Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Board Review Pearls of Wisdom 3th

CHAPTER 93 High-Yield opics
967

What is the rst-line intervention or a large, symptomatic, macrocystic, lymphatic mal ormations?
What about arteriovenous mal ormations?
Sclerotherapy (e.g., doxycycline) or lymphatic mal ormations, emolization or AVMs.

How o ten will squamous cell carcinoma develop in actinic keratoses?
20%.

What is Bowen disease?
Intraepithelial squamous cell carcinoma; solitary lesions with red discoloration; potentially caused by UV, arsenic,
viral in ections, chronic trauma.

Why do keratoacanthomas require excision?
Keratoacanthomas grow rapidly over weeks and regress spontaneously; in rare instances progress to carcinoma;
initially rm, esh-colored then progress to dome-shaped nodules with umbilicated center with keratin plug.

Where do keratoacanthomas typically occur?
Face, neck, and dorsal aspect o arms.

What de nes a 3 melanoma?
umor with a Breslow thickness o 1.5 to 4 mm.

What laser wavelength has the greatest af nity or water?
2,940 nm.

Which laser is used or cutaneous vascular lesions?
585-nm-pulsed dye laser.

What is the double Q-switched Nd:YAG laser used or?
Has a 1,064-nm wavelength; used or hair removal or tattoos.

What is the millisecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser used or?
reatment o vascular lesions.

What is the wavelength o the CO2 laser?
10,600 nm; mechanism o photothermal injury.

Which cell type is predominantly involved in wound contracture?
Fibroblast; GF-beta may also contribute to wound contracture.

What is the time rame or wound contracture?
Begins 4 to 5 days a ter initial injury and continues until at least 21 days a ter injury.

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Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

Which vascular lesion is characterized by an arteriole central vessel?
Spider angioma (arteriolar mal ormation).

Where do spider angiomas occur?
On ace in both children and adults. reat with laser or electrocautery.

Where are macular stains seen?
On skin o neonates, not true vascular nevi.

Are pyogenic granulomas true vascular mal ormations?
No. T ey receive their blood rom capillaries.

What type o vascular mal ormation is a strawberry hemangioma?
Venous mal ormation; do not grow commensurately with the child.

Where is the most appropriate donor site or hair rom the scalp?
T e occipital region (donor dominance greatest in the occipital region).

How long must a person’s hands be splinted ollowing toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome?
T ese patients have skin sloughing at the dermal–epidermal junction; injury only to the level o super cial dermis;
skin will heal without contracture.

What are long-term complications o toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome in the integument?
Changes in skin pigmentation, complications involving eyes and ngernails.

What is the mechanism o action o silicone sheeting in scar maturation?
Increasing the static electronegative eld inducing avorable wound e ects.

Has silicone sheeting been shown to decrease wound tension, a ect contact inhibition, or regulate
intracellular integrins?
No.

How is a 8 mm × 8 mm traumatic de ect o the alar margin treated most commonly?
Composite gra t rom the ear.

What is the e ect o skin treatment with topical tretinoin (retinoic acid)?
T inning o the stratum corneum, thickening o epidermis, inhibits binding o AP1 transcription actor to DNA
by 70% (decreases collagenase).

What is the recurrence rate o an ischial pressure sore a ter undergoing debridement/coverage?
80% within 9 to 18 months.

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969

What is the advantage o using Integra or coverage o ull-thickness burns?
Allowing or use o thinner autogra ts; Integra revascularized in 2 to 3 weeks.

What is Integra?
Synthetic bilaminar membrane with dermal matrix o bovine collagen cross-linked with chondroitin sul ate
covered by temporary silastic epidermis.

What requirement is needed be ore injection o bovine collagen (Zyderm)?
est dose 4 weeks prior to injection (3%) allergic reaction.

What supplies the secondary pedicle o the gracilis muscle ap?
Super cial emoral artery/vein.

What type o ap is the gracilis?
ype II muscle ap (one dominant and one secondary pedicle); dominant pedicle is ascending branch o the
medial emoral circum ex artery.

What pedicle supplies the rectus emoris ap?
Lateral emoral circum ex.

What supplies the vastus lateralis?
T e lateral emoral circum ex.

What is the recurrence rate o a BCC less than 2 cm ollowing initial treatment?
10%.

Where is recurrence o BCC highest?
In periorbital, periauricular, perinasal regions.

