Orthognathic Surgery

I8
Index
ear position, 1706
ear protrusion, 1706
ear size, 1706
anatomy of, 1704f, 1705
binding of, 1739-1740
complications and suboptimal
results, 1714-1739
abscesses, stitch, 1739
antihelical folds, too-sharp,
1714
chondritis, 1739
conchal hypertrophy,
inadequate management
of, 1714
ear asymmetry, residual,
1731-1739
external auditory canal,
pinching of, 1714
flat ear appearance,
postsurgical, 1739
infection, cartilage, 1739
necrosis with skin loss, 1739
prevalence of, 1714
prominent earlobe, excessive,
1730
scar formation, abnormal,
1739
suture granulomas, 1739
telephone ear appearance,
postsurgical, 1739
upper helix, failure vs. relapse,
1730-1731
embryology of, 1705
historical perspectives of,
1704-1705
non-surgical correction,
newborns, 1739-1740
vs. normal ears, 1703, 1704f,
1740
otoplasty procedures for,
1708-1713
antihelical fold, creation vs.
deepening, 1709f-1710f,
1712-1713
antihelical fold, marking of,
1712
conchal-mastoid suture
placement, 1712f, 1713
conchal wall resection, 1241f,
1706, 1711f, 1712
corneal protection, 1709
draping, 1709
dressing placement, 1713,
1714f
general anesthesia intubation,
1709
local anesthesia, 1709
medications, 1709
postauricular flaps, elevation
of, 1708f, 1710-1712
postauricular skin excision,
1707f, 1710
postoperative care, 1713
preparation, 1709
results, assessments,
1713-1714, 1715f-
1716f, 1718f-1726f,
1728f-1738f
set-back, earlobe, 1713
set-back, lower third of ear,
1713
set-back, middle third of ear,
1712f, 1713
set-back, resection, 1241f,
1711f, 1712
set-back, upper third of ear,
1713
skin closure, 1713
superior helix-mastoid suture
placement, 1713
surgical markings, 1709-1710
patient education materials for,
1740
prevalence of, 1183, 1703-1704
surgical goals for, 1704
surgical principles for,
1706-1707
goals, 1704
techniques, 1707-1708,
1707f-1712f
timing, 1705-1706
Eating disorders, baseline, 218
Edgewire, 21-22
Edgewise appliances, 156-161. See
also Fixed appliances.
Education, patient. See Patient
education.
Eicosanoids, 142-143
Elements (Euclid), 341-342,
341f-342f
Elongation, hemimandibular,
855-860
Enamel, 172-174, 173f
Envelopes
biologic, 136
overlying soft-tissue, 351-352
Environmental-developmental-
hereditary influences, 69-134
comparisons of, 69
head and neck development,
69-72
face, 72, 72f-73f
palate, 72, 74f-75f
skull, 69-72, 70f-71f
hereditary developmental
tendencies, 102-105
comparisons of, 102-105,
105f-108f, 157f
prevalence of, 102
skeletal growth, environmental
and neuromotor effects on,
105-118, 109f-112f
Apert syndrome, 115
comparisons of, 105,
109f-112f
congenital myopathy effects,
115-118, 116f-117f,
119f-120f
Crouzon syndrome, 115
masseteric muscle
hypertrophy, 113
muscle effects, 105-115,
108f-111f
respiration pattern effects,
115, 116f-117f
soft tissue effects, 105-115,
108f
syndromes and anomalies,
73-102
achondroplasia, 91
acromegaly, 102
brachial arch syndromes,
73-77, 76f-77f
cleft lip/palate, 77-91,
79f-90f. See also
Cleft-orthognathic
surgeries.
comparisons of, 73
Goldenhar syndrome, 73-77,
76f-77f
hemifacial hypotrophy,
102
midline tissue structure
deficiencies, 73
neural crest origin deficiencies
and anomalies, 73-77,
76f-77f
overgrowth syndromes and
anomalies, 102, 103f
premature suture closure,
cranial vault and skull
base, 70f-71f, 91-92,
92f-102f
Robin sequence, 90f, 91
Stickler syndrome, 85f-89f,
91
synostosis, 70f-71f, 91-92
teratogens and, 75
Treacher Collins syndrome
(TCS), 73-77, 76f-77f
van der Wound syndrome,
77-91, 84f
trauma effects, 118-124,
121f-123f
tumor and growth effects, 124,
125f-131f
Epidemiological considerations.
See Prevalence and
definitions.
Epiglottis, 995, 995f
Epithelium, oral, 174-175,
174f-175f
Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS),
998
Equilibrium principle, 338-339
Erickson Model Table, 389f-393f,
406-407. See also Analytic
model-planning.
reorientation, maxillary casts,
417
site measurements, maxilla
reorientation, 406
spatial orientation
articulator-mounted
mandibular unit,
416
articulator-mounted maxillary
unit, 416
Erupted wisdom teeth, removal of,
455, 455f
Erythropoietin, recombinant
human, 313
ESS. See Epworth Sleepiness Scale
(ESS).
Estrogens, 142-143
Etiology. See Prevalence and
definitions.
Etruscans, 18-20, 19f
Euclid, 341-342, 341f
Euclid of Alexandria, 337
Evaluation-related considerations
clinical evaluations, 351-369.
See also Planning
techniques.
approaches to, 351
global head and neck
assessments, 351-360.
See also Global head and
neck assessments.
mastication factors, 227-263
nasal airway factors, 287-307.
See also Airways.
orthodontic factors, 135-170
psychosocial factors, 209-226
seven critical aspects, 351-360
speech-related factors, 227-263
swallowing factors, 227-263
Evolutionary thinking, facial
aesthetics, 338-350. See also
Ideal facial aesthetics.
Evolutionary transformations, 1,
4-6
craniofacial evolution, 4-5
definition of, 1
hominid species, 6, 8f-9f
mammalian brain, 4, 5f
molecular components, 4-5
primate brain, 4-5
skull comparisons, 5-6, 6f-8f
Excess patterns
mandibular, asymmetric,
807-865
mandibular, relative, 686-757
maxillary, vertical, 758-806
Expansion, maxillary arch, 290f,
297-301
External auditory canal
reconstruction, 1151-1152
External ear reconstruction, 1151
Extraocular cranial nerve
dysfunction, 505
Extreme and mean ratio (Euclid),
337
Extubation
benchmark airway parameters
checklist for, 323
criteria for, 321-322
vs. intubation. See Intubation.
planning for, 322
strategies for, 321
F
Face
aesthetics, ideal, 337-351. See
also Ideal facial aesthetics.
aging and rejuvenation,
983-986
craniofacial morphologic
changes, 985-986
mandibular skeletal changes,
986
midface aging, 984-985
morphologic differentiation,
985-986
periorbital aging, 984-985
special considerations for,
983-984
dysmorphic faces, 12, 13f-14f
facial hemihyperplasia,
1276-1277. See also Facial
hemihyperplasia.
facial perspectives, 1-17. See also
Facial perspectives.
facial tooth surfaces, 138f,
172
harmony, 1747
lower, soft tissues, 1746-1783.
See also Lower face and
neck soft tissues.
complications and
unfavorable results,
1766
envelope, aging of, 70f-71f,
1746-1749
midface rejuvenation,
approaches to,
1749-1767
Ears, prominent (Continued)
Ears, prominent (Continued)
Environmental-developmental-
hereditary influences
(Continued)
Evaluation-related considerations
(Continued)

Volume 1  •  pp 1-1058  •  Volume 2  •  pp 1059-1784
I9
Index
midface rejuvenation,
principles of, 1747-1749
patient education materials
for, 1773
treatment pitfalls, 1766-1767
patterns
long, 758-806
short, 866-896
skeleton augmentation, 636
standard facial records, 408
Face-bow registration and transfer,
375f-385f, 408-416,
409f-415f
Face-lift approach, traditional,
1749-1758, 1755f-1761f
Face-mask ventilation, adequate,
319
Facial hemihyperplasia, 1276-
1277. See also Complex
malformations.
characteristics of, 1276-1277,
1278f-1279f
vs. hemimandibular hyperplasia
(HMH), 1277
historical perspectives of, 1276
neoplasms, associated,
1276-1277
reconstruction in, 1277
Facial perspectives, 1-17. See also
Face.
aesthetics, ideal, 337-351
artistic perspectives, 16, 16f
craniofacial articulations, 15t,
16
craniofacial growth and
development, 6-11
bone modification, 6, 8t
facial alterations, 6-10,
10f-11f
facial asymmetry, 10, 11f
skull as community of bones
vs. joints, 10-11, 11f,
12t
skull size comparisons, 6, 9f
definitions, 1, 3b
behavioral, 1, 2f-3f
evolutionary transformations,
1
structural, 1, 1f-2f
symbolic, 1, 3f
dysmorphic faces, 12, 13f-14f
evolutionary transformations, 1,
4-6
craniofacial evolution, 4-5
hominid species, 6, 8f-9f
mammalian brain, 4, 5f
molecular components, 4-5
primate brain, 4-5
skull comparisons, 5-6,
6f-8f
facial surgery limitations, 12,
14f
life cycle stages, 1-3, 3b-4b,
4f-5f
prosopagnosia, 12-15, 15f
psychiatric genetics, 15-16, 15t
vision restoration, 12, 15f
Facial Proportions of Helen Wills
(Ghyka), 349-350, 349f
Facial tooth surfaces, 138f, 172
Facio-auriculo-vertebral sequence,
1095. See also Hemifacial
microsomia (HFM).
FALL. See Forehead anterior limit
line (FALL).
FA point. See Forehead anterior
(FA) point.
Farrar, J.N., 18-20, 20f
Fat atrophy vs. hypertrophy, 1749
Fauchard, Pierre, 18-20, 19f
Fechner, Gustav, 348-349, 349f
Fibonacci, Leonardo, 343
Fibonacci numbers, 343,
344f-345f
Fibrocytes, 136-137, 136f, 138f
First and second brachial arch
syndrome, 1095. See also
Hemifacial microsomia
(HFM).
Fisher-Logermann Test of
Articulation, 237, 237b
Five Platonic solids, 341-342, 341f
Fixation factors, 479-481, 481f
plate removal needs, 479
screw removal needs, 479
titanium vs. resorbable, 479-481
Fixed appliances, 156-163. See also
Appliances; Orthodontic
considerations.
arch wires, 162
auxiliary attachments, 161
banding vs. bonding, 161-162
bracket materials of, 161-162
cements and adhesives, 162
clear brackets, 161
design of, 161-162
edgewise appliances, 156-161
historical perspectives of,
156-161
intra-oral bracket auxiliaries,
162-163
prescriptions for, 161
rotational control of, 161
Flat ear appearance, postsurgical,
1739
Fluid replacement and blood loss,
308-336
blood replacement needs and,
313-317
approaches to, 313
complex surgeries, 315t-316t
controversies in, 314-317
historical perspectives of, 314
studies of, 314
convalescence and. See
Convalescence.
deliberate hypotensive anesthesia
(DHA) and, 308-313. See
also Deliberate hypotensive
anesthesia (DHA).
hemorrhage depressors and, 311
blood loss limitation effects
of, 311
desmopressin, 311
tranexamic acids, 311
perioperative airway
management and,
317-323. See also
Perioperative airway
management.
Fluoride-releasing bonding
cements, 162
Force duration, 142
Forehead anterior limit line
(FALL), 363-367, 364f-365f
Forehead anterior (FA) point,
363-367, 364f-365f
Foreign-body reactions, 486, 492f
Formation influences, 69-134
comparisons of, 69
head and neck development,
69-72
face, 72, 72f-73f
palate, 72, 74f-75f
skull, 69-72, 70f-71f
hereditary developmental
tendencies, 102-105
comparisons of, 102-105,
105f-108f, 157f
prevalence of, 102
skeletal growth, environmental
and neuromotor effects on,
105-118, 109f-112f
Apert syndrome, 115
comparisons of, 105,
109f-112f
congenital myopathy effects,
115-118, 116f-117f,
119f-120f
Crouzon syndrome, 115
masseteric muscle
hypertrophy, 113
muscle effects, 105-115,
108f-111f
respiration pattern effects,
115, 116f-117f
soft tissue effects, 105-115,
108f
syndromes and anomalies,
73-102
achondroplasia, 91
acromegaly, 102
brachial arch syndromes,
73-77, 76f-77f
cleft lip/palate, 77-91,
79f-90f. See also
Cleft-orthognathic
surgeries.
comparisons of, 73
Goldenhar syndrome, 73-77,
76f-77f
hemifacial hypotrophy, 102
midline tissue structure
deficiencies, 73
neural crest origin deficiencies
and anomalies, 73-77,
76f-77f
overgrowth syndromes and
anomalies, 102, 103f
premature suture closure,
cranial vault and skull
base, 70f-71f, 91-92,
92f-102f
Robin sequence, 90f, 91
Stickler syndrome, 85f-89f,
91
synostosis, 70f-71f, 91-92
teratogens and, 75
Treacher Collins syndrome
(TCS), 73-77, 76f-77f
van der Wound syndrome,
77-91, 84f
trauma effects, 118-124,
121f-123f
tumor and growth effects, 124,
125f-131f
Form follows function concept,
337
Free gingiva, 174-175, 174f-175f
Freeze-dried iliac grafts, 622-623.
See also Grafts and grafting.
Fricative airstream obstruction,
236
Friction forces, 161
Frontal undermining resorption,
180
Fronto-forehead aesthetic unit,
1230
Fuller, Richard Buckminster, 337
Functional appliances, 163-164.
See also Appliances.
Functional assessments
for adult dentofacial
disharmony, 945-981
Fundamentals
blood loss and fluid
replacement, 308-336
convalescence, 308-336
definition and prevalence, 61-68
facial perspectives, 1-17
formation influences, 69-134
historical perspectives, 18-60
mastication considerations,
227-263
nasal airway considerations,
287-307
orthodontic considerations,
135-170
periodontal considerations,
171-208
planning techniques, 337-373
psychosocial considerations,
209-226
speech-related considerations,
227-263
swallowing considerations,
227-263
techniques
airway management,
308-336
anesthesia, 308-336
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs), 264-286
Future innovations, 56
G
Galen, 339
GALL. See Goal anterior limit line
(GALL).
Gaps, cleft-dental, 1373-1428
Genioplasty, osseous
biologic foundations of, 1571
pitfall avoidance strategies for,
1594f-1599f, 1601-1602
techniques, 1597-1600,
1597f-1599f
Geometry of Art and Life (Ghyka),
349-350, 349f
Ghyka, Matila, 349-350, 349f
Gilles, Harold, 33-34, 33f, 39, 55,
55f
Ginestet, Gustave, 53-55
Gingiva, 174-178, 175f
Gingival. See also Gingiva.
biotype, 200
fibers, 175-176, 175f
interface, 181
sulcus, 176
Gingivitis, 178-179, 178f-179f
Global head and neck assessments,
351-360
current range-of-motion (ROM)
cervical spine, 360
mandibular, 360
neck, 360
Face (Continued)

