGs, see Optic pathway
gliomas (OPGs)
Opioids
– in pain management 18, 18,
19
– side e ects of 19, 19
– weaning 23
Optic nerve, in
examination 51
Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs),
in neurofibromatosis type
1 71, 73, 108
Optic pathway tumors
– chemotherapy in 110
– classification of 108, 109
– clinical presentation of 107
– epidemiology of 107
– imaging in 107, 108–109
– radiation therapy in 110
– surgery for 109
– treatment of 108
Orbit
– computed tomography
of 34
– ultrasonography of 30
Osmotherapy, in treatment of
raised ICP 8
Osteoblastoma 89, 192, 194
Osteogenesis imperfecta 336
Osteogenic sarcoma 191
Osteoid osteoma 89, 192, 194
Osteoma 89
Oxcarbazepine 78, 81
Oxycodone 18
P
Pachygyria 65
Pain assessment 12
Pain management
– acetaminophen in 20
509

Index
– acetylsalicylic acid in 21
– antidepressants in 21
– antiepileptics in 22
– chronic pain and 15
– clonidine in 21
– for implantable devices 18
– ibuprofen in 21
– in arteriovenous
malformation 16
– in cerebrovascular
disease 16
– in Chiari malformation 17
– in craniofacial
reconstruction 16
– in hydrocephalus 17
– in intracranial tumors 15
– in peripheral nerve
injury 18
– in scoliosis 16
– in spinal cord disorders 16
– in spinal cord injury 17
– in traumatic brain injury 17
– ketorolac in 21
– local anesthetics in 22
– muscle relaxants in 22
– myopathies and 14
– myotonias and 14
– nonnarcotic agents in 19,
20
– nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs in 19
– obesity and 14
– opioids in 18, 18, 19
– oral agents in 18
– parenteral agents in 19
– pharmacokinetics in 13
– preexisting comorbidities
and 13
– preexisting painful
conditions and 15
– scalp block in 15
– seizures and 14
– spinal muscular atrophy
and 14
Pai’s syndrome 256
Papulovesicular lesions 49
Parenchymal cysts 476
Parenchymal hemorrhage, in
ultrasonography 29
Parenteral pain management
agents 19
Parinaud’s syndrome 137
“Park Bench” position 155
PCO2, in traumatic brain
injury, intracranial pressure
and 5
Pelvic fracture 404, 500
Penile freckling 49
Pentobarbital, in treatment of
raised ICP 9
Perfusion-weighted imaging
(PWI) 39
Peripheral nerve examination
scoring 497
Peripheral nerve injury, pain
management in 18
Peripheral nervous system
trauma, see Neonatal
brachial plexus injury (nBPI)
– action potentials in 399,
399
– anatomy in 397
– anterograde change in 397
– avulsion in 398
– blunt division in 398
– blunt injury in 398
– brachial plexus
–– anatomy in 402
–– distribution of injury 402
–– donor nerves in 403
–– epidemiology of 402
–– examination in 402
–– in contact sports 402
–– neonatal
––– anatomy in 382, 383
––– classification of 382
––– complications with 387
––– examination in 383
––– nonsurgical management
of 384
––– outcomes with 387
––– postoperative care
with 387
––– surgical indications
for 384
––– surgical technique
with 384, 385–386
–– outcomes in 403
–– surgical indications for 402
–– surgical technique
with 403
– computed tomography
myelography in 400
– contusions in 398
– direct repair in 400
– directed regrowth in 397
– electromyography in 399
– exploration in 400
– fascicular repair in 400
– grafting in 400
– grouped fascicular repair
in 400
– imaging in 400
– in extremities
–– anatomy in 404–405
–– epidemiology of 404
–– lower 405
–– outcomes with 405–406
–– surgical indications
for 404–405
–– upper 404
– laceration in 398
– magnetic resonance
imaging in 400
– mechanism of injury in 397
– muscular-evoked potentials
in 399
– neurolysis in 400
– neurophysiology in 399
– nonsurgical management
of 400
– repair timing in 401
– retrograde change in 397
– somatosensory evoked