What particular BCC is prone to recurrence?
Morphea orm BCC.

Which benign lesion has been shown to result rom sun exposure?
Lentigines (benign pigmented macules); do not ade in the absence o sun exposure.

What are ephelides?
Common pigmented reckles not related to sun exposure.

What is xanthelasma?
Multiple so t yellow orange plaques occurring around eyes as a result o deposition o lipid-laden macrophages.

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Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

Name two type III muscle aps.
Gluteus maximus and rectus abdominis (dual dominant pedicles).

What are type I muscle aps?
One dominant pedicle (gastrocnemius, FL, vastus lateralis).

What are type II muscle aps?
One dominant pedicle and secondary pedicle (gracilis, trapezius).

What is a type IV muscle ap?
Segmental blood supply (external oblique, sartorius).

ype V?
Dominant pedicle and multiple secondary segmental pedicles (latissimus, pectoralis major).

What is an absolute contraindication or VAC therapy?
Presence o exposed blood vessels.

What auricular lesion is pain ul and is associated with the side down when the patient sleeps?
Chondrodermatitis nodularis helices; pain ul erythematous nodule on helix or antihelix; treatment is excision.

What are acrochordons?
Skin tags.

What is the most appropriate treatment ollowing blepharoptosis a ter Botox?
Use o alpha-adrenergic agonist eye drops; ocular decongestion (naphazoline); contract Mueller’s.

What are known complications o Botox?
Diplopia, retrobulbar hemorrhage, globe per oration, lagophthalmos, photophobia, epiphora, ectropion, exposure
keratitis.

What are the immune responses in a 60% BSA burn in a young healthy adult?
Impairment o cell-mediated immunity; impairment o lymphocyte unction; suppression o circulating cells;
activation o helper lymphocytes; decrease in Ig; marked decrease in IgG; increased IL-7.

What is contained in Jessner solution?
Resorcinol, salicylic acid, lactic acid, ethanol.

What is Jessner solution o ten used or?
Hyperpigmentation.

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What is the histopathologic examination o a proli erating hemangioma going to show?
Increased collagenase, increased mast cells, multilaminate BM, plump endothelial cells, increased levels o
circulating 17 beta-estradiol.

What do the mast cells in hemangiomas produce?
Heparin, stimulating capillary endothelial cell migration.

What properties do vascular mal ormations exhibit in the endothelium and basement membrane?
Flattening o endothelium, thinning o BM, normal quantity o mast cells.

Following a partial-thickness burn, what antimicrobial dressing is applied to the wound without having to
consider patient allergy?
Acticoat.

Do Biobrane and ransCyte have antimicrobial activity?
No.

What is the procedure o choice in an ambulatory patient with a grade IV sacral pressure sore?
Superior gluteal artery per orator ap (unilateral).

What is the mechanism o nasteride?
Inhibition o 5-alpha reductase (which converts testosterone into dihydroxytestosterone).

What is the most requently seen problem with at gra ting?
Undercorrection.

Where is the greatest amount o “take” or a at gra t in the ace?
Along the nasolabial olds.

T romboxane B2 and prostaglandin F2a are thought to have what e ect on tissues?
Induction o microvascular thrombosis.

What e ects do prostaglandin I2 and E2 have?
Antiplatelet activity, causing vasodilation.

What is the ratio o type I collagen to type III in hypertrophic scars?
2:1, normally 4:1.

Where is type I collagen ound?
In 90% o the tissues (bone, tendon, skin).

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Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

Where is type II ound?
Hyaline cartilage and eye tissue.

Where is type III ound?
Skin, arteries, uterus, intestinal wall, etal wound collagen; hypertrophic and immature scar can contain up to
30% type III.

Where is type IV ound?
Basement membranes.

What is the e ect o deep mechanical massage on the skin?
Collagen band accumulation in the middle and deep subcutaneous regions.

Compare and contrast hypertrophic and keloid scars.
Hypertrophic scars generally arise during the rst ew weeks ollowing the initial scar, grow rapidly, and then
regress. On the other hand, keloid scars appear later ollowing the initial scar, and then gradually proli erate, o ten
inde nitely. Both keloid and hypertrophic scars demonstrate increased broblast density. Keloid scars demonstrate
increased broblast proli eration rates compared with hypertrophic scars. Keloid scars demonstrate a decreased
ratio o type III to type I collagen. T is is not observed in hypertrophic scars. Keloid scars demonstrate thicker,
larger, and more randomly oriented collagen bers compared with hypertrophic scars.