I10
Index
dental rehabilitation needs, 352,
353f-359f
facial aesthetic units, unique/
discrete, 352, 353f-359f
facial skeleton
lower, 360
upper, 352, 353f-359f
overlying soft-tissue envelope,
351-352
seven critical aspects of,
351-360
temporomandibular disorders,
360
Goal anterior limit line (GALL),
363-367, 364f-365f
Gold arch wires, 162
Goldenblat syndrome, 1095. See
also Hemifacial microsomia
(HFM).
Goldenhar syndrome, 73-77,
76f-77f
Golden ratio, 337, 342
Goldman-Fristoe Test of
Articulation, 237, 237b
Gor-Tex alloplastic materials,
614
Grafts and grafting, 607-639
alloplastic grafts, 636
for ascending ramus defects,
623-626
autogenous rib donor sites,
623-626
costochondral donor sites,
623-626
procedures for, 623-626,
624f-625f
biologic mechanisms of,
607-609
bone morphogenic proteins
(BMPs), 607
comparisons of, 607
osteoconduction, 607,
608f
osteogenesis and, 607
osteoinduction and,
607
cartilage grafting, nasal
reconstruction, 626-636
autogenous ear (conchal)
cartilage donor sites,
629-630
autogenous nose (septal)
cartilage donor sites,
610f, 626-629
autogenous rib (cartilage
only) donor sites,
630-636, 631f,
633f-635f
procedures for, 626-630,
627f-629f, 631f,
632-636, 633f-635f
for condyle defects, 623-626
autogenous rib donor sites,
623-626
costochondral donor sites,
623-626
procedures for, 623-626,
624f-625f
costochondral graft
reconstruction, 1122-1150,
1123f-1149f
facial skeleton augmentation,
636
goals of, 636
for interpositional defects and
gaps, mandible vs. maxilla,
609-623
allogenic grafts, 622-623
alloplastic grafts, 620-622
autogenous iliac donor sites,
609-620
corticocancellous bloc donor
sites, 614-620, 615f,
622-623
human sterile freeze-dried
iliac grafts, 622-623
particulate cancellous donor
sites, 609-614
porous hydroxyapatite bloc
implants, 620-622,
621f-622f
procedures for, 609-613,
610f-613f, 616-620,
616f-620f
options for, 607-609
porous polyethylene
augmentation implants,
636
prevalence of, 607
types of, 608-609
allografts, 608
autografts, 608
graft substitutes, 608-609
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (USDA)
approval of, 608-609,
622
Granulomas, suture, 1739
Greek architectural orders, 342,
343f-344f
Gregory, E.H., 26
Grow out concept, 91
Growth modification roles, 642,
760, 867-892
Growth patterns and presentations
constriction, maxillary arch,
640-685
deficiency
mandibular, primary,
640-685
maxillary, 686-757
maxillomandibular, 866-896
deformities, mandibular,
758-806
dentofacial disharmonies
adult, 945-991
teenage/young adult, 897-944
excess
mandibular, asymmetric,
807-865
mandibular, relative, 686-757
maxillary, vertical, 758-806
face
long, 758-806
short, 866-896
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),
992-1058
protrusive patterns, bimaxillary
dental, 897-944
Guiot, Gerard, 55
Gummy smile treatments, 802
H
Halogen curing lights, 162
Harmony, facial, 1747
Head assessments, global,
351-360. See also Global head
and neck assessments.
Head development, 69-72
Head of an Old Man (da Vinci),
348, 348f
Health therapeutics establishment,
203
Hemifacial microsomia (HFM),
1095-1158
approach comparisons, 1152
case studies of, 339f, 365b,
430b, 430f-436f, 433b
causes of, 73-77
characteristics of, 1095
classification patterns of,
1096
dysmorphology with,
1097-1099
audiologic findings,
1098-1099
auditory canal, external,
1098-1099
cranio-orbito-zygomatic
region, 1099
ear structures, inner,
1098-1099
ear structures, middle,
1098-1099
facial soft tissues, 1097-1098,
1098f-1099f
maxillomandibular region,
1098f, 1099
facial growth potential with,
1099-1110
importance of, 1099-1100,
1101f-1102f
longitudinal radiographic
maxillofacial studies,
1100
long-term facial growth
studies, 1100
mandibular growth studies,
1100
metallic jaw implant studies,
1100
progressive mandibular
asymmetry studies,
1100-1110, 1103f-
1110f, 1112f
historical perspectives of, 1177
in infancy and early childhood,
1096-1097, 1097f
inheritance patterns of,
1095-1096
temporomandibular joint
(TMJ)-mandibular
malformation
classifications, 1101f-
1102f, 1110-1111
bone-anchored hearing aid
(BAHA) options,
1151-1152
comparisons of, 1111
costochondral graft
reconstruction,
mandibular, 1122-1150,
1123f-1149f
external auditory canal
reconstruction,
1151-1152
external ear reconstruction,
1151
facial soft tissue
reconstruction,
1150-1151
first-stage mandibular
reconstruction,
1114-1150,
1115f-1120f
maxillofacial reconstruction,
1113-1114
middle ear reconstruction,
1151-1152
mixed dentition, 1114-1150,
1115f-1120f
orbital reconstruction,
1111-1113, 1112f
osteodistraction, mandibular
reconstruction,
1121-1122
osteodistraction, residual
mandibular deformity,
1150
zygomatic reconstruction,
1111-1113, 1112f
Hemihyperplasia, facial, 1276-
1277. See also Complex
malformations.
characteristics of, 1276-1277,
1278f-1279f
vs. hemimandibular hyperplasia
(HMH), 1277
historical perspectives of, 1276
neoplasms, associated,
1276-1277
reconstruction in, 1277
Hemimandibular elongation,
855-860
Hemimandibular hyperplasia
(HMH), 854-855, 1277
Hemorrhage depressors, 311. See
also Blood replacement and
related considerations.
blood loss limitation effects of,
311
desmopressin, 311
tranexamic acids, 311
Hereditary-developmental-
environmental influences,
69-134
comparisons of, 69, 124
head and neck development,
69-72
face, 72, 72f-73f
palate, 72, 74f-75f
skull, 69-72, 70f-71f
hereditary developmental
tendencies, 102-105
comparisons of, 102-105,
105f-108f, 157f
prevalence of, 102
skeletal growth, environmental
and neuromotor effects on,
105-118, 109f-112f
Apert syndrome, 115
comparisons of, 105,
109f-112f
congenital myopathy effects,
115-118, 116f-117f,
119f-120f
Crouzon syndrome, 115
masseteric muscle
hypertrophy, 113
muscle effects, 105-115,
108f-112f, 114f
respiration pattern effects,
115, 116f-117f
soft tissue effects, 105-115,
108f
syndromes and anomalies,
73-102. See also
Syndromes.
achondroplasia, 91
Global head and neck assessments
(Continued)
Grafts and grafting (Continued)
Hemifacial microsomia (HFM)
(Continued)

Volume 1  •  pp 1-1058  •  Volume 2  •  pp 1059-1784
I11
Index
acromegaly, 102
brachial arch syndromes,
73-77, 76f-77f
cleft lip/palate, 77-91,
79f-90f. See also
Cleft-orthognathic
surgeries.
comparisons of, 73
Goldenhar syndrome, 73-77,
76f-77f
hemifacial hypotrophy, 102
midline tissue structure
deficiencies, 73
neural crest origin deficiencies
and anomalies, 73-77,
76f-77f
overgrowth syndromes and
anomalies, 102, 103f
premature suture closure,
cranial vault and skull
base, 70f-71f, 91-92,
92f-102f
Robin sequence, 90f, 91
Stickler syndrome, 85f-89f,
91
synostosis, 70f-71f, 91-92
teratogens and, 75
Treacher Collins syndrome
(TCS), 73-77, 76f-77f
van der Wound syndrome,
77-91, 84f
trauma effects, 118-124,
121f-123f
tumor and growth effects, 124,
125f-131f
Hereditary developmental
tendencies, 102-105
HFM. See Hemifacial microsomia
(HFM).
High partial condylectomy,
860-861
High-performance halogen curing
lights, 162
High-risk social behaviors, 218
Hinds, Edward C., 41
Hippocrates, 18-20
Hippocratic principles, 338-339
Histomorphometric analyses, 165
Historical perspectives, 18-60
of ideal facial aesthetics,
337-351. See also Ideal
facial aesthetics.
milestones
corticotomies, maxillary, 44
craniomaxillary surgery,
47-53, 48f-49f
craniomaxillary surgery, plate
and screw fixation for,
47-53, 48f-49f
future innovations, impacts
on, 56
mandibular ramus, transoral
sagittal splitting of,
34-37, 35f
maxillary corticotomies,
revascularization and
bone healing after, 44
orthodontia, first use of, 18
osteotomies, dento-osseous
segmental (one tooth),
45
osteotomies, Le Fort I
(Down-fracture), 44
osteotomies, Le Fort I (type),
38-41, 40f
osteotomies, Le Fort I
(Down-fracture) with
segmentation, 47
osteotomies, mandibular
anterior segmental,
42-43, 43f
osteotomies, mandibular
sagittal split, 45
osteotomies, mandibular
vertical oblique, 44
osteotomies, maxillary, 30-32
osteotomies, maxillary
posterior segmental,
43-44, 43f
osteotomies, maxillary
segmental, 42
osteotomies, oblique (chin),
45-47
plate and screw fixation,
47-53, 48f-49f
retrognathism, mandibular
advancement for, 29-30
revascularization and bone
healing, 44
standard orthognathic
procedures, biologic
basis studies, 41-47
transoral sliding osseous
genioplasty, 37, 37f-38f
pioneers, craniofacial surgery,
53-56
Ginestet, Gustave, 53-55
Guiot, Gerard, 55
Tessier, Paul, 53-56,
55f-56f
Virenque, Maurice, 53-55
pioneers, craniomaxillofacial
surgery, 47-53
Champy, Maxime, 50
Luhr, Hans G., 47-53
Michelet, Francois, 50
Rosen, Harvey, 50-53
Schuchardt, Hans, 47-48
Spiessel, Bernd, 50
pioneers, orthodontic, 18-26
Ancient Greek scholars,
18-20
Andrews, Lawrence F., 24-25,
24f
Angle, Edward H., 20-23,
20f-22f
Aristotle, 18-20
Begg, Raymond, 24, 24f
Broadbent, Holly, 23-24,
23f-24f
da Vinci, Leonardo, 18-20
Etruscans, 18-20, 19f
Farrar, J.N., 18-20, 20f
Fauchard, Pierre, 18-20, 19f
Hippocrates, 18-20
Kingsley, Norman W., 18-20,
19f-20f
Profitt, William R., 25-26,
26f
Schange, J.M. Alexis, 18-20
Tweed, Charles, 24, 24f
pioneers, orthognathic surgery,
26-32
Barrow, G.V., 28
Bell, William H., 32, 32f,
41-47
Blair, Vilray P., 22-23, 26-32,
27f, 29f-30f
Caldwell, J.B., 21-22
Cheever, David Williams,
30-32, 31f
Dingman, Reed O., 28
Gilles, Harold, 33-34, 33f,
39, 55, 55f
Gregory, E.H., 26
Hinds, Edward C., 41
Hullihen, Simon, 26-29, 27f
Kazanjian, Varaztad, 30, 31f
Kennedy, J.W., 44
Letterman, G.S., 21-22
Levy, B.M., 42-44
Luhr, Hans, 28-29, 32, 32f
Obwegeser, Hugo L., 32-41,
32f
Pont, Dal, 35-37
Schmid, Edward, 33-34
Schuchardt, Karl, 30-31
Tessier, Paul Louis, 33-34,
34f
Trauner, R., 32-34
Tupper, P., 26
Walker, Robert V., 41-42, 41f
Wassmund, Martin, 30-32,
39
Whipple, J.W., 26-28
HMH. See Hemimandibular
hyperplasia (HMH).
Hollowing, submental hollowing,
1766
Home/outpatient convalescence,
325. See also Convalescence.
anesthesia considerations and,
308-336. See also
Anesthesia and related
considerations.
outpatient regimens, 325
physical therapy, 328b-330b
Hominid species, 6, 8f-9f
Homo floresiensis, 6, 8f-9f
Homo neanderthalensis, 6, 8f-9f
Homo sapiens, 6, 8f-9f
Horizontal deficiency, chin,
1565f-1571f, 1571-1572,
1573f-1593f. See also Chin.
Horizontal dimensions, 64
Horizontal prominence, chin,
1572-1595, 1573f-1576f,
1594f-1595f. See also Chin.
Hullihen, Simon, 26-29, 27f
Human Ratio (Zeising), 349, 349f
Human sterile freeze-dried iliac
grafts, 622-623. See also
Grafts and grafting.
Hyaline degeneration, 180
Hyaline formation, 165
Hyalinized histologic appearances,
141
Hydroxyapatite alloplastic
materials, 614
Hyperactivity, condylar, 860-861
active unilateral, 860-861
type I, 854-855
type II, 855-860
Hyperplasia, hemimandibular
(HMH), 854-855, 1277
Hypertrophic turbinates, 287-288,
290f. See also Turbinates.
Hypertrophy, conchal, 1714
Hypoplasia, nasomaxillary, 1159.
See also Binder syndrome.
Hypotensive anesthesia, deliberate
(DHA), 308-313. See also
Anesthesia and related
considerations; Deliberate
hypotensive anesthesia
(DHA).
complications of, 310
historical perspectives of,
308-309, 311-313
inducement techniques for, 309
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
and, 309, 318
monitoring during, 310
organ function effects of,
309-310
orthognathic surgery-specific
effects of, 310-313
patient positioning and, 309
I
ICR. See Idiopathic condylar
resorption (ICR).
Ideal facial aesthetics, 337-351
current philosophy, 350-351
evolutionary thinking, 338-350
Alexander the Great,
341-342, 341f
Aristotle, 340-341
Bracciolini, Poggio, 342
da Vinci, Leonardo, 342,
344f, 345-346,
347f-348f
Euclid, 341-342, 341f
Fibonacci, Leonardo,
343
Galen, 339
Hippocratic principles,
338-339
Michelangelo, 342
Phidias, sculptures of, 339,
340f
planetary symphony concept,
338
Plato, 339-341, 340f-341f
Polio, Marcus Vitruvius, 342,
342f
Polykleitos, sculptures of,
338-350, 338f-339f
Pythagoras, 338-350,
338f
Zeising, Adolf, 349, 349f
fundamentals of, 337
beauty, 337
proportion, 337
symmetry, 337
planning techniques for. See
Planning techniques.
Ideal Rectangle (Fechner), 348-349,
349f
Idiopathic condylar resorption
(ICR), 1530-1563
case studies of, 1534
idiopathic condylar resorption
(ICR), 1538b,
1539f-1547f, 1543b-
1548b, 1554b,
1555f-1560f
progressive condylar
resorption (PCR), 1530,
1534b-1538b,
1534f-1537f
Hereditary-developmental-
environmental influences
(Continued)
Historical perspectives (Continued)
Historical perspectives (Continued)