potentials in 399
– stretch injury in 398
– Sunderland’s classification
of 398
– surgical repair of 400
– X-ray in 400
Peroneal nerve
examination 498
Petrous bone
– in computed
tomography 33
– in conventional
radiography 26
Pfei er’s syndrome 267, 278
Pharmacokinetics 13
Phenobarbital 78, 80
Phenytoin 78, 80
Pilocytic astrocytoma 95, 154,
162, 182
Pineal apoplexy 137
Pineal cysts 137
Pineal region 136
– laboratory investigations
in 138
Pineal region tumors
– anatomy in 136, 136
– anterior neuroendoscopic
approach for 139, 140
– classification of 137
– clinical presentation of 137
– complications with 143
– hydrocephalus in 137
– imaging in 138, 138
– infratentorial
supracerebellar approach
for 141
– local mass e ects with 137
– management of 139, 140
– microsurgery in 139
– occipital transtentorial
approach for 141–142, 142
– outcomes with 139
– paramedian supracerebellar
approach for 143
– parenchymal 137
– Parinaud’s syndrome in 137
– physiology of 136
– posterior interhemispheric
retrocallosal approach
for 142
– posterior interhemispheric
transcallosal approach
for 142
– posterior subtemporal
approach for 143
– posterior transcortical
approach for 143
– remote mass e ects
with 138
Pineoblastoma 137, 140
Pineocytoma 137, 140
Pituitary adenomas
– clinical presentation of 114
– diagnostic workup for 114
– endocrine workup in 115
– epidemiology of 112
– imaging in 114
– nonsurgical management
of 116
– ophthalmological evaluation
in 115
– surgical approaches for 116
– transsphenoidal approach
for 117, 118
Plagiocephaly, positional 50
Plain radiography, see
Conventional radiography
Plantar response 55
Pleomorphic
xanthoastrocytomas 97
Plexiform neurofibromas
(PNs) 70
PNETs, see Primitive
neuroectodermal tumors
(PNETs)
PNs, see Plexiform
neurofibromas (PNs)
Polymicrogyria 66, 66, 351
Polytrauma, traumatic brain
injury in 412
Pontine reticulospinal tract 61
Positional plagiocephaly 50
Posterior fossa tumors
– anterior 157
– aseptic meningitis with 160
– atypical teratoid/rhabdoid
tumor as 164
– cerebellar ataxia with 159
– cerebellar hemispheric 157
– cerebellar mutism in 159
– cerebrospinal fluid leak
in 160
– choroid plexus papilloma
and carcinoma as 164
– complications with 159
– cranial nerve dysfunction
in 159
– diagnostic evaluation
for 154
– ependymomas as 154, 163
– external ventricular drain
in 156
– far lateral approach for 158
– hydrocephalus in 156
– imaging in 154
– intraoperative magnetic
resonance imaging in 158
– intraoperative
neuromonitoring in 158
– intraoperative ultrasound
with 158
– lateral 157
– lumbar puncture in 154
– medulloblastoma as 154,
161
– midline 156
– neurocognitive defects
in 160
– neuronavigation with
158
510

Index
– ophthalmologic evaluation
in 154
– patient positioning
with 155
– pilocytic astrocytoma
as 154, 162
– postoperative management
with 159
– preoperative management
in 154
– pseudomeningocele in 160
– retromastoid approach
for 157
– surgical adjuncts in 158
– surgical approaches to 156
– surgical considerations
with 155
– telovelar approach for 157
– transtentorial approach
for 157
– transvermian approach
for 157
Posterior interosseous nerve
examination 498
Postoperative management
– in arteriovenous
malformation 209
– in Chiari malformation 226
– in craniopharyngioma
surgery 121
– in germ cell tum ors 130
– in intracranial
aneurysm 202
– in intramedullary spinal
cord tumors 180
– in intraventricular
tumors 150
– in neonatal brachial plexus
injury 387
– in posterior fossa tumor
surgery 159
– in spina bifida 323
– in spinal infections 457
– in spine trauma 395
– in supratentorial tumors 93
– in vagus nerve