What is Fitzpatrick type II skin characterized by?
Usually burns, rarely tans.
Skin Type Skin Color Characteristics
I

White

Always burns, never tans
II

White

Usually burns, rarely tans
III

White

Sometimes burns, tans average
IV

White

Rarely burns, tans more than average
V

Brown

Rarely burns, tans pro usely
VI

Black

Never burns, deep pigmentation

What is the main concern or using autologous cartilage gra ting?
Risk o warping.

During burn physiology, monoclonal antibodies limit the depth o injury in which zone?
T e zone o stasis.

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Going rom super cial to deep, what are the zones o burn injury?
Zone o coagulation, zone o stasis (microthrombi, neutrophil adherence, vasoconstriction), zone o hyperemia
(vasodilation and vasoactive mediator release).

What humoral actor has been shown to stimulate collagen-producing broblasts?
GF-beta.

What actor increases the ability o cartilage to survive as a gra t prior to placement?
Proteoglycan matrix (composed o type II collagen).

What is the required concentration o actor VIII be ore major surgery is undertaken?
Hemophilia A requires 80% o normal actor VIII levels.

What is the most likely nding ollowing ap coverage o one ischial pressure sore?
Development o a pressure sore on the opposite side rom trans er o weight to contralateral side.

What is a Marjolin ulcer?
Malignant degeneration o a chronic wound edge to carcinoma.

What are clinical ndings o systemic in ammatory response syndrome?
Body temperature lower than 96.8°F or greater than 101.5°F, pulse greater than 90, RR greater than 20, leukocyte
count ewer than 4,000 or greater than 12,000.

Wound sepsis occurs in what concentration o organisms per gram o tissue?
105 per gram o tissue.

Rhinophyma in an older male patient is best treated by what means?
angential excision with healing by secondary intention.

What mechanism occurs during tissue expansion o random skin aps?
Increased survival; secondary to delayed-type phenomenon.

What is seen histologically with the dermis and epidermis during tissue expansion?
otal collagen content increased; thinning o the dermis, thickening o the stratum spinosum (epidermis).

Following a burn injury, what is the time limit a ter which secondary healing will lead to hypertrophic scarring?
A ter 3 weeks, open wounds have a higher chance o hypertrophic scarring.

How is embolization used in AVM treatment?
Used to target the center o the AVM.

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Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

What is the distal limit o the reversed sural artery ap when raising the pedicle?
Pivot the pedicle at least 5 cm above the lateral malleolus (to decrease risk o disruption o the peroneal
per orators).

Where is the sural nerve located with respect to the short saphenous vein?
T e nerve is lateral to both the super cial sural artery and short saphenous vein.

What have studies indicated regarding pain control in DIEP versus ree RAM breast reconstruction?
Less use o analgesia postoperatively in DIEP aps.

What ap has greater abdominal wall morbidity?
Free RAM.

What ap has greater at necrosis?
DIEP.

What is likely to occur with trunk exion ollowing a DIEP harvest?
Decrease in exion strength.

What are some o the standard accreditation necessities o an ambulatory acility?
T e American Association or Accreditation o Ambulatory Surgery Facilities (AAAASF) requires surgeons to be
Board Certi ed or Board Eligible with a Board recognized by the American Board o Medical Specialties. A patient
who underwent general anesthesia needs a responsible adult to supervise him/her or 12 to 24 hours. Surgeons are
required to demonstrate that they hold unrestricted hospital privileges at an acute-care hospital within 30 minutes’
driving time o the ambulatory acility. I pediatric patients are cared or, at least one member o the team needs to
be certi ed in Pediatric Advance Li e Support (PALS). Ambulatory care acilities are inspected every 3 years by the
AAAASF.

Which laser is used most requently or treating lymphatic mal ormations?
Erbium (2,910 nm).

What are the alexandrite (755 nm) and diode (810 nm) lasers used or?
Removing hair, blue/green pigments.

What are the Nd:YAG (532 nm) and pulsed dye (585 nm) lasers used or?
Small vascular lesions.

What is the Nd:YAG (1,064 nm) used or?
attoo pigments (blue, black); 2- to 6-mm skin penetration.

What is the most appropriate treatment or a burn to the dorsum o the hand?
Early excision and split-thickness gra ting.