I12
Index
progressive condylar
resorption/idiopathic
condylar resorption
(PCR/ICR), 1548b,
1549f-1553f
clinical perspectives of,
1531-1532
etiology theories of, 1530-1531,
1560
avascular necrosis theory,
1531
dominant theory, 1530-1531
favorable results of, 1560
jaw deformity correction,
clinical approaches to,
1533
morphologic findings of, 1530
prevalence of, 1530
Immediate malocclusion, 543-555
Impacted wisdom teeth, removal
of, 455, 455f, 467-468
Implants
porous hydroxyapatite bloc
implants, 620-622,
621f-622f
porous polyethylene
augmentation, 636
Impressions
alginate, 380f-385f, 415
casts, 380f-385f, 415
Incisal tooth surfaces, 138f, 172
Index of Treatment Need, 65
Inferior alveolar nerve injuries,
500-502, 500f-501f, 987. See
also Nerve injuries.
Inferior turbinates, 287-288, 289f.
See also Turbinates.
Informed consent
for asymmetric mandibular
excess procedures, 862
long face patterns, 802
for maxillary deficiencies, 754
for primary mandibular
deficiencies, 683
Informed consent considerations
maxillary vertical excess, 802
Infraorbital nerve injuries,
987-988. See also Nerve
injuries.
In-hospital convalescence,
323-325. See also
Convalescence.
airway needs, 323
anesthesia considerations and,
308-336. See also
Anesthesia and related
considerations.
antibiotics, 325
diet and nutrition, 324
discharge criteria, 325
intravenous (IV) fluid therapy,
324
monitoring equipment,
323-324
nasal medications, 325
nausea management, 324
pain management, 325
settings for, 323
vomiting management, 324
wound care, 324
Insignia system, 161
Instrument breakage, 486,
492f
Interdental papilla, 176
Interdisciplinary approaches, 61
Interdisciplinary evaluations, 259
Interface, gingival, 181
Interpositional defects and gaps,
609-623
Interrupted tooth movement, 142.
See also Tooth.
Intervention planning techniques
analytic model-planning
mandible-first, 424-440
standard, 374-423
complication-related
considerations, 475-542
fundamentals, 337-373
grafts and grafting, 607-639
malocclusion prevention,
543-606
procedure sequencing, 441-474
Intracanalicular osteogenesis,
48-50
Intracranial approach, Tessier, 55
Intranasal region, upper airway,
995, 995f
Intra-oral arch wires, 162-163
Intra-oral bracket axillaries,
162-163
Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy,
324
Intubation
complication prevention and,
318-319
vs. extubation. See Extubation.
preintubation preparation,
320-321
strategies, 319
tracheal, 318-319
Invisalign, 164
Iowa Pressure Articulation Test,
237, 237b
Isolated cleft palate (ICP),
1441-1470. See also
Cleft-orthognathic
surgeries.
in adolescents, 1443
vs. cleft lip/palate, 1441
controversies of, 1467-1468
coordinated team approaches,
1442
facial growth implications of,
1441-1442
jaw deformities and, 1443
presurgical assessments,
1443-1465
residual deformities, 1443,
1444f-1445f
surgical approaches, 1444f-
1465f, 1465-1466
clinical management,
1466
current techniques, 1466
distraction approach,
1467-1468
evolution of, 1465-1466
initial healing, 1466
large residual palata fistula,
closure of, 1468
Le Fort I osteotomies,
1467
skeletal stability, 1467
studies of, 1466-1467
timing considerations,
1442-1443
treatment protocols, 1442
unresolved issues of, 1467-1468
IV fluid therapy. See Intravenous
(IV) fluid therapy.
J
Jaw deformities, secondary,
1471-1529
posttraumatic orthognathic
deformities, 1478-1521
clinical characteristics of,
1478-1480
condylar fractures, 1480-
1521, 1484f-1521f
late secondary consequences,
1480-1521
malunion after midface (Le
Fort I) fracture, 1480,
1481f-1483f
posttraumatic saddle-nose
deformity, 1475-1478
bone and cartilage vault
involvement, 1475,
1476f-1478f
cartilage vault only
involvement, 1475,
1476f-1478f
clinical characteristics of,
1475, 1476f-1479f
posttraumatic segmental
dentoalveolar defects,
1521, 1522f-1526f
posttraumatic
temporomandibular joint
ankylosis, 1471-1475
controversies of, 1472-1475
observations for, 1475
in pediatric patients,
1471-1475
recommendations for, 1475
studies of, 1471-1472,
1473f-1474f
unresolved issues of,
1472-1475
prevalence of, 1471, 1521-1527
Jaw growth maturity assessments,
860
Jaw reorientations, 368
Junctional epithelium, 174-175,
174f-175f
K
Kanon (Polykleitos), 338-339,
338f-339f
Kanon of beauty (Polyclitus),
368-369
Kazanjian, Varaztad, 30, 31f
Kennedy, J.W., 44
Keratinized tissue, 174-175,
174f-175f
KFA. See Klippel-Feil anomaly
(KFA).
Kinesiologic positions, 237t, 238f
Kingsley, Norman W., 18-20,
19f-20f
Klippel-Feil anomaly (KFA),
1261-1265. See also Complex
malformations.
characteristics of, 1261-1262
historical perspectives of, 1261
reconstruction in, 1262-1265,
1263f-1265f
L
Labial tooth surfaces, 138f, 172
Lamina dura, 136-137, 136f,
138f
Lamina propria, 176
Lateral facial dysplasia, 1095. See
also Hemifacial microsomia
(HFM).
Learned rule pattern speech errors,
237-240
Leber congenital amaurosis, 12
Le Fort I osteotomies
complications of, 504-525
aseptic necrosis, maxilla,
506-508, 506f-507f
bleeding, significant, 505-506
blindness, 505
extraocular cranial nerve
dysfunction, 505
maxillary sinusitis, acute vs.
chronic, 517-525,
520f-525f
nasal obstructions, acute vs.
chronic, 517, 518f-520f
nasolacrimal apparatus
dysfunction, 505
nerve injuries, infraorbital,
504-505, 504f
visual disturbances, 505
down-fracture, 287-288,
293f-295f, 296-297
malocclusion and, 563-567.
See also Malocclusion
prevention.
maxillary, 446-448, 447f-448f
modified, 1430-1431
standard, 1429-1430
three-segment, 1430-1431
Letterman, G.S., 21-22
Levy, B.M., 42-44
Life cycle stages, 1-3, 3b-4b, 4f-5f
Light-cured band cements, 162
Light prolonged vector-controlled
forces, 137
Limbal cell transplantation, 12
Limited neck extension, 317-318
Limited occlusal slides, 271
Limit lines, anterior, 363-367,
364f-365f
Lingual nerve injuries, 502-503,
503f
Lingual tooth surfaces, 138f, 172
Lip incompetence, 201-202
Lip/palate, cleft. See also Cleft-
orthognathic surgeries.
bilateral (BCLP), 1371-1440
isolated cleft palate (ICP),
1441-1470
unilateral, 1297-1370
Local anesthesia, 1709
Long face patterns, 758-806.
See also Face.
clinical characteristics of, 759
complications of, 802
definitive reconstruction for,
761-801
arch mechanics, mandibular,
762
arch mechanics, maxillary,
762
orthodontic preparation,
761-762
preorthodontic periodontal
considerations, 761
surgical approach, 762-763,
764f-800f
timing of, 761
dental findings of, 759
diagnostic criteria for, 758
etiology of, 759-760
functional aspects of, 758-759
growth modification,
preadolescent patients,
760
Idiopathic condylar resorption
(ICR) (Continued)