stim ulation 364
Pott’s disease 469
PQRSTrubric 12
Pregnancy factors, in
history 46
Prenatal history 45
Preoperative management
– in arteriovenous
malformation 208
– in intramedullary spinal
cord tumors 178
– in posterior fossa
tumors 154
– in supratentorial tumors 92
Primitive neuroectodermal
tumors (PNETs)
– as spinal column
tumors 191
– peripheral 191
– supratentorial 98
Primitive neuroectodermal
tumors, supratentorial 98
Primitive reflexes, in
examination 55
Prolactinoma 116
Propofol 416
Pseudomeningocele
– in intramedullary spinal
cord tumors 181
– in posterior fossa
tumors 160
PTEN gene mutation 49
Pudendal nerve injury 405
PVO, see Pyogenic vertebral
osteomyelitis (PVO)
PWI, see Perfusion-weighted
imaging (PWI)
Pyogenic vertebral
osteomyelitis (PVO) 448,
449
– See also Spinal infections
R
Racemose cysts 476
Radial nerve examination 498
Radial to axillary nerve
transfer 386
Radiation exposure, in
computed tomography 33
Radiation therapy
– in atypical teratoid rhabdoid
tumors 99, 164
– in choroid plexus papilloma
and carcinoma 165
– in ependymoma 163, 183
– in germ cell tum ors 130
– in germinomas 131
– in glioblastoma 185
– in high-grade gliomas 97
– in hypothalamic
gliomas 110
– in medulloblastoma 162
– in optic pathway
tumors 110
– in pilocytic
astrocytoma 182
– in primitive
neuroectodermal
tumors 98
Radiculopathy, in pineal region
tumors 138
Radiography, conventional, see
Conventional radiography
Radiosurgery
– in arteriovenous
malformation 207
– in cavernous
malformation 217
– in epilepsy 355
Radius fracture 500
Rasmussen’s encephalitis 438
Rasmussen’s syndrome 351
Rathke’s cleft cysts
– clinical presentation of 113
– diagnostic workup for 114
– embryology of 112
– endocrine workup in 115
– epidemiology of 112
– imaging in 114
– nonsurgical management
in 116
– ophthalmological evaluation
in 115
– outcomes with 122
– pathology of 112
– surgical approaches for 116
– transsphenoidal approach
for 117
Reflexes, in examination
– deep tendon 54, 55
– primitive 55
Rehabilitation, in spine
trauma 395
Reservoir placement, in
germinal matrix
hemorrhage 293, 293
Retinal hemorrhage (RH), in
abusive head trauma 423
Rett’s syndrome, scoliosis
in 336
Review of systems 48
RH, see Retinal hemorrhage
(RH)
Rhizotomy, selective
dorsal 372, 372–373, 375
Rinne test 52
Risser’s scale 337
Roberts’ syndrome 231
Rufinamide 81
S
Saethre-Chotzen
syndrome 267, 277, 279
Safety, in computed
tomography 33
Sarcoma, of skull 89
Scalp block 15
Scalp lesions 84, 85, 88
Schizencephaly 64, 64
Schüller radiography 26
SCI, see Spinal cord injury (SCI)
Sciatic nerve examination 498
Sciatic nerve injury 405
Sciatic neurotomy, in
spasticity 374
SCIWORA, see Spinal cord
injury without radiographic
abnormality (SCIWORA)
SCM, see Spinal cord
malformation (SCM)
Scoliosis
– adolescent 335, 339
– classification of 339
– complications with 340
– congenital 335
– etiological causes of 335
– evaluation of 336
– idiopathic 335
– imaging in 337
– in cerebral palsy 336
– in Friedreich’s ataxia 336
– in Rett’s syndrome 336
– in spinal column
tumors 188
– infantile 335
– juvenile 335
– myelomeningocele and 336
– neuromuscular 335
– nonsurgical treatm ent
of 338
– pain management in 16
– surgical treatment of 338
– syndromic 335
SDH, see Subdural hematoma
(SDH)
SEA, see Spinal epidural
abscess (SEA)
Second impact syndrome 410
Sedation
– in traumatic brain
injury 415, 416
– in treatment of raised ICP 8
Seizure, see Epilepsy
– absence 347
– computed tomography
in 33
– defined 346
– febrile 347
– focal onset 346
– generalized onset 346
– in germ cell tum ors 130
– in traumatic brain
injury 418