CHAPTER 93 High-Yield opics
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What occurs to the bone surrounding cervical lymphatic mal ormations?
Hypertrophy o the bone (typically the maxilla and mandible, causing open-bite de ormity, prognathism, and
malocclusion).

What premalignant skin condition is associated with melanoma?
Xeroderma pigmentosum (AR).

What is the likelihood o malignancy with actinic keratoses?
T ey harbor a 10% chance o developing into squamous cell carcinoma; treat actinic keratoses with 5-FU or
excision.

What is Bazex syndrome?
X-linked; hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis, multiple BCC.

What is the erythroplasia o Queyrat?
Otherwise known as Bowen disease/squamous cell in situ a ecting the penis.

Where does the nevus sebaceous o Jadassohn occur?
Head and neck; 10% may develop BCC.

O the more requently known genetic collagen disorders (e.g., Ehlers–Danlos), which is a candidate or
rhytidectomy?
Cutis laxa (non unctioning elastase inhibitor); aneurysms and hernias prone to develop.

What is the mechanism behind Ehlers–Danlos syndrome?
Lysyl oxidase de ciency; joint hypermobility, thin skin.

What is progeria?
Hutchinson–Gil ord syndrome; AR; growth retardation, cardiac disease, skin laxity, premature aging.

What are the characteristics o Werner syndrome?
Premature acial aging, short stature, alopecia, arteriosclerosis; cataracts; AR.

What is Restylane composed o ?
Hyaluronic acid.

What is Isolagen composed o ?
Autologous agent rom human skin cells with an extracellular matrix.

What does the deep in erior epigastric artery arise rom?
T e external iliac.

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Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

What are calcium alginate dressings most use ul or during pressure sore treatment?
Absorbing exudate; also may trap debris and microorganisms, but no inherent antimicrobial activity.

What is most important or growth o a reconstructed ear in microtia repair?
Perichondrium.

Isolated orbital ractures most commonly occur in which bone?
Maxillary.

What are copper vapor lasers used or?
Absorbed by red and brown pigment.

T e lateral thigh ap is supplied by what arterial supply?
T e third branch o the pro unda emoris artery.

Name the deep adductor muscles rom superior to in erior.
T e pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus.

What supplies the gracilis?
T e medial circum ex artery.

Name common examples o a type I ap.
FL, gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis.

Name examples o a type II ap.
Gracilis, abd digiti minimi, soleus.

Name examples o a type III ap.
Rectus abdominis, gluteus maximus serratus.

Name examples o a type IV ap.
Sartorius, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior.

Name examples o a type V ap.
Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major.

What de nes a giant congenital nevus?
Larger than 20 cm in diameter, twice the size o the patient’s palm.

What is a range o melanoma risk in giant congenital nevi?
4% to 8% (though controversial).

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What is the laser most appropriate or large capillary vascular mal ormations o the eyelid?
T e ashlamp pumped pulsed dye laser (585 nm).

What vitamin has been shown to reverse the negative e ects o steroid use?
Vitamin A counteracts the negative e ect on wound healing by restoring monocytic activity.

What are the e ects o smoking on ree RAM breast reconstruction regarding at necrosis and vessel
thrombosis?
Generally not believed to increase the rate o at necrosis or vessel necrosis; however, hernia, mastectomy skin ap,
and abdominal skin ap necrosis may occur at increased rates.

Preoperative delay o smoking or what period o time is recommended be ore surgery?
4 weeks.

What actors are associated with nonmelanocytic skin malignancy?
Frequency o li etime sunburns, sun exposure during adolescence/childhood, exposure at irregular intervals.

What is the relationship o depth o sunburn and development o skin malignancy?
No association.

What is the type o UV radiation emitted by tanning beds?
UVA.

What are proposed mechanisms o dextran?
Decreased actor VIII and von Willebrand actor, increased electronegativity, modi cation o brin, volume
expansion, inhibits alpha-2 antiplasmin.

What is the most appropriate duration o MMF or treatment o minimally displaced bilateral subcondylar
ractures o the mandible?
4 weeks.

What are general characteristics o vascular mal ormations?
Present at birth, do not regress, grow with child.

What are general characteristics o hemangiomas?
rue neoplasms; develop by 1 year and then may regress spontaneously.

What ndings are seen with Klippel–Feil syndrome?
Short neck, lower posterior hairline, cervical vertebral usion.