Volume 1  •  pp 1-1058  •  Volume 2  •  pp 1059-1784
I13
Index
informed consent
considerations, 802
orthodontic camouflage
approach to, 760
orthodontic molar intrusion
approach to, 760-761
patient education for, 802
postsurgical malocclusion,
802-803
postsurgical orthodontic
maintenance, 802
prevalence of, 758, 803
radiographic findings of, 759
surgical planning for, 801-802
gummy smile treatments,
802
incisor inclination
management, 801-802
maxillomandibular
counterclockwise
rotation, 801
pitfalls of, 801-802
presurgical, 763-801
two-jaw surgery needs, 801
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) and, 803
Loss, blood. See Blood loss and
fluid replacement.
Lower face and neck soft tissues,
1746-1783. See also
Aesthetics.
complications and unfavorable
results, 1766
contour irregularities, 1766
digastric muscle ridging,
1766
hematoma, 1766
infection, 1766
midline ridging, 1766
nerve injury, 1766
skin irregularities, 1766
skin necrosis, 1766
submandibular gland, 1766
submental fullness, residual,
1766
submental hollowing,
residual, 1766
facial envelope, aging of,
70f-71f, 1746-1749
characteristics of, 1747
factors of, 1746-1747
superficial muscular
aponeurotic system
(SMAS), 1746,
1749-1754
midface and neck rejuvenation,
1749-1767
anterior neck approach,
1758-1766
cervical fascia management,
1762-1763
cervical flap elevation,
1762-1763
face-lift approach, traditional,
1749-1758,
1755f-1761f
neck defatting, 1762-1763
patient selection for, 1762
platysma muscle
management,
1762-1763
submental approach,
1758-1766
midface and neck rejuvenation,
principles of, 1747-1749
baseline maxillomandibular
skeletal disharmony,
1748f, 1749,
1750f-1754f
degenerative skin changes,
1749
facial harmony, 1747
fat atrophy vs. hypertrophy,
1749
volume redistribution vs. skin
tension, 1749
patient education materials for,
1773
treatment pitfalls, 1766-1767
dental-only approach,
1767-1768
segmental soft-tissue
approach, 1768-1769,
1768f-1769f
soft tissue-only approach,
1767
Lower jaw forward protrusion,
inability to, 317
Luhr, Hans G., 28-29, 32, 32f,
47-53
M
Macroglossia, 1270-1271
Malformations
Binder syndrome, 1159-1181
complex, 1261-1296
craniosynostosis syndromes,
1182-1260
hemifacial microsomia (HFM),
1095-1158
Treacher Collins syndrome
(TCS), 1059-1094
Mallampati test, 318
Malocclusion prevention,
543-606
in bimaxillary dental protrusive
growth patterns, 941-942
in Le Fort I osteotomies,
563-567
early malocclusion, 544f-
555f, 563-566
immediate malocclusion,
544f-555f, 563-566
late malocclusion, 564f-566f,
566-567, 568f-570f
technical errors, 567
orthodontic movement
limitations and, 543
in orthodontic treatments,
567-595, 568f-592f
dental stability, 567-595
relapse, 567-595
specific dentofacial growth
patterns, 593-595
prevalence of, 599
in sagittal split ramus
osteotomies (SSROs),
mandibular, 543-556,
544f-555f
condylar resorption, 556,
557f-559f
continued growth,
mandibular, 556,
560f-566f
early malocclusion, 543-555
immediate malocclusion,
543-555
late malocclusion, 555-556
malunion, ramus, 556
remodeling, ramus, 556
in transverse maxillary
deficiency, 593-595
Mandible-first analytic model-
planning, 424-440. See also
Planning techniques.
advantages of, 424, 425f-426f
case studies, hemifacial
microsomia, 339f, 365b,
430b, 430f-436f, 433b
centric relation (CR), 424-427
capture of, 427
controversies of, 424-427
definition of, 424-427
unstable vs. unreliable, 427
clinical settings for, 439
execution of, 428-429
technical aspects of, 428-429
techniques for, 429
Mandibular deficiencies, primary,
640-685. See also Deficiency
patterns.
camouflage approach,
orthodontic, 642-643
clinical characteristics of, 641
definitive reconstruction,
302f-304f, 643-682,
643f-647f, 649f-669f,
674f-682f
basic approach, 682
complications of, 683
informed consent for, 683
patient education of, 683
postsurgical orthodontic
maintenance, 682-683
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) and, 683
timing of, 641-642
dental findings of, 641
functional aspects of, 640
growth modification roles, 642
historical perspectives of, 640
maxillary arch constriction,
with/without, 640-685
objectives of, 641-642
in preadolescent patients, 642
prevalence of, 640, 683
radiographic findings of, 641
treatment indications for,
641-642
Mandibular deformities, 758-806
Mandibular dysplasia, 1373-1428,
1443, 1444f-1445f
Mandibular excess. See also Excess
patterns.
asymmetric, 807-865. See also
Asymmetric mandibular
excess.
active unilateral condylar
hyperactivity, 860-861
clinical characteristics and
types of, 807, 809f-853f
condylar hyperactivity, type I,
854-855
condylar hyperactivity, type
II, 855-860
etiology of, 807, 809f-853f,
863
hemimandibular elongation,
855-860
hemimandibular hyperplasia,
854-855
high partial condylectomy,
860-861
jaw growth maturity
assessments, 860
misdiagnosis of, 807, 808f
presurgical orthodontic
treatments, 861
studies of, 853
surgical approaches, 861-862
relative, 686-757
Mandibular lateral gnathism, 807.
See also Asymmetric
mandibular excess.
Mandibular range-of-motion
(ROM), 360
Mandibular skeletal changes, 986
Mandibulofacial dystonia,
1059-1094. See also Treacher
Collins syndrome (TCS).
approach comparisons, 1091
characteristics of, 1059-1061,
1060f
dysmorphology with,
1062-1063
facial growth potential with,
1063-1069, 1064f-1069f
historical perspectives of, 1177
in infancy and early childhood,
1061-1062
inheritance and genetic markers,
1061, 1061f
skeletal reconstruction staging,
1072-1087, 1073f-1079f
temporomandibular joint
(TMJ)-mandibular
malformation classification,
1069-1072, 1070f-1071f
testing for, 1061
MAP. See Mean arterial pressure
(MAP).
Marginal gingiva, 174-175,
174f-175f
Masseteric muscle hypertrophy,
113
Mastication-swallowing-speech
considerations, 227-263
functional mechanisms of,
227
interdisciplinary evaluations,
259
jaw deformities with
malocclusion effects,
240-253
cause-effect relationships,
252-253
historical perspectives of,
240-252
studies of, 240-252,
241f-251f
mastication mechanism,
230-232, 231f
mastication mechanisms,
230-232, 231f
neuromuscular masticatory
system, 227, 228f-229f,
230t
central pattern generators
(CPGs) and, 227
dynamic balance of, 227
Long face patterns (Continued)
Lower face and neck soft tissues
(Continued)
Malocclusion prevention
(Continued)
Mandibular excess (Continued)

I14
Index
muscles of, 227, 230t
processes of, 227, 228f-229f
orthodontics effects, 253-259
orthognathic surgery effects,
253-259
patient satisfaction, 259
physiologic mechanisms of, 227
speech, 235-240
air stream obstruction
categories, 236
articulation, 235
articulators, individual,
235-236, 237t,
238f-239f
assessments, 237, 237b
consonant sounds, 236
error types, 237-240
kinesiologic positions, 237t,
238f
mechanisms, 235, 235f
phonation, 235
phonemes, 235-236
production, 235, 236f
unvoiced sounds, 235
vocal tract variables, 236
voiced sounds, 235
vowel sounds, 236
swallowing mechanisms,
232-235, 233f-234f
assessments, 235
first stage, 233
in normal adult, 232
in normal child, 232-233,
234f
processes of, 232
repetitive swallowing cycle,
233
second stage, 233-235
third stage, 235
velopharyngeal function effects,
254-259, 255f-258f
assessments, 259
velopharyngeal insufficiency
(VPI), 254-259,
255f-258f
Masticatory mucosa, 174-175,
174f-175f
Mathematics, definitions of, 338
Maxilla
reorientation, 417
segmentation, 417
Maxillary arch
constriction, 640-685,
1198f-1200f, 1265-1271,
1266f-1269f
expansion, 290f, 297-301
Maxillary deficiencies, 686-757.
See also Deficiency patterns.
assessments for, 755
camouflage approaches
orthodontic, 688-689
surgical, 689
clinical characteristics of, 687
frontal view, 687
profile view, 687
definitive reconstruction for,
689-753, 690f-693f,
696f-753f
complications of, 754
informed consent and, 754
malocclusions after, 754
patient education for, 754
preorthodontic periodontal
checklist, 689-694
suboptimal facial aesthetics
after, 754
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) and, 754
timing of, 689
dental characteristics of, 687
etiology of, 686-687
functional aspects of, 686-757
growth modification roles, 688
hereditary considerations for,
686
preadolescent patients, 688
prevalence of, 686
radiologic findings for, 687
Maxillary dysplasia, 1443,
1444f-1445f
Maxillary excess, vertical, 758-806.
See also Excess patterns.
Maxillary hypoplasia, 1373-1428
Maxillary incisor crown
horizontal position, 363-367
vertical position, 362-363
Maxillary-mandibular chin
advancement (MMCA),
992-1000
Maxillary/nasal base aesthetic unit,
1230
Maxillary vertical excess, 758-806.
See also Long face patterns.
clinical characteristics of, 759
complications of, 802
definitive reconstruction for,
761-801
dental findings of, 759
diagnostic criteria for, 758
etiology of, 759-760
functional aspects of, 758-759
growth modification roles, 760
informed consent
considerations, 802
orthodontic camouflage
approach to, 760
orthodontic molar intrusion
approach to, 760-761
patient education for, 802
postsurgical malocclusion,
802-803
postsurgical orthodontic
maintenance, 802
prevalence of, 758, 803
radiographic findings of,
759
surgical planning for, 801-802
Maxillofacial complex
malformations, 1261-1296
comparisons of, 1261, 1288
Down (Trisomy 21) syndrome,
1265-1271
historical perspectives of,
1265-1271
macroglossia in, 1270-1271
reconstruction in, 1271
hemihyperplasia, facial,
1276-1277
characteristics of, 1276-1277,
1278f-1279f
vs. hemimandibular
hyperplasia (HMH),
1277
historical perspectives of,
1276
neoplasms, associated,
1276-1277
reconstruction in,
1277
Klippel-Feil anomaly (KFA),
1261-1265
characteristics of, 1261-1262
historical perspectives of,
1261
reconstruction in, 1262-1265,
1263f-1265f
neurofibromatosis, 1271-1274
acoustic type (type II), 1271
characteristics of, 776f-779f,
1271-1274
historical perspectives of,
1271
orbitotemporal, 1274
reconstruction in, 1274
von Recklinghausen type
(type I), 1273-1274
prevalence of, 1261
vascular, 1277-1288
arteriovenous, 1280-1282,
1286f-1287f
capillary, 1288
characteristics of, 1277,
1280f-1287f
complications of, 1277
historical perspectives of,
1277
lymphatic, 1277-1279,
1282f-1283f
venous, 1279-1280
velocardiofacial syndrome
(VCFS), 1288
characteristics of, 1288
pathophysiology of, 1288
prevalence of, 1288
reconstruction in, 1288
Maxillofacial deficiency, 866-896.
See also Short face patterns.
Class II
Division I, 893
Division II, 893
clinical characteristics of, 867
clinical examinations for, 758,
866
definitive reconstruction,
892-894
dental findings for, 867
functional aspects of, 866-867
growth modification roles,
867-892
postsurgical orthodontic
maintenance, 894
prevalence of, 866
radiographic findings for, 867
treatment indications and
objectives for, 867,
868f-892f, 895
Maxillofacial trauma
secondary jaw deformities after,
1471-1529. See also
Secondary jaw deformities.
posttraumatic orthognathic
deformities, 1478-1521
posttraumatic saddle-nose
deformity, 1475-1478
posttraumatic segmental
dentoalveolar defects,
1521, 1522f-1526f
posttraumatic
temporomandibular
joint ankylosis,
1471-1475
prevalence of, 1471,
1521-1527
Maxillomandibular complex, 995,
995f
Maxillomandibular surgical
planning, detailed, 360-368,
364f-365f. See also Planning
techniques.
anterior nasal spine morphology,
367-368
A-point to B-point
relationships, 367
chin morphology, baseline, 368
eight critical decisions,
353f-359f, 360-368
facial views, natural head
position, 367
jaw reorientations, 368
maxillary cant (upper face
reference), 361-362
maxillary dental midline (upper
face reference), 361
maxillary incisor crown
horizontal position (upper
face reference), 363-367
maxillary reorientation, 367-368
maxilla segmentation, 368
nose floor, baseline pyriform,
367-368
osseous genioplasty
considerations, 368
pitch orientation, 367
pogonion locations, 368
rims, baseline pyriform,
367-368
roll orientation, 361-362
yaw orientation, 361
Maximum tooth movement, 142.
See also Tooth.
MC/FB osteotomies. See
Monobloc/facial bipartition
(MC/FB) osteotomies.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP),
309, 318
Mental health, baseline, 218
Mental nerve injuries, 500-502,
500f-501f, 987. See also
Nerve injuries.
Mesenchymal cells, 136-137, 136f,
138f
Mesial tooth surfaces, 138f,
172
Metal alloy arch wires, 162
Methyl methacrylate alloplastic
materials, 614
Michelangelo, 342
Michelet, Francois, 50
Microgap healing, 48-50
Microsomia, hemifacial (HFM),
1095-1158
approach comparisons, 1152
case studies of, 339f, 365b,
430b, 430f-436f, 433b
characteristics of, 1095
classification patterns of,
1096
dysmorphology with,
1097-1099
audiologic findings,
1098-1099
cranio-orbito-zygomatic
region, 1099
ear structures, inner,
1098-1099
ear structures, middle,
1098-1099
facial soft tissues, 1097-1098,
1098f-1099f
Mastication-swallowing-speech
considerations (Continued)
Maxillary deficiencies (Continued)
Maxillofacial complex
malformations (Continued)