– intracranial pressure in,
with traumatic brain
injury 5
– pain management and 14
Selective dorsal
rhizotomy 372, 372–373,
375
Selective neurotomy, in
spasticity 373, 374, 375–
376
Self-reported pain
assessment 13
Senna 19
Sensory examination 57
Serotonin receptor
antagonists 19
Shagreen patch 49
Shunt survey, in conventional
radiography 26
Shunting, ventricular
– complications with 293,
309
– endoscopic third
ventriculostomy in 297
– in germ cell tum ors 130
– in germinal matrix
hemorrhage 293, 293
– in hydrocephalus 297–298,
299, 307, 308
– postoperative follow-up
for 300
511

Index
– preparation for 298
– surgery 298, 299
Sinus
– in computed
tomography 34
– in conventional
radiography 26
Sinus pericranii 87, 88
Skull
– abnormalities in
examination 50
– computed tomography
of 33
– conventional radiography
of 26
– lesions 84, 85–87, 89
Skull fracture, growing 88
Social history 48
– See also History
Sodium fluid balance, in
treatment of raised ICP 8
Somatosensory evoked
potentials (SSEPs), in
peripheral nerve injury 399
Spasticity
– botulinum toxin in 371
– complementary medicine
in 371
– diagnosis of 368
– epidemiology of 368
– examination in 368
– intramuscular injections
for 371
– intrathecal baclofen pump
in 373, 375–376
– nonpharmacological
therapy for 369
– nonsurgical
management 369, 370
– oral antispasticity drugs
for 370, 370
– pathophysiology of 368,
369
– selective dorsal rhizotomy
in 372, 372–373, 375
– selective neurotomy in 373,
374, 375–376
– surgical indications for 371
Sphincter disturbance, in
spinal cord tumors 188
Spina bifida, see
Myelomeningocele (MMC)
– aperta 321, 325
– clinical presentation of 322
– electrophysiology in 322
– embryology of 322
– imaging in 322
– occulta 321, 321, 325, 328
– postnatal assessment in 322
– postoperative care with 323
– prenatal assessment in 322
– surgical goals in 322
– urodynamic studies in 322
Spinal accessory to
suprascapular nerve
transfer 386
Spinal cavernous
malformation 215
Spinal column tum ors
– age and 192, 193
– anatomical site of origin
of 192, 193
– aneurysmal bone cyst
as 191, 194
– benign 191, 194
– chordomas as 191, 194
– clinical presentation of 188
– complications with 194
– en bloc resection of 193
– Ewing’s sarcoma as 191,
194
– giant cell tum ors as 192
– hemangioma as 191, 194
– imaging in 189
– intralesional resection
of 194
– Langerhans cell histiocytosis
as 192
– lymphomas as 191, 194
– malignant 189
– neuroblastomas as 190,
190, 194
– osteoblastomas as 192, 194
– osteogenic sarcomas as 191
– osteoid osteomas as 192,
194
– pain in 188
– posterior arch resection
of 194
– primitive neuroectodermal
tum ors as 191
– sagittal resection of 194
– sphincter disturbance
in 188
– spinal deformity in 188,
194
– surgical planning with 193
– treatment considerations
with 192, 194
– types of 189
– vertebrectomy in 194
– weakness in 188
Spinal cord disorders, pain
management in 16
Spinal cord injury (SCI), pain
management in 17
– See also Spine trauma,
pediatric
Spinal cord injury without
radiographic abnormality
(SCIWORA) 392
Spinal cord malformation
(SCM) 328
Spinal cord tracts
– ascending 58, 59
– corticospinal 60
– descending 58, 60
– development and 61
– neospinothalamic 59
– posterior column 59
– reticulospinal 61
– rubrospinal 60
– spinocerebellar 60
– spinothalamic 59
– tectospinal 61
– vestibulospinal 61
Spinal cord tumors,
intramedullary
– bladder management
and 181
– cerebrospinal fluid leakage
with 181
– complications with 180
– diagnostic evaluation
of 178
– di use astrocytomas as 183
– ependymomas as 183
– ganglioglioma as 183
– glioblastomas as 185
– hemangioblastomas as 184