What is seen with Ma ucci syndrome?
Multiple enchondromas (mostly in hand) and venous mal ormations; de ormities o ngers and toes;
chondrosarcoma risk.

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Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

What bone substitute has the capacity or osteoconduction and osseointegration?
Hydroxyapatite.

What is osteoconduction?
T e ability o a material to encourage bone to grow toward and along its sur ace.

What is osseointegration?
T e direct chemical bonding o an alloplast to the sur ace o bone without an intervening layer o brous tissue.

What are common characteristics o venous mal ormations?
Dark lesions that become enlarged with dependency and change with position.

What treatments are advocated or venous mal ormation?
Laser treatment and wedge resection i small enough, sclerotherapy and excision or larger lesions.

What protein has been implicated in breast capsule ormation?
Fibrinogen.

What is cutis aplasia?
Absence o the skin and scalp at birth; also may include the bone.

What is the treatment or cutis aplasia?
Maintaining a clean, moist wound environment; silver sul adiazine dressing changes.

What muscle is the gracilis immediately posterior to during harvest?
Adductor longus.

What muscle is posterior to the gracilis?
Adductor magnus.

What relative levels o A P are typically ound in keloid and hypertrophic scars?
Increased.

What is the general rule in using a groin ap regarding the vascularity o the SCIA artery?
T e SCIA and super cial in erior epigastric arteries have separate origins in 40% o the time; the SCIA is rom the
common emoral artery and travels parallel to the inguinal ligament 2 to 3 cm in erior to the ligament.

What is the Parkland ormula?
4 mL/kg/% BSA burned given within the rst 24 hours; hal is given within the rst 8 hours and the remainder
given over 16 hours.

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979

What margins are required or the treatment o Merkel cell carcinoma in the head and neck?
Wide 3-cm margins with primary neck dissection. T e standard o management is surgical excision combined
with radiation therapy. Radiation therapy decreases local recurrence rates. Node-negative patients with no distant
metastasis treated with surgery and radiation have 5-year survival rates o approximately 90%.

When should a delay procedure be per ormed or a pedicled RAM?
In patients with risk actors or ap loss: obesity, smokers, prior radiation, or large breast volume needed.

What is the treatment o a hydro uoric acid burn?
Administration o 10% calcium gluconate gel and local injection.

What is used or phosphorus burns?
Copper sul ate irrigation.

What is used or phenol burns?
Polyethylene glycol or vegetable oil.

What is the most common adverse e ect with AlloDerm lip augmentation?
Resorption o the gra t.

Why should halo nevi be excised?
Melanoma similarity; melanomas can develop in an incomplete halo; the pigmentary change or “halo”
surrounding the nevus (leukoderma) not pain ul usually.

What is the likely process seen with brown recluse spider bite treatment (dapsone)?
Hemolysis; there is no antivenin.

What is the most e ective means o detecting silicone implant rupture?
MRI; one report stated 13.4 years as the mean age; one report stated hal o patients with implants 7 to 10 years
with rupture or hemorrhage on MRI.

What is Muir– orre syndrome?
AD; multiple cutaneous malignancies (BCC, SCCa, keratoacanthomas) as well as malignancies o colon, bladder,
ovary, and kidneys.

What is Proteus syndrome?
Partial gigantism o the extremities; hemi acial hemihypertrophy, macrocephaly; subcutaneous lipomas; vascular
anomalies (capillary, lymphatic, venous mal ormations).

What orms o BCC are prone to recurrence?
Sclerosing and morphea orm types.

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Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

What area o the ace is at increased risk or at embolism and blindness during at injection?
T e glabellar region; ophthalmic artery communicates with this region.

What is the likely physiologic change seen in vitamin C de ciency?
Decreased hydroxylation o lysine and proline; decreased collagen cross-linking.

What are physiologic e ects seen with vitamin A de ciency?
Decreased bronectin production and monocyte activation.

What are the physiologic changes seen with a large second/third-degree burn?
Decreased leukocyte unction, helper lymphocyte production and immunoglobulins decreased, complement
activation and suppressor lymphocytes are increased; circulating complement decreased; decreased B lymphocyte
activity.

How resistant are cultured epithelial autogra ts to in ection?
Low resistance; 100 to 1,000 colonies per cm3 are required or in ection.

How resistant are S SGs to in ection?
104 to 105 colonies per cm3 or in ection.