Volume 1  •  pp 1-1058  •  Volume 2  •  pp 1059-1784
I15
Index
maxillomandibular region,
1098f, 1099
facial growth potential with,
1099-1110
importance of, 1099-1100,
1101f-1102f
longitudinal radiographic
maxillofacial studies,
1100
long-term facial growth
studies, 1100
mandibular growth studies,
1100
metallic jaw implant studies,
1100
progressive mandibular
asymmetry studies,
1100-1110, 1103f-
1110f, 1112f
historical perspectives of,
1177
in infancy and early childhood,
1096-1097, 1097f
inheritance patterns of,
1095-1096
temporomandibular joint
(TMJ)-mandibular
malformation
classifications, 1101f-
1102f, 1110-1111
bone-anchored hearing aid
(BAHA) options,
1151-1152
comparisons of, 1111
costochondral graft
reconstruction,
mandibular, 1122-1150,
1123f-1149f
external auditory canal
reconstruction,
1151-1152
external ear reconstruction,
1151
facial soft tissue
reconstruction,
1150-1151
first-stage mandibular
reconstruction (during
mixed dentition),
1114-1150,
1115f-1120f
maxillofacial reconstruction,
1113-1114
middle ear reconstruction,
1151-1152
mixed dentition, 1114-1150,
1115f-1120f
orbital reconstruction,
1111-1113, 1112f
osteodistraction
reconstruction,
mandibular, 1121-1122
osteodistraction, residual
mandibular deformity,
1150
zygomatic reconstruction,
1111-1113, 1112f
Midface aging, 984-985
Midline
ridging, 1766
tissue structure deficiencies,
73
Milestones. See also Historical
perspectives.
corticotomies, maxillary, 44
craniomaxillary surgery, 47-53,
48f-49f
future innovations, impacts on,
56
mandibular ramus, transoral
sagittal splitting of, 34-37,
35f
orthodontia, first use of, 18
osteotomies. See also
Osteotomies.
dento-osseous segmental (one
tooth), 45
Le Fort I (Down-fracture), 44
Le Fort I (type), 38-41, 40f
Le Fort I (Down-fracture)
with segmentation, 47
mandibular, anterior
segmental, 42-43, 43f
mandibular sagittal split, 45
mandibular vertical oblique,
44
maxillary, 30-32
maxillary, posterior
segmental, 43-44
oblique, chin, 45-47
plate and screw fixation for,
47-53, 48f-49f
retrognathism, mandibular
advancement for, 29-30
revascularization and bone
healing, 44
standard orthognathic
procedures, biologic basis
studies, 41-47
transoral sliding osseous
genioplasty, 37, 37f-38f
Mini-plates, 166
Mini-screws, 166
Misdiagnoses considerations, 807,
808f
Mixed dentition, 1114-1150,
1115f-1120f
MMCA. See Maxillary-mandibular
chin advancement (MMCA).
Mobilization, inadequate, 567
Model-planning, analytic
mandible-first. See also
Mandible-first analytic
model-planning.
advantages of, 424, 425f-426f
case studies, hemifacial
microsomia, 339f, 365b,
430b, 430f-436f, 433b
centric relation (CR),
424-427
clinical settings for, 439
execution of, 428-429
technical aspects of, 428-429
techniques for, 429
standard, 374-423. See also
Standard analytic
model-planning.
accuracy of, 389f-393f,
406-407
alginate impressions,
380f-385f, 415
casts, impression, 380f-385f,
415
components of, 374,
375f-404f
controversies of, 405-408
direct visual examinations,
408
Erickson Model Table for,
389f-393f, 406-407
face-bow registration and
transfer, 375f-385f,
408-416, 409f-415f
goals of, 374-405, 420
intermediate splint
contraction, maxilla
positioning, 417-418
key measurements, 408
key steps for, 375f-393f, 407
reorientation. mandibular
cast, 418
reorientation, maxilla, 417
segmentation, maxilla, 417
semi-adjustable articulators,
408-416
spatial relationship captures,
408-416
standard facial records, 408
studies of, 419-420
Modified Le Fort I osteotomies,
1430-1431. See also Le Fort I
osteotomies.
Modulor (Le Corbusier), 349-350,
350f
Molar intrusion approach,
760-761
Mona Lisa (da Vinci), 348, 348f
Monobloc/facial bipartition
(MC/FB) osteotomies, 465f,
1237-1246, 1238f-1247f
Morphologic differentiation,
985-986
Motivational considerations, 210,
211f-217f
Mouth-opening ability, 317
Movement, tooth. See Tooth.
Multifactorial analyses, 272
Multisource models, 25
Multi-strand arch wires, 162
Myopathic face, 115-118
Myopathy effects, congenital,
115-118, 116f-117f,
119f-120f
N
Nasal airstream obstruction,
236
Nasal airway considerations,
287-307. See also Airways.
chronic obstructive nasal
breathing, 287-295
causes of, 287-295,
288f-295f, 298f-300f,
302f-304f
comprehensive approaches to,
301
long face patterns and,
287-288, 290f
management of, 296
maxillary deformities and,
287-288, 291f-292f
nasal seroplasty and,
287-288
septal deformities, 287-288,
291f-292f
studies of, 288-295
turbinates and, 287-288,
289f-290f
Le Fort I down-fracture
osteotomies, 287-288,
293f-295f, 296-297
maxillary arch expansion, 290f,
297-301
nasal floor recontouring, 290f,
295f, 297-301, 298f-300f
quality-of-life issues, 301
residual postoperative nasal
obstruction, 297
studies of
case study, 298f-300f,
302-304
COG-ENT chronic
rhinosinusitis study, 301
historical perspectives, 287
Nasal Obstruction Symptom
Evaluation (NOSE)
survey, 296
Nasal floor recontouring, 290f,
295f, 297-301, 298f-300f
Nasal obstructions, 1373-1428,
1443, 1444f-1445f
Nasal Obstruction Symptom
Evaluation (NOSE) survey,
296
Nasolacrimal apparatus
dysfunction, 505
Nasomaxillary hypoplasia, 1159.
See also Binder syndrome.
National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey III
(NHANES III), 64
Nausea management, 324
Neck and lower face soft tissues,
1746-1783. See also
Aesthetics.
complications and unfavorable
results, 1766
contour irregularities, 1766
digastric muscle ridging,
1766
hematoma, 1766
infection, 1766
midline ridging, 1766
nerve injury, 1766
skin irregularities, 1766
skin necrosis, 1766
submandibular gland, 1766
submental fullness, residual,
1766
submental hollowing,
residual, 1766
facial envelope, aging of,
70f-71f, 1746-1749
characteristics of, 1747
factors of, 1746-1747
superficial muscular
aponeurotic system
(SMAS), 1746,
1749-1754
midface and neck rejuvenation,
approaches to, 1749-1767
anterior neck approach,
1758-1766
cervical fascia management,
1762-1763
cervical flap elevation,
1762-1763
face-lift approach, traditional,
1749-1758,
1755f-1761f
Microsomia, hemifacial (HFM)
(Continued)
Model-planning, analytic
(Continued)
Nasal airway considerations
(Continued)

I16
Index
neck defatting, 1762-1763
patient selection for, 1762
platysma muscle
management,
1762-1763
submental approach,
1758-1766
midface and neck rejuvenation,
principles of, 1747-1749
baseline maxillomandibular
skeletal disharmony,
1748f, 1749,
1750f-1754f
degenerative skin changes,
1749
facial harmony, 1747
fat atrophy vs. hypertrophy,
1749
volume redistribution vs. skin
tension, 1749
patient education materials for,
1773
treatment pitfalls, 1766-1767
dental-only approach,
1767-1768
segmental soft-tissue
approach, 1768-1769,
1768f-1769f
soft tissue-only approach,
1767
Neck assessments, global, 351-360.
See also Global head and neck
assessments.
Neck development, 69-72
Neck extension, limited, 317-318
Necrosis, 180
Necrosis with skin loss, 1739
Neovascular age-related macular
degeneration, 12
Nerve injuries
facial, 503
inferior alveolar, 500-502,
500f-501f, 987
infraorbital, 987-988
lingual, 502-503, 503f
in lower face and neck soft
tissues, 1766
mental, 500-502, 500f-501f,
987
Neural crest origin deficiencies,
73-77, 76f-77f
Neurofibromatosis, 1271-1274.
See also Complex
malformations.
acoustic type (type II), 1271
characteristics of, 776f-779f,
1271-1274
historical perspectives of, 1271
orbitotemporal, 1274
reconstruction in, 1274
von Recklinghausen type (type
I), 1273-1274
Neuromotor effects, 105-118,
109f-112f
Neuromuscular masticatory
system, 227, 228f-229f, 230t.
See also Mastication-
swallowing-speech
considerations.
central pattern generators
(CPGs) and, 227
dynamic balance of, 227
muscles of, 227, 230t
processes of, 227, 228f-229f
NHANES III. See National Health
and Nutrition Examination
Survey III (NHANES III).
Nickel-titanium
arch wires, 162
brackets, 142
Nitinol arch wires, 162
Non-keratinized tissue, 174-175
Non-nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory analgesics,
142-143
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), 142-143
Normal ears vs. prominent ears,
1703, 1704f, 1740. See also
Prominent ears.
Nose floor, baseline pyriform,
367-368
NOSE survey. See Nasal
Obstruction Symptom
Evaluation (NOSE) survey.
Nutrition considerations, 324
O
Obesity-related considerations
bariatric surgery, 1002-1008
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),
995-996, 995f. See also
Obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA).
Obstructions
functional sites, apnea, 995f,
997f, 1000
nasal, 297
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),
992-1058. See also
Obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA).
Obstructive nasal breathing,
chronic, 287-295
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),
992-1058
airway management and, 1002
in childhood, 1000-1002
clinical characteristics of,
993-1000, 995f, 997f-998f
anatomy, 995, 995f
apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)
and, 992-1000
associated syndromes, 996
body mass index (BMI) and,
995-996, 995f
central sleep apnea, 1000
mandibular prognathism and,
996
pathophysiology, 993-997
sleep electroencephalograms
(EEGs) and, 994
upper airway resistance
syndrome (UARS),
994
clinical evaluations for, 997-999
apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)
and, 992-1000
attended polysomnography,
999
cephalometric upper airway
length (UAL), 999
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
(ESS), 998
overnight polysomnography
(PSG), 992
severity assessments,
993-1000
diagnoses of, 993-1000
etiology of, 992
functional obstruction sites,
995f, 997f, 1000
intranasal, 1000
retroglossal, 1000
retropalatal, 1000
prevalence of, 992
public health burden of, 1049
risk factors for, 996-997
severity of, 993-1000
studies of, 992
treatment options for,
1002-1049, 1011f-1045f
bariatric surgery, 1002-1008
continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP), 1009
maxillary-mandibular chin
advancement (MMCA),
992-1000
oral appliances, 1009-1010
spectrum of, 1010-1045
studies of, 1002
upper airway surgery,
1010-1045
treatment rationales for, 993
Obwegeser, Hugo L., 32-41, 32f
Occlusal function, 137, 139f-140f
Occlusal slides
centric relation-centric occlusion
(CR-CO), 271
limited, 271
Occlusal tooth surfaces, 138f, 172
Occlusal trauma, primary vs.
secondary, 137
Occlusion trauma, 179-180
Oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia,
1095. See also Hemifacial
microsomia (HFM).
Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum,
1095. See also Hemifacial
microsomia (HFM).
Open joint procedures, 278
Operating room team preparation,
478
Operative surgery, 22
Oral epithelium, 174-175,
174f-175f
Oral musculature kinesiologic
positions, 237t, 240f
Orbital reconstruction, 1111-
1113, 1112f
Orbito-naso-zygomatic aesthetic
unit, 1230
Orbitotemporal neurofibromatosis,
1274
Organ function effects, 309-310
Orientation
roll, 361-362
yaw, 361
Oronasal fistula, residual,
1373-1428, 1443,
1444f-1445f
Orthodontia, first use of, 18
Orthodontic considerations,
135-170
accelerated osteogenic
orthodontics, 164-165
appliances, fixed, 156-163
arch wires, 162
auxiliary attachments, 161
banding vs. bonding,
161-162
bracket materials of, 161-162
cements and adhesives, 162
clear brackets, 161
design of, 161-162
edgewise appliances, 156-161
historical perspectives of,
156-161
intra-oral bracket axillaries,
162-163
prescriptions for, 161
rotational control of, 161
appliances, removable, 163-164
clinical judgment, importance
of, 164
functional appliances,
163-164
historical perspectives of, 163
Invisalign, 164
retention appliances, 164
vs. temporary skeletal
anchorage (TADs), 166
diagnoses, accurate, 135
occlusal function, 137,
139f-140f
periodontium responses to,
137
tooth responses to, 137
orthodontic forces, negative
sequelae of, 144-156
alveolar ridge height effects,
144-156
biotype considerations and,
156
cortical plate effects, 144-156
excessive mobility effects, 144
gingiva effects, 144-156
pain, 144
pulp effects, 144
root structure effects, 144,
145f-155f, 157f-160f
orthodontic tooth movement,
136-137
anchorage roles in, 143
applied orthodontic force,
142
biologic basis of, 136
bone responses to, 137-141
continuous vs. interrupted,
142
control of, 142
cortical wall roles in, 143-144
displacement resistance, 143
force duration and decay, 142
forms of, 142
ideal, 142
limiting factors of, 143-144
maximum, 142
mechanical techniques for,
156
medication effects on,
142-143
orthodontic force levels,
141-142
periodontal ligament (PDL)
responses to, 137-141
rate of, 142-143
reciprocal, 143
rotation, 142
sustained force, 137-142
theories of, 137-141
tipping, 142
translation, 142
periodontal ligaments (PDLs)
orthodontic force effects on,
144
structure and function of,
136-137, 136f, 138f
Neck and lower face soft tissues
(Continued)
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
(Continued)
Orthodontic considerations
(Continued)