– imaging in 178
– intraoperative imaging
in 179
– intraoperative
neuromonitoring in 179
– intraoperative ultrasound
in 179
– microsurgical laser in 179
– mixed gliomas as 183
– neurologic deficits in 180
– patient positioning in 178
– pilocytic astrocytoma
as 182
– postoperative management
in 180
– preoperative management
in 178
– pseudomeningocele
with 181
– spinal deformity and 181
– spinal tap in 178
– surgical adjuncts in 179
– surgical approach for 179
– surgical considerations
with 178
– types of 181
– ultrasonic aspirator in 179
Spinal cysticercosis 476
Spinal epidural abscess
(SEA) 448, 455
– See also Spinal infections
Spinal inclusion cyst 328
Spinal infections
– anatomy in 450, 450, 451–
452
– biopsy in 455
– categories of 448
– common locations 448
– complications with 457
– examination in 452
– granulomatous 448
– history in 452
– iatrogenic 449
– imaging in 454
– laboratory investigations
in 453
– mechanisms of
449
– nonsurgical management
of 455
– outcomes with 457
– physical examination
in 452
– postoperative care in 457
– risk factors 448
– spinal axis 448
– surgical indications in 455
– surgical technique with 456
– venous drainage and 451,
451–452
Spinal muscular atrophy, pain
management and 14
Spinal stenosis, in
achondroplasia 343
Spine
– anatomy 390
– in computed
tomography 34
– in conventional
radiography 27
– in ultrasonography 30
Spine trauma, pediatric
– anatomy in 390
– atlanto-occipital dislocation
in 391
– atlantoaxial rotary
subluxation in 392
– birth injuries in 393
– C1-C2 injuries in 392
– complications with 395
– dislocations in 391
– epidemiology of 390
– examination in 393
– fractures in 391
– in adolescents 392
– in young children 391
– lower cervical injuries
in 392
– nonsurgical management
in 394
– outcomes with 395
– pathophysiology of 390
– postoperative care with 395
– prehospital management
in 393
– rehabilitation in 395
– specific injuries in 391
– sprains in 391
– strains in 391
– surgical indications in 394
– surgical technique in 394
– thoracolumbar injuries
in 392
SPNETs, see Supratentorial
primitive neuroectodermal
tumors (SPNETs)
Sprains, spine 391
SSEPs, see Somatosensory
evoked potentials (SSEPs)
Status epilepticus
– defined 346
– treatment of 77, 77
–– See also Epilepsy, Seizure
Stenver radiography 26
512

Index
Stereotactic biopsy, in germ
cell tumors 129
Stigmata, neurocutaneous 49,
49
Strains, spine 391
Sturge-Weber syndrome 49,
351
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
(SAH)
– aneurysm in 198, 199
– classification of 199
Subdural empyema 440, 441,
445
Subdural hematoma (SDH)
– in abusive head
trauma 423, 425
– in traumatic brain
injury 417
Subependymal giant cell
astrocytoma 148
Subependymoma 147, 148
Sunderland’s
classification 398
Suprascapular nerve
examination 498
Supratentorial primitive
neuroectodermal tumors
(SPNETs) 98
Supratentorial tumors
– clinical evaluation of 91
– clinical presentation of 91
– complications with 94
– emergencies with 91
– imaging in 92
– perioperative management
in 93
– postoperative management
in 93
– preoperative management
in 92
Surgical history 48
– See also History
Synchondrosis fractures 391,
394
Syringomyelia 222, 224, 226,
336
T
TBI, see Traumatic brain injury
(TBI)
TC, see Tethered cord (TC)
TCS, see Tethered cord
syndrome (TCS)
Telangiectasia 49
Temporal resections, in
epilepsy 354
Teratoma, see Germ cell
tumors (GCTs)
– as pineal region tumor 140
– lipoma vs. 257
– pathology of 127
– tumor markers in 126
Teres major neurotomy, in
spasticity 374
Tethered cord (TC), see
Myelomeningocele (MMC)
– and spina bifida occulta vs.