What raction o hemangiomas are noted in the rst month?
4/5.

How requent are cutaneous horns associated with malignancy?
May contain malignant cells; 20% seen with premalignant conditions.

What is the best placement o AlloDerm or lip augmentation?
Submucosally along the dry/wet vermilion border.

Where are Spitz nevi located in children?
T e head and neck region; in adults, these are ound on the extremities.

What is a Hutchinson reckle?
Otherwise known as lentigo maligna melanoma; only located within epidermal layers; invasive melanoma
occurring 5% to 30%.

What substance has been shown to reverse premalignant skin conditions?
Retinoids (topical application).

What arteries supply the gastrocnemius muscle ap?
Medial and lateral sural arteries.

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What is the treatment o scorpion stings?
Observation and cold compresses in adults usually; in children hospitalization with monitoring or arrhythmias,
muscle spasms, airway control.

What is the mechanism o cellular growth in hemangiomas?
Hyperplasia.

What characterizes amateur tattoos?
Irregular placement o dye in the super cial dermis; small pigment particles (pro essional tattoos are o larger
pigment sizes).

What is the most requent cause o in ectious secondary lymphedema?
W. bancro ti.

What is Kasabach–Merritt syndrome?
Marked thrombocytopenia with single or multiple hemangiomas; treat with embolization, compression,
inter eron, steroids, or radiation.

What distinguishes ester and amide local anesthetics?
Amides have an “I” in the pre x be ore the “caine” (e.g., bupivacaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine); amides are more
stable and cause ewer allergic reactions.

What are the phases o wound healing and the predominant cells in each phase?
In ammation (PMNs, macrophages; rst week); proli erative ( broblasts; 1 to 5 weeks); maturation (cross-linking
o collagen; 5 weeks to 2 years).

In a 3-year-old child with an oral commissure electrical burn, what is the length o time required or
splinting?
6 months to prevent microstomia.

What ree ap provides bone as well as a sensate skin paddle or the oor o the mouth?
Lateral arm; radial collateral artery and posterior brachial cutaneous nerve (C5–6).

What topographic portion o the humerus is used in the lateral arm ap?
T e posterolateral portion.

What is the blood supply o the parascapular ap?
T e circum ex scapular artery.

What characterizes the toxin o the black widow spider?
Neurotoxin; treat with IV calcium gluconate and diazepam.

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Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

What characterizes the toxin o the brown recluse spider?
Dermonecrotic.

What is Wol law o bone gra ting?
Stress is important or survival o gra ted bone.

Do membranous or endochondral bone gra ts last longer?
Membranous bone gra ts.

What type o skin gra ts grow commensurately with a child?
Full-thickness gra ts.

What is the main drawback with unilaminar skin substitutes?
Poor mechanical protection.

What are advantages with unilaminar skin substitutes?
Help ul in wound debridement, uid absorption, decreasing bacterial count, and stimulating granulation.

Bovine collagen is best injected into what skin layer?
T e dermis.

What characterizes the bone ormation with hydroxyapatite cement?
Osteoconduction; peripheral ingrowth o new bone.

What is the mechanism o silicone sheeting in improving scars?
Static electronegative eld increase.

What is the venous drainage or the reversed radial orearm ap?
Radial venae comitantes.

What ap may be used or an ischial pressure sore and prior ligation o the pro unda emoris artery on the
same side?
Gluteal thigh ap; based on the in erior gluteal artery.

What is the blood supply or the rectus emoris?
Descending branch o the lateral circum ex.

What is the blood supply o the gracilis muscle?
Ascending branch o the medial circum ex.

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What is the supply o the FL?
Ascending branch o the lateral circum ex.

What is Milroy disease?
X-linked dominant; primary lymphedema; unilateral pitting edema; normal bone growth, no hemihypertrophy.

What best describes the status o the shell o a subglandular breast implant placed a decade ago?
Loss o shell strength as compared to preimplantation.

What skin lesion is ound in the distribution o CN V?
Nevus o Ota (V1 and V2); 80% in emales.

What is an ephelis?
Pigmented reckle with normal number o melanocytes and high concentration o melanin.

What areas are the nevus o Ito seen?
In the areas o the lateral brachiocutaneous and supraclavicular nerves.

Where is the nevus o Jadassohn seen?
On the scalp and ace.

What is the malignant potential o the nevus o Jadassohn?
15% develop into BCC.