Volume 1  •  pp 1-1058  •  Volume 2  •  pp 1059-1784
I17
Index
treatment philosophies,
importance of, 135, 166
Orthodontic tooth movement,
136-137. See also
Orthodontic considerations.
Orthognathic surgical principles
and practice
cleft-orthognathic surgeries
bilateral lip/palate (BCLP),
1371-1440
isolated cleft palate (ICP),
1441-1470
unilateral lip/palate (UCLP),
1297-1370
fundamentals
blood loss and fluid
replacement, 308-336
convalescence, 308-336
definition and prevalence,
61-68
facial perspectives, 1-17
formation influences, 69-134
historical perspectives,
18-60
mastication considerations,
227-263
nasal airway considerations,
287-307
orthodontic considerations,
135-170
periodontal considerations,
171-208
psychosocial considerations,
209-226
speech-related considerations,
227-263
swallowing considerations,
227-263
techniques, airway
management, 308-336
techniques, anesthesia,
308-336
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs), 264-286
growth patterns and
presentations
constriction, maxillary arch,
640-685
deficiency, mandibular
(primary), 640-685
deficiency, maxillary, 686-757
deficiency, maxillomandibular,
866-896
deformities, mandibular,
758-806
dentofacial disharmony,
adult, 945-991
dentofacial disharmony,
teenage/young adult,
897-944
excess, mandibular
(asymmetric), 807-865
excess, mandibular (relative),
686-757
excess, maxillary (vertical),
758-806
face, long, 758-806
face, short, 866-896
obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA), 992-1058
protrusive, bimaxillary dental,
897-944
malformations
Binder syndrome, 1159-1181
complex, 1261-1296
craniosynostosis syndromes,
1182-1260
hemifacial microsomia
(HFM), 1095-1158
Treacher Collins syndrome
(TCS), 1059-1094
posttraumatic deformities
aesthetic alterations, chin,
1564-1612
aesthetic alterations, nose,
1613-1702
aesthetic alterations,
prominent ears,
1703-1745
aesthetic alterations, soft
tissues (lower face),
1746-1783
aesthetic alterations, soft
tissues (neck),
1746-1783
idiopathic condylar resorption
(ICR), 1530-1563
jaw, secondary, 1471-1529
secondary jaw deformities,
1471-1529
treatment planning techniques
analytic model-planning,
mandible-first,
424-440
analytic model-planning,
standard, 374-423
complication-related
considerations,
475-542
fundamentals of, 337-373
grafts and grafting, 607-639
malocclusion prevention,
543-606
procedure sequencing,
441-474
OSA. See Obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA).
Osseous genioplasty
biologic foundations of, 1571
pitfall avoidance strategies for,
1594f-1599f, 1601-1602
techniques, 1597-1600,
1597f-1599f
Osteoblasts, 141
Osteochondroma, mandibular
condyle, 807. See also
Asymmetric mandibular
excess.
Osteoclast-mediated bone
resorption, 142-143
Osteoclasts, 141
Osteoconduction, 607, 608f
Osteocytes, 136-137, 136f, 138f
Osteodistraction
mandibular reconstruction,
1121-1122
residual mandibular deformity,
1150
Osteogenesis, 607
Osteogenesis, distraction, 1373,
1436
Osteogenic orthodontics,
accelerated, 164-165
Osteoinduction, 607
Osteotomies
chin, 452f, 464f-467f
dento-osseous segmental, 45
historical perspectives of, 30-32,
42-43, 43f. See also
Historical perspectives.
Le Fort I, 563-567
down-fracture, 287-288,
293f-295f, 296-297
malocclusion and, 563-567.
See also Malocclusion
prevention.
maxillary, 446-448,
447f-448f
modified, 1358-1359
standard, 1358
two-segment, 1358-1359
mandibular, 42-43, 43f
mandibular, anterior segmental,
42-43, 43f
maxillary, 30-32
maxillary, posterior segmental,
43-44, 43f
monobloc/facial bipartition
(MC/FB), 465f, 1237-
1246, 1238f-1247f
oblique, chin, 525-527
sagittal split ramus osteotomies
(SSROs), 486-504,
543-556, 544f-555f
saw-cut tibia, dog model, 48-50
sequencing techniques,
441-474. See also
Sequencing techniques.
unilateral cleft lip/palate
(UCLP), 1299f-1305f,
1307f-1312f, 1317f-1354f,
1357-1359
Oto-mandibular dysostosis,
unilateral, 1095. See also
Hemifacial microsomia
(HFM).
Otoplasty procedures, 1708-1713.
See also Prominent ears.
antihelical fold, creation vs.
deepening, 1709f-1710f,
1712-1713
antihelical fold, marking of,
1712
conchal-mastoid suture
placement, 1712f, 1713
conchal wall resection, 1241f,
1711f, 1712
corneal protection, 1709
draping, 1709
dressing placement, 1713, 1714f
general anesthesia intubation,
1709
local anesthesia, 1709
medications, 1709
postauricular flaps, elevation of,
1708f, 1710-1712
postauricular skin excision,
1707f, 1710
postoperative care, 1713
preparation, 1709
results, assessments, 1713-1714,
1715f-1716f, 1718f-1726f,
1728f-1738f
set-back
earlobe, 1713
lower third of ear, 1713
middle third of ear, 1712f,
1713
resection, 1241f, 1711f, 1712
upper third of ear, 1713
skin closure, 1713
superior helix-mastoid suture
placement, 1713
surgical markings, 1709-1710
Outcomes, patient-centered
assessments, 220-222
Outpatient/home convalescence,
325. See also Convalescence.
anesthesia considerations and,
308-336. See also
Anesthesia and related
considerations.
outpatient regimens, 325
physical therapy, 328b-330b
Outstanding ears, 1703. See also
Prominent ears.
Overgrowth syndromes, 102, 103f
Overjet, 271
Overlying soft-tissue envelope,
351-352
Overnight polysomnography
(PSG), 992
Overoperated face, 1747
Oxygenation maintenance, 318
P
Pacioli, Luca, 345-346, 346f
Palatal fistula, residual, 1443,
1444f-1445f
Palate development, 72, 74f-75f
Palate/lip, cleft. See also Cleft-
orthognathic surgeries.
bilateral (BCLP), 1371-1440
isolated cleft palate (ICP),
1441-1470
unilateral (UCLP), 1297-1370
Paracetamol, 142-143
Parathyroid hormones, 142-143
Partial condylectomy, high,
860-861
Passive self-ligating brackets, 161
Patient-centered assessments,
220-222
Patient education
for bimaxillary dental protrusive
growth pattern procedures,
941
for convalescence, at home/
outpatient and, 326
for long face pattern procedures,
802
for lower face and neck soft
tissues procedures, 1773
for maxillary deficiency
procedures, 754
for maxillary vertical excess
procedures, 802
for prominent ear procedures,
1740
Patient positioning. See Positioning
considerations.
Pattern generators, central (CPGs),
227
Patterns and presentations
constriction, maxillary arch,
640-685
deficiency
mandibular, primary,
640-685
maxillary, 686-757
maxillomandibular, 866-896
Orthodontic considerations
(Continued)
Orthognathic surgical principles
and practice (Continued)
Otoplasty procedures (Continued)

I18
Index
deformities, mandibular,
758-806
dentofacial disharmony
adult, 945-991
teenage/young adult, 897-944
excess
mandibular, asymmetric,
807-865
mandibular, relative, 686-757
maxillary, vertical, 758-806
face
long, 758-806
short, 866-896
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),
992-1058
protrusive, bimaxillary dental,
897-944
PCR. See Progressive condylar
resorption (PCR).
PDLs. See Periodontal ligaments
(PDLs).
Periodontium tissues, 174-178,
174f-175f
alveolar bone, 177-178
cementum, 176-177
gingiva, 174-178, 175f
oral epithelium, 174-175,
174f-175f
periodontal ligaments (PDLs),
176
Periodontal considerations,
171-208
adult orthodontic treatments,
203-204
aging effects, 178
assessments, importance of, 204
degeneration factors, 171
health therapeutics
establishment, 203
orthodontic camouflage
maneuvers, detrimental
effects of, 202-203
long face patterns, 202
maxillary deficiency, 202
primary mandibular
deficiency, 202-203
relative mandibular excess,
202
periodontal disease etiology,
178-181
attachment apparatus lesions,
180
co-destructive factors, 180
dental restorations and,
181
gingival interface and, 181
gingivitis, 178-179,
178f-179f
occlusion trauma, 179-180
orthodontic appliance effects,
180-181
periodontitis, 178-179,
178f-179f
tooth movement forces
effects, 180-181
risk factor assessments, biologic
vs. anatomic, 181-202,
182f-200f
alveolar bone/dental root
ratio, 200-201
biotypes and, 181
gingival biotype, 200
inadequate alveolar bone
effects, 200-201
inadequate attached gingiva
effects, 200
inadequate gingiva coverage,
201-202
inadequate incisor coverage,
201-202
lip incompetence, 201-202
malocclusion effects, 202
mouth breathing effects,
201-202
nasal obstruction effects,
201-202
vertical maxillary excess,
201-202
teeth, 171-174
anatomy of, 172-174, 173f
cementoenamel junction
(CEJ), 172, 173f
cementum, 173f, 174
cervical lines, 172, 173f
cingulum, 173f, 174
crowns, 172, 173f
cusp, 173f, 174
dentin, 173f, 174
enamel, 172-174, 173f
pulp cavity, 173f, 174
root apex, 172, 173f
roots, 172, 173f
structures of, 136f, 171
surfaces of, 138f, 172
Periodontal ligaments (PDLs)
anatomy, 176
orthodontic force effects on,
144
responses of, 137-141
structure and function of,
136-137, 136f, 138f
Periodontitis, 178-179, 178f-179f
Periodontium tissues, 174-178,
174f-175f
alveolar bone, 177-178
cementum, 176-177
gingiva, 174-178, 175f
oral epithelium, 174-175,
174f-175f
periodontal ligaments (PDLs),
176
Perioperative airway management.
See also Airways.
back-up plans, 318-319
decision factors for, 317, 318f
dentofacial deformity
considerations for, 318f,
319-320
difficult airway guidelines, 319
extubation, benchmark airway
parameters checklist for,
323
extubation, criteria for, 321-322
extubation, planning for, 322
extubation, strategies for, 321
face-mask ventilation, adequate,
319
head examinations, 317-318
immediate preintubation
preparation, 320-321
intubation strategies, 319
lower jaw forward protrusion,
inability to, 317
Mallampati test, 318
mouth-opening ability, 317
neck examinations and,
317-318
neck extension, limited,
317-318
oxygenation maintenance, 318
presurgical airway evaluations,
319
thyromental distance, 318
tracheal intubation,
complication prevention
and, 318-319
Periorbital aging, 984-985
Personal motivation, 210,
211f-217f
Pfeiffer syndrome, 1201,
1221f-1227f
Pharyngeal musculature
kinesiologic positions, 237t,
240f
Pharynx, 995, 995f
Phidias, sculptures of, 339, 340f
Philosophy, definitions of, 338
Phonation, 235
Phonemes, 235-236
Physical therapy considerations,
328b-330b
Pierre Robin sequence, 996
Pioneers. See also Historical
perspectives.
in craniofacial surgery, 53-56
in craniomaxillofacial surgery,
47-53
orthodontic, 18-26
Planetary symphony concept,
338
Planning techniques
analytic model-planning
mandible-first, 424-440
standard, 374-423
complication-related
considerations, 475-542
fundamentals, 337-373
clinical evaluations, 351-369.
See also Clinical
evaluations.
ideal facial aesthetics,
337-351. See also Ideal
facial aesthetics.
maxillomandibular surgical
planning, detailed,
360-368
grafts and grafting, 607-639
malocclusion prevention,
543-606
procedure sequencing, 441-474
Plaque-induced inflammatory
response, 180
Plasti-Pore alloplastic materials,
614
Plate removal needs, 479
Plato, 339-341, 340f-341f
Plosive/stop airstream obstruction,
236
Pogonion locations, 368
Polio, Marcus Vitruvius, 342, 342f
Polyacid-modified composite
cements, 162
Polyamide-mesh alloplastic
materials, 614
Polyclitus (Kanon of beauty),
368-369
Polyethylene augmentation
implants, 636
Polykleitos, sculptures of, 338-350,
338f-339f
Polysomnography (PSG), 992
attended, 999
overnight, 992
Pont, Dal, 35-37
Porous
implants
hydroxyapatite bloc, 620-622,
621f-622f
polyethylene augmentation,
636
polyethylene alloplastic
materials, 614
Port wine stains, 1288
Positioning considerations, 309
Postauricular flaps, elevation of,
1708f, 1710-1712
Postauricular skin excision, 1707f,
1710
Posterior cranial vault aesthetic
unit, 1230
Posttraumatic deformities
aesthetic alterations
chin, 1564-1612
prominent ears, 1703-1745
soft tissues, neck vs. lower
face, 1746-1783
idiopathic condylar resorption
(ICR), 1530-1563
jaw, secondary, 1471-1529.
See also Secondary jaw
deformities.
posttraumatic orthognathic
deformities, 1478-1521
posttraumatic
temporomandibular
joint ankylosis,
1471-1475
prevalence of, 1471,
1521-1527
saddle-nose deformity,
1475-1478
segmental dentoalveolar
defects, 1521,
1522f-1526f
Practice and principles
(orthognathic surgery)
cleft-orthognathic surgeries
bilateral lip/palate (BCLP),
1371-1440
isolated cleft palate (ICP),
1441-1470
unilateral lip/palate (UCLP),
1297-1370
fundamentals
blood loss and fluid
replacement, 308-336
convalescence, 308-336
definition and prevalence,
61-68
facial perspectives, 1-17
formation influences, 69-134
historical perspectives,
18-60
mastication considerations,
227-263
nasal airway considerations,
287-307
orthodontic considerations,
135-170
periodontal considerations,
171-208
psychosocial considerations,
209-226
speech-related considerations,
227-263
swallowing considerations,
227-263
techniques, airway
management, 308-336
Patterns and presentations
(Continued)
Periodontium tissues (Continued)
Perioperative airway management
(Continued)