spina bifida aperta 325
– category 1 325
– category 2 325
– category 3 325
– complications in 329
– imaging 327
– myelomeningocele and 326
– pathophysiology of
recurrent 326
– treatment of 327
Tethered cord syndrome (TCS)
– assessment of 326
– intraoperative
neuromonitoring in 329
– outcomes in 329
– pathophysiology of 325
Thiopentone, in treatment of
raised ICP 9
Thoracic radiography,
conventional 27
Thoracodorsal nerve
examination 498
Tibial nerve examination 498
Tibial neurotomy, in
spasticity 374
Tizanidine 370–371
Topiramate 78, 81
TORCHS 46
Toxin exposure, in history 46
Trauma, see Abusive head
trauma (AHT), Neonatal
brachial plexus injury
(nBPI), Peripheral nervous
system trauma, Spine
trauma, pediatric
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
– barbiturates in 415
– blood loss in 413
– cerebral physiology in 412
– cerebrospinal fluid drainage
in 414
– coagulopathy and 414
– complicated mild 410
– computed tomography
in 33
– concussion in 410–411
– emergency room evaluation
in 409
– history in 409
– hyperosmolar therapy
in 414
– hyperventilation in 415
– hypovolemia in 413
– imaging in 410
– in abusive head trauma 423
– in polytrauma 412
– intracranial pressure in 412,
414, 416, 418
–– causes of raised 4, 4
–– cerebral edema and 4
–– hydrocephalus and 5
–– intracranial venous
congestion and 5
–– mass lesions and 4
–– PCO2 changes and 5
–– seizure and 5
–– vascular factors and 5
– intracranial pressure
monitoring in 414
– mechanisms of injury
in 409
– mild 410
– pain management in 17
– second impact syndrome
in 410
– sedation in 415, 416
– seizures in 418
– severe 412
– temperature regulation
in 416
Trigeminal motor nucleus 170
Trigeminal nerve, in
examination 51, 55
Trochlear nerve, in
examination 51
Trochlear nucleus 170
Tuberculomas 461
Tuberculosis, see Spinal
infections
– calvarial 462, 462
– endoscopic third
ventriculostomy in 468
– hydrocephalus in 468, 468
– hyponatremia in 460, 467
– imaging in 464, 464, 466–467
– of spine 448, 450, 466
– outcomes in 469
– pathogenesis of 460
– prognosis in 469
– treatment 455, 467
Tuberculous brain abscess 461
Tuberculous encephalitis 461
Tuberculous meningitis 460
Tuberous sclerosis 49
Tuberous sclerosis
complex 351
TWIST1 gene 277
U
Ulnar fracture 500
Ulnar nerve examination 498
Ulnar neurotomy, in
spasticity 374
Ulnar to musculocutaneous
nerve transfer 386
Ultrasonic aspirator, in
intramedullary spinal cord
tum ors 179
Ultrasonography (US), see
Imaging
– brain anatomy in 28
– brain malformations in 29
– Doppler 29
– extra-axial hemorrhage
in 29
– germinal matrix
hemorrhage in 29, 290
– hydrocephalus in 29
– hypoxic ischemic injury
in 29
– in neuronavigation 487
– indications for 28
– intraoperative
–– in intramedullary spinal
cord tum ors 179
–– in posterior fossa
tum ors 158
– intraventricular hemorrhage
in 29
– of head and neck 31
– of orbits 30
– of spine 30
– parenchymal hemorrhage
in 29
Unilateral linear nevus 49
Upper subscapular nerve
examination 498
US, see Ultrasonography
(US)
V
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
– anatomy in 362
– complications with 364
– e ectiveness of 362
– history of 361
– in epilepsy 355, 361
– indications for 362
– mechanism of action of 362
– postoperative care with 364
– preoperative assessment
for 363
– safety 362
– surgery 363
– system components 362,
362, 363
– system removal 365
Vagus nerve, in
examination 52
Valproate 78, 80
Varicella, in encephalitis 438
VAS, see Visual analog scale
(VAS)
Venography
– computed tomography 32
– magnetic resonance
imaging 38
Venous drainage, for raised
ICP 7
Ventral column 59
Ventral horn 58
Ventricular shunting
– complications with 293,
309
– endoscopic third
ventriculostomy in 297
– in germ cell tum ors 130
– in germinal matrix
hemorrhage 293, 293
– in hydrocephalus 297–298,
299, 307, 308
513

Index
– postoperative follow-up
for 300
– preparation for 298
– surgery 298, 299
Ventriculoatrial shunt 26, 301
– See also Ventricular
shunting
Ventriculomegaly 292
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt,
conventional radiographic
survey of 26
– See also Ventricular
shunting
Ventriculopleural shunt,
conventional radiographic
survey of 26
Vertebral column, in computed
tomography 34
Vestibulocochlear nerve, in
examination 52
Viral meningitis 434, 435
Visual analog scale (VAS) 13
VNS, see Vagus nerve
stimulation (VNS)
Von Voss-Cherstvoy
syndrome 231
W
Walker-Warburg
syndrome 231
Warfarin syndrome 230
Wong-Baker Faces scale 13
Wrist fracture 404
X
X-rays, see Conventional
radiography
Xeroderma pigmentosum 49
Y
Yolk sac tumor, see
Endodermal sinus
tumor
Z
Zofran 19
Zonisamide 78, 81
514