What is the treatment o a hemangioma o the upper lid that is obstructing the visual axis?
Excision; amblyopia may develop in as short as 1 week.

What is the percentage o hair growth i two-thirds o the hair sha t is transplanted?
Growth in 30% o the time; hair bulb is not required or growth.

What head and neck ree ap allows the greatest movement o skin in relation to the bone?
T e scapular ree ap.

What supplies vascularity to the in erior pole o the scapula?
Angular branch o the thoracodorsal artery.

Skin gra ts o what type are used or dorsal burn contractures o the hand?
Full thickness.

What population o people have Merkel cell carcinoma?
Most requently seen in the head and neck region o elderly women.

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Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

What area o the body is most requently a ected by sebaceous carcinoma?
Eyelid; meibomian gland.

For what de ects o the scalp is tissue expansion most appropriate?
Greater than 15%.

Can rhytidectomy be per ormed in a patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum?
Disorder o premature skin laxity, calcium deposition within the elastic bers; yes, rhytidectomy may be
per ormed.

What bony landmarks are used or locating the superior gluteal artery?
A third o the way down starting rom the PSIS along a line drawn rom the PSIS to the trochanter.

What is the most common cause o death in paraplegics with pressure sores?
Renal ailure due to amyloid disease.

What e ect on epithelialization does isotretinoin have?
Decreases epithelialization; otherwise known as Accutane; thinning o the stratum corneum.

What retinoid is o ten used as a pretreatment or chemical peeling and laser?
retinoin.

What supplies motor innervation to the gracilis?
Anterior branch o the obturator nerve; travels between the adductor longus and adductor brevis.

What nerve supplies the rectus emoris?
Femoral nerve.

What supplies motor innervation to the FL?
In erior branch o the superior gluteal nerve.

T e erythroplasia o Queyrat has squamous cell carcinoma a ecting what site?
T e penis; part o Bowen disease; 15% o Bowen disease becomes invasive SCCa.

What is the treatment o rhinocerebral mucormycosis?
Emergent debridement o the sinuses and orbital exenteration.

Where are keloids likely to orm?
Face, cheek, ear, shoulder, upper arm, anterior chest.

CHAPTER 93 High-Yield opics
985

What is the best treatment or a 1-cm skin de ect o the upper eyelid in a 75-year-old woman?
Skin gra t rom the contralateral side.

What skin cream provides protection against UVA (long and short wave) and UVB?
Zinc oxide.

SPF rating is limited by what act?
It only rates UVB protection, not UVA.

What microbe is associated with leech therapy?
A. hydrophila; treat with Bactrim or uoroquinolones.

What happens to glucose concentration a ter a burn injury?
Increases; glucose should not be added to the resuscitation uids.

What happens to cardiac output a ter a burn injury?
Decreases; decreased plasma volume, increased SVR.

A purple “cobblestone” lesion in an adult is likely what type o vascular mal ormation?
A capillary mal ormation; usually in distribution o the VI and VII nerves.

What is the Branham sign?
Decreased heart rate a ter compression o an AVM (causing a baroreceptor response).

What histologic change is seen with tretinoin use?
Compact stratum corneum that causes smoothing o the skin; increase in hyaluronic acid, increase in epidermal
thickness, increase in dermal mucin, decrease in melanin production.

What adverse e ects are seen with tretinoin use?
Retin-A has been associated with erythema, crusting, and sun-sensitivity.

What type o antibodies are ormed in a reaction to bovine collagen?
IgG antibodies; 3% o all patients may have a reaction.

What is the collagen makeup o Zyderm?
95% type I and 5% type II.

What characteristic o ull-thickness skin gra ts has the most e ect on inhibiting wound contraction?
T e raction o gra ted dermis.

986
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Board Review

What dressings are typically used or burns o the ear?
Ma enide acetate dressing changes; in preventing suppurative chondritis.

What is the average time or maturation (time rom application to removal o silicone layer) o Integra with
simple gauze dressings only?
3 weeks.

During wound healing, collagen synthesis and breakdown reach a steady state at what time?
21 days.

What is an appropriate method o reconstructing the scalp ollowing a 35% burn wound?
issue expansion.

What has a higher rate o in ection when applied to the donor site o a skin gra t—Duoderm or Biobrane?
Biobrane.

What is the best choice o ap or a 1.7-cm de ect o the columella?
Nasolabial ap.
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