Volume 1  •  pp 1-1058  •  Volume 2  •  pp 1059-1784
I19
Index
techniques, anesthesia,
308-336
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs), 264-286
growth patterns and
presentations
constriction, maxillary arch,
640-685
deficiency, mandibular
(primary), 640-685
deficiency, maxillary,
686-757
deficiency, maxillomandibular,
866-896
deformities, mandibular,
758-806
dentofacial disharmony,
adult, 945-991
dentofacial disharmony,
teenage/young adult,
897-944
excess, mandibular
(asymmetric), 807-865
excess, mandibular (relative),
686-757
excess, maxillary (vertical),
758-806
face, long, 758-806
face, short, 866-896
obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA), 992-1058
protrusive, bimaxillary dental,
897-944
malformations
Binder syndrome, 1159-1181
complex, 1261-1296
craniosynostosis syndromes,
1182-1260
hemifacial microsomia
(HFM), 1095-1158
Treacher Collins syndrome
(TCS), 1059-1094
posttraumatic deformities
aesthetic alterations, chin,
1564-1612
aesthetic alterations,
prominent ears,
1703-1745
aesthetic alterations, soft
tissues (lower face),
1746-1783
aesthetic alterations, soft
tissues (neck),
1746-1783
idiopathic condylar resorption
(ICR), 1530-1563
jaw, secondary, 1471-1529
treatment planning techniques
analytic model-planning,
mandible-first, 424-440
analytic model-planning,
standard, 374-423
complication-related
considerations, 475-542
fundamentals, 337-373
grafts and grafting, 607-639
malocclusion prevention,
543-606
procedure sequencing,
441-474
Preferred occlusion, 143
Preintubation preparation,
320-321
Premature suture closure, 70f-71f,
91-92, 92f-102f
Preorthodontic periodontal
checklist, 689-694
Presentations and patterns
constriction, maxillary arch,
640-685
deficiency
mandibular (primary),
640-685
maxillary, 686-757
maxillomandibular, 866-896
deformities, mandibular,
758-806
dentofacial disharmony
adult, 945-991
teenage/young adult, 897-944
excess
mandibular, asymmetric,
807-865
mandibular, relative, 686-757
maxillary, vertical, 758-806
face
long, 758-806
short, 866-896
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),
992-1058
protrusive patterns, bimaxillary
dental, 897-944
Pressure-tension theory, 137-141
Presurgical orthodontic treatments,
861
Pretap concept, 50
Prevalence and definitions, 61-68
dental compensation for skeletal
discrepancy, 61, 62f
dentofacial deformity
definitions, 61, 66
diagnoses, accurate, 63-64
interdisciplinary approaches, 61
jaw deformity and malocclusion
prevalence, 64-65
horizontal/sagittal dimension,
64
U.K. Index of Treatment
Need, 65
U.S. Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey III
(NHANES III), 64
vertical dimension, 64
orthodontic-introduced dental
compensation, 61
orthognathic procedures, 66
Prevention techniques,
malocclusion, 543-606
in Le Fort I osteotomies,
563-567
early malocclusion, 544f-
555f, 563-566
immediate malocclusion,
544f-555f, 563-566
late malocclusion, 564f-566f,
566-567, 568f-570f
technical errors, 567
orthodontic movement
limitations and, 543
in orthodontic treatments,
567-595, 568f-592f
dental stability, 567-595
relapse, 567-595
specific dentofacial growth
patterns, 593-595
prevalence of, 599
in sagittal split ramus
osteotomies (SSROs),
mandibular, 543-556,
544f-555f
condylar resorption, 556,
557f-559f
continued growth,
mandibular, 556,
560f-566f
early malocclusion, 543-555
immediate malocclusion,
543-555
late malocclusion, 555-556
malunion, ramus, 556
remodeling, ramus, 556
in transverse maxillary
deficiency, 593-595
Primary mandibular deficiency,
640-685
camouflage approach,
orthodontic, 642-643
clinical characteristics of, 641
definitive reconstruction,
302f-304f, 643-682,
643f-647f, 649f-669f,
674f-682f
basic approach, 682
complications of, 683
informed consent for, 683
objectives of, 641-642
patient education of, 683
postsurgical orthodontic
maintenance, 682-683
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) and, 683
timing of, 641-642
dental findings of, 641
functional aspects of, 640
growth modification roles, 642
historical perspectives of, 640
maxillary arch constriction,
with/without, 640-685
in preadolescent patients, 642
prevalence of, 640, 683
radiographic findings of, 641
treatment indications for,
641-642
Primary occlusal trauma, 137
Principles and practice
(orthognathic surgery)
cleft-orthognathic surgeries
bilateral lip/palate (BCLP),
1371-1440
isolated cleft palate (ICP),
1441-1470
unilateral lip/palate (UCLP),
1297-1370
fundamentals
blood loss and fluid
replacement, 308-336
convalescence, 308-336
definition and prevalence,
61-68
facial perspectives, 1-17
formation influences, 69-134
historical perspectives,
18-60
mastication considerations,
227-263
nasal airway considerations,
287-307
orthodontic considerations,
135-170
periodontal considerations,
171-208
psychosocial considerations,
209-226
speech-related considerations,
227-263
swallowing considerations,
227-263
techniques, airway
management, 308-336
techniques, anesthesia,
308-336
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs), 264-286
growth patterns and
presentations
constriction, maxillary arch,
640-685
deficiency, mandibular
(primary), 640-685
deficiency, maxillary,
686-757
deficiency, maxillomandibular,
866-896
deformities, mandibular,
758-806
dentofacial disharmony,
adult, 945-991
dentofacial disharmony,
teenage/young adult,
897-944
excess, mandibular
(asymmetric), 807-865
excess, mandibular (relative),
686-757
excess, maxillary (vertical),
758-806
face, long, 758-806
face, short, 866-896
obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA), 992-1058
protrusive patterns,
bimaxillary dental,
897-944
malformations
Binder syndrome, 1159-1181
complex, 1261-1296
craniosynostosis syndromes,
1182-1260
hemifacial microsomia
(HFM), 1095-1158
Treacher Collins syndrome
(TCS), 1059-1094
posttraumatic deformities
aesthetic alterations, chin,
1564-1612
aesthetic alterations,
prominent ears,
1703-1745
aesthetic alterations, soft
tissues (lower face),
1746-1783
aesthetic alterations, soft
tissues (neck),
1746-1783
idiopathic condylar
resorption (ICR),
1530-1563
jaw, secondary, 1471-1529
Practice and principles
(orthognathic surgery)
(Continued)
Prevention techniques,
malocclusion (Continued)
Principles and practice
(orthognathic surgery)
(Continued)

I20
Index
treatment planning techniques
analytic model-planning,
mandible-first, 424-440
analytic model-planning,
standard, 374-423
complication-related
considerations, 475-542
fundamentals, 337-373
grafts and grafting, 607-639
malocclusion prevention,
543-606
procedure sequencing,
441-474
Procedure planning techniques
analytic model-planning
mandible-first, 424-440
standard, 374-423
complication-related
considerations, 475-542
fundamentals, 337-373
grafts and grafting, 607-639
malocclusion prevention,
543-606
sequencing, 441-474
Procrit, 313
Production, speech, 235, 236f
Profitt, William R., 25-26, 26f
Progressive condylar resorption
(PCR)
case studies of, 1534b-1538b,
1534f-1537f, 1548b,
1549f-1553f
vs. idiopathic condylar
resorption (ICR), 1548b,
1549f-1553f. See also
Idiopathic condylar
resorption (ICR).
Prolonged vector-controlled forces,
137
Prominent ears, 1703-1745
aesthetic considerations for. See
Aesthetics.
anatomy, 1704f, 1705
binding, 1739-1740
complications and suboptimal
results, 1714-1739
abscesses, stitch, 1739
antihelical folds, too-sharp,
1714
chondritis, 1739
conchal hypertrophy,
inadequate management
of, 1714
ear asymmetry, residual,
1731-1739
external auditory canal,
pinching of, 1714
flat ear appearance,
postsurgical, 1739
infection, cartilage, 1739
necrosis with skin loss,
1739
prevalence of, 1714
prominent earlobe, excessive,
1730
scar formation, abnormal,
1739
suture granulomas, 1739
upper helix failure vs. relapse,
1730-1731
embryology of, 1705
historical perspectives of,
1704-1705
non-surgical correction,
newborns, 1739-1740
vs. normal ears, 1703, 1704f,
1740
objectives for, 1706
ear axis, 1706
ear position, 1706
ear protrusion, 1706
ear size, 1706
otoplasty procedures for,
1708-1713
antihelical fold, creation vs.
deepening, 1709f-1710f,
1712-1713
antihelical fold, marking of,
1712
conchal-mastoid suture
placement, 1712f, 1713
conchal wall resection, 1241f,
1711f, 1712
corneal protection, 1709
draping, 1709
general anesthesia intubation,
1709
local anesthesia, 1709
medications, 1709
postauricular flaps, elevation
of, 1708f, 1710-1712
postauricular skin excision,
1707f, 1710
postoperative care, 1713
preparation, 1709
results, assessments,
1713-1714, 1715f-
1716f, 1718f-1726f,
1728f-1738f
set-back, earlobe, 1713
set-back, lower third of ear,
1713
set-back, middle third of ear,
1712f, 1713
set-back, resection, 1241f,
1711f, 1712
set-back, upper third of ear,
1713
skin closure, 1713
superior helix-mastoid suture
placement, 1713
surgical markings, 1709-1710
patient education materials for,
1740
prevalence of, 1183, 1703-1704
surgical goals for, 1704
surgical principles for,
1706-1707
goals, 1704
techniques, 1707-1708,
1707f-1712f
timing, 1705-1706
Proplast alloplastic materials, 614
Proportion fundamentals, 337
Prosopagnosia, 12-15, 15f
Prostaglandin E, 141
Protrusion, ear, 1706
Protrusive growth patterns,
bimaxillary, 897-944
characteristics of, 942
clinical characteristics of, 898,
942
dental findings for, 898
functional aspects of, 898
orthodontic approach
historical perspectives of, 899
studies of, 899-940
techniques, 900f-939f
prevalence of, 897
radiologic findings for, 898-899
surgical approaches, 940-941
complications of, 941
informed consent and, 941
malocclusion after, 941-942
patient education for, 941
presurgical considerations,
941
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) and, 942
treatment pitfalls of, 899
Protrusive patterns, bimaxillary,
897-944
PSG. See Polysomnography (PSG).
Psychiatric genetics, 15-16, 15t
Psychological considerations, 987
Psychosocial considerations,
209-226
body dysmorphic disorder
(BDD), 219
convalescence, educational
perspectives, 220
decision-making processes,
patient vs. family, 219
outcomes, patient-centered
assessments, 220-222
presurgical, 210-219
baseline eating disorders, 218
baseline mental health, 218
high-risk social behaviors,
218
personal motivation, 210,
211f-217f
social interaction issues,
218-219
psychological functioning, 219
quality of life, health-related,
220-222
reviews of, 223
successful outcomes,
controversies of, 222-223
Puckering, ear, 1708
Pulp effects, 144
Pyriform rim, recontouring, 451f,
464f
Pythagorus, 338-350, 338f
Q
Quality of life, health-related,
220-222
R
Ramus defects, ascending,
623-626
Range-of-motion (ROM)
cervical spine, 360
mandibular, 269, 360
neck, 360
Ratio
extreme and mean (Euclid),
337
Golden, 337, 342
Rear undermining resorption, 180
Reciprocal tooth movement, 143.
See also Tooth.
Recombinant human
erythropoietin, 313
Recontouring, nasal floor, 290f,
295f, 297-301, 298f-300f
Registration, face-bow, 375f-385f,
408-416, 409f-415f
Rehabilitation, comprehensive,
982
Reinforced resin composite
brackets, 161
Rejuvenation
facial, 983-986
craniofacial morphologic
changes, 985-986
mandibular skeletal changes,
986
midface aging and, 984-985
morphologic differentiation,
985-986
periorbital aging and,
984-985
special considerations for,
983-984
midface and neck, 1749-1767
Relative mandibular excess
patterns, 686-757. See also
Excess patterns.
Removable appliances, 163-164.
See also Appliances.
clinical judgment, importance
of, 164
functional appliances, 163-164
historical perspectives of, 163
Invisalign, 164
retention appliances, 164
vs. temporary skeletal anchorage
(TADs), 166
Reorientations
jaw, 368
mandibular cast, 418
maxilla, 417
maxillary, 367-368
Repetitive swallowing cycle, 233
Replacement, fluid. See Fluid
replacement and blood loss.
Resin composite brackets, 161
Resorbable fixation, 479-481
Resorption
cementum, 180
condylar idiopathic (ICR),
1530-1563. See also
Idiopathic condylar
resorption (ICR).
case studies of, 1534
clinical perspectives of,
1531-1532
etiology theories of,
1530-1531, 1560
favorable results of, 1560
jaw deformity correction,
clinical approaches to,
1533
morphologic findings of,
1530
prevalence of, 1530
osteoclast-mediated, 142-143
undermining, 141
undermining, frontal vs. rear,
180
Respiration pattern effects, 115,
116f-117f
Retention appliances, 164. See also
Appliances.
Retinal cell transplantation, 12
Retroflossal region, upper airway,
995, 995f
Retrognathism, 29-30
Retropalatal region, upper airway,
995, 995f
Revascularization, 44
Reverse Trendelenburg position,
309
Rhythmos principle, 338-339
Ribbon arch, 21-22
Principles and practice
(orthognathic surgery)
(Continued)
Prominent ears (Continued)
Protrusive growth patterns,
bimaxillary (Continued)

Volume 1  •  pp 1-1058  •  Volume 2  •  pp 1059-1784
I21
Index
Rib donor sites, autogenous,
623-626. See also Donor sites.
Rickett’s dividers, 350, 350f
Ridging
digastric muscle, 1766
midline, 1766
Robin sequence, 91
Rod-cone dystrophies, 12
Roll orientation, 361-362
ROM. See Range-of-motion
(ROM).
Root
apex, 172, 173f
structure effects, 144, 145f-
155f, 157f-160f
Roots
anatomic, 172, 173f
Rosen, Harvey, 50-53
Rotational control, fixed
appliances, 161. See also Fixed
appliances.
Rubella virus, 75
S
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, 1201
Sagittal split ramus osteotomies
(SSROs)
bleeding, significant, 503-504
mandibular, 486-504
nerve injuries
facial, 503
lingual, 502-503, 503f
mental, 500-502, 500f-501f
Saw-cut tibia osteotomies, dog
model, 48-50
Schange, J.M. Alexis, 18-20
Schmid, Edward, 33-34
Schuchardt, Hans, 47-48
Schuchardt, Karl, 30-31
Screw removal needs, 479
Secondary jaw deformities,
1471-1529
posttraumatic orthognathic
deformities, 1478-1521
clinical characteristics of,
1478-1480
condylar fractures, 1480-
1521, 1484f-1521f
late secondary consequences,
1480-1521
malunion after midface (Le
Fort I) fracture, 1480,
1481f-1483f
posttraumatic saddle-nose
deformity, 1475-1478
bone and cartilage vault
involvement, 1475,
1476f-1478f
cartilage vault only
involvement, 1475,
1476f-1478f
clinical characteristics of,
1475, 1476f-1479f
posttraumatic segmental
dentoalveolar defects,
1521, 1522f-1526f
posttraumatic
temporomandibular joint
ankylosis, 1471-1475
controversies of, 1472-1475
observations for, 1475
in pediatric patients,
1471-1475
recommendations for, 1475
studies of, 1471-1472,
1473f-1474f
unresolved issues of,
1472-1475
prevalence of, 1471, 1521-1527
Secondary occlusal trauma, 137
Segmental soft-tissue approach,
1768-1769, 1768f-1769f
Segmentation, 368, 417
Self-correction, 91
Self-etching primers, 162
Self-ligating brackets, 142,
161-162
Semi-adjustable articulators,
408-416
Sensory loss, 987-988
Sensory recovery, 988
Septal deflections, 287-288
Septal thickenings, 287-288
Septoplasty, 451-452, 453f-454f
Sequencing techniques, 441-474
approaches to, 441, 473-474
historical perspectives of, 441
orthognathic and simultaneous
procedures, 441-473
anesthesia, emergence from,
471-473
anterior nasal spine,
recontouring, 451f,
464f
anterior neck soft tissue
management, 471
cortical cuts, 442-446,
444f-445f
inferior turbinates, reduction
of, 451-452, 453f-454f
mandibular wisdom teeth,
removal of, 467-468
maxillary wisdom teeth,
removal of, 455, 455f
maxilla, segmentation of,
448-449, 449f, 455-458,
456f-458f
nasal floor, recontouring,
451f, 464f
osteotomies, chin, 452f,
464f-467f
osteotomies, maxillary (Le
Fort I), 446-451,
447f-448f, 450f-453f,
458-461, 459f-463f
osteotomies, sagittal split
ramus (SSROs),
442-446, 444f-445f,
465-471, 468f-470f,
472f-473f
preparation and draping,
441-442, 442f-444f
pyriform rim, recontouring,
451f, 464f
septoplasty, 451-452,
453f-454f
wound closure, 471, 473f
Set-back
earlobe, 1713
lower third of ear, 1713
middle third of ear, 1712f,
1713
resection, 1241f, 1711f, 1712
upper third of ear, 1713
Set back/setting back concept, 28
Sharpey’s fibers, 175-176, 175f
Short face patterns, 866-896. See
also Face.
Class II
Division I, 893
Division II, 893
clinical characteristics of, 867
clinical examinations for, 758,
866
definitive reconstruction,
892-894
complications of, 894
informed consent of, 894
malocclusion after, 894-895
orthodontic preparation, 893
patient education for, 894
presurgical planning, 894
surgical approaches, 893-894
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) and, 895
timing of, 892-893
dental findings for, 867
functional aspects of, 866-867
growth modification,
preadolescent patients,
867-892
postsurgical orthodontic
maintenance, 894
radiographic findings for, 867
treatment indications and
objectives for, 867,
868f-892f, 895
Significant bleeding, 503-504. See
also Blood replacement and
related considerations.
Silicon alloplastic materials, 614
Silver splints, 32
Sinus blockage, 1373-1428, 1443,
1444f-1445f
Six Elements of Orofacial Harmony
(Andrews), 25
Six Keys of Optimal Occlusion
(Andrews), 25
Skeletal
augmentation, face, 636
changes, mandibular, 986
growth, influences of, 105-118,
109f-112f
mobilization, inadequate,
567
reconstruction staging,
1072-1087, 1073f-1079f
bone-anchor hearing aid
(BAHA) options,
1090-1091
external auditory canal
reconstruction,
1090-1091
external ear reconstruction,
1089-1090
facial soft tissue
reconstruction, 1089
mandibular reconstruction,
first-stage (during mixed
dentition), 1088-1089
mandibular reconstruction,
first-stage (in newborns),
1087-1088
maxillomandibular
reconstruction,
1072-1087
middle ear reconstruction,
1090-1091
nasal reconstruction,
1074f-1076f, 1089
orbital reconstruction, 1072,
1073f-1083f
zygomatic reconstruction,
1072, 1073f-1083f
stability, post-reconstruction,
1177
method comparisons, 1177
patient comparisons, 1177
result comparisons, 1177
Skull
comparisons, 5-6, 6f-8f
development of, 69-72, 70f-71f
Sleep apnea, obstructive (OSA),
992-1058
airway management and, 1002
in childhood, 1000-1002
clinical characteristics of,
993-1000, 995f, 997f-998f
anatomy, 995, 995f
apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)
and, 992-1000
associated syndromes, 996
body mass index (BMI) and,
995-996, 995f
central sleep apnea, 1000
mandibular prognathism and,
996
pathophysiology, 993-997
sleep electroencephalograms
(EEGs) and, 994
upper airway resistance
syndrome (UARS), 994
clinical evaluations for, 997-999
apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)
and, 992-1000
attended polysomnography,
999
cephalometric upper airway
length (UAL), 999
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
(ESS), 998
overnight polysomnography
(PSG), 992
severity assessments,
993-1000
diagnoses of, 993-1000
etiology of, 992
functional obstruction sites,
995f, 997f, 1000
intranasal, 1000
retroglossal, 1000
retropalatal, 1000
prevalence of, 992
public health burden of, 1049
risk factors for, 996-997
severity of, 993-1000
studies of, 992
treatment options for,
1011f-1045f
bariatric surgery, 1002-1008
continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP), 1009
maxillary-mandibular chin
advancement (MMCA),
992-1000
oral appliances, 1009-1010
spectrum of, 1010-1045
studies of, 1002
upper airway surgery,
1010-1045
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
(UPPP), 1010-1045
treatment rationales for, 993
Secondary jaw deformities
(Continued)
Skeletal (Continued)

I22
Index
Slides, occlusal
centric relation-centric occlusion
(CR-CO), 271
limited, 271
SMAS. See Superficial muscular
aponeurotic system (SMAS).
Social behaviors, high-risk, 218
Social interaction issues, 218-219
Social-psycho considerations,
209-226
Soft tissue-only approach, 1767
Soft tissues, face vs. neck,
1746-1783. See also
Aesthetics.
complications and unfavorable
results, 1766
contour irregularities, 1766
digastric muscle ridging,
1766
hematoma, 1766
infection, 1766
midline ridging, 1766
nerve injury, 1766
skin irregularities, 1766
skin necrosis, 1766
submandibular gland,
1766
submental fullness, residual,
1766
submental hollowing,
residual, 1766
facial envelope, aging of,
70f-71f, 1746-1749
characteristics of, 1747
factors of, 1746-1747
superficial muscular
aponeurotic system
(SMAS), 1746,
1749-1754
midface and neck rejuvenation
approaches
anterior neck approach,
1758-1766
cervical fascia management,
1762-1763
midface and neck rejuvenation,
approaches to, 1749-1767
anterior neck approach,
1758-1766
cervical fascia management,
1762-1763
cervical flap elevation,
1762-1763
face-lift approach, traditional,
1749-1758,
1755f-1761f
neck defatting, 1762-1763
patient selection for, 1762
platysma muscle
management,
1762-1763
submental approach,
1758-1766
midface and neck rejuvenation,
principles of, 1747-1749
baseline maxillomandibular
skeletal disharmony,
1748f, 1749,
1750f-1754f
degenerative skin changes,
1749
facial harmony, 1747
fat atrophy vs. hypertrophy,
1749
volume redistribution vs. skin
tension, 1749
mobilization, inadequate, 567
patient education materials for,
1773
treatment pitfalls, 1766-1767
dental-only approach,
1767-1768
segmental soft-tissue
approach, 1768-1769,
1768f-1769f
soft tissue-only approach,
1767
Spatial orientation
articulator-mounted mandibular
unit, 416
articulator-mounted maxillary
unit, 416
Spatial relationship captures,
408-416
Specialized mucosa, 174-175,
174f-175f
Speech-mastication-swallowing
considerations, 227-263
functional mechanisms of, 227
interdisciplinary evaluations,
259
jaw deformities with
malocclusion effects,
240-253
cause-effect relationships,
252-253
historical perspectives of,
240-252
studies of, 240-252,
241f-251f
mastication mechanisms,
230-232, 231f
neuromuscular masticatory
system, 227, 228f-229f,
230t
central pattern generators
(CPGs) and, 227
dynamic balance of, 227
muscles of, 227, 230t
processes of, 227, 228f-229f
orthodontics effects, 253-259
orthognathic surgery effects,
253-259
patient satisfaction, 259
physiologic mechanisms of, 227
speech, 235-240
air stream obstruction
categories, 236
articulation, 235
articulators, individual,
235-236, 237t,
238f-239f
assessments, 237, 237b
consonant sounds, 236
error types, 237-240
kinesiologic positions, 237t,
238f
mechanisms, 235, 235f
phonation, 235
phonemes, 235-236
production, 235, 236f
unvoiced sounds, 235
vocal tract variables, 236
voiced sounds, 235
vowel sounds, 236
swallowing mechanisms,
232-235, 233f-234f
assessments, 235
first stage, 233
in normal adult, 232
in normal child, 232-233,
234f
processes of, 232
repetitive swallowing cycle,
233
second stage, 233-235
third stage, 235
velopharyngeal function effects,
254-259, 255f-258f
assessments, 259
velopharyngeal insufficiency
(VPI), 254-259,
255f-258f
Spiessel, Bernd, 50
Split strength, inadequate, 567
SSROs. See Sagittal split ramus
osteotomies (SSROs).
Stainless steel arch wires, 162
Standard analytic model-planning,
374-423. See also Analytic
model-planning.
accuracy of, 389f-393f, 406-407
alginate impressions, 380f-385f,
415
casts, impression, 380f-385f,
415
components of, 374, 375f-404f
controversies of, 405-408
articular device options,
405
bite registration materials,
379f-380f, 406
capturing, 406
centric relation (CR) capture,
379f-380f, 405-406
computer-aided software
design, 408
face-bow device options,
405
model-planning techniques,
accuracy of, 406-407
site measurements, inaccurate,
406
direct visual examinations,
408
Erickson Model Table for,
389f-393f, 406
reorientation, maxillary casts,
417
site measurements, maxilla
reorientation, 406
spatial orientation,
articulator-mounted
mandibular unit, 416
spatial orientation,
articulator-mounted
maxillary unit, 416
face-bow registration and
transfer, 375f-385f,
408-416, 409f-415f
goals of, 374-405, 420
intermediate splint contraction,
maxilla positioning,
417-418
key measurements, 408
key steps for, 375f-393f, 407
reorientation
mandibular cast, 418
maxilla, 417
segmentation, maxilla, 417
semi-adjustable articulators,
408-416
spatial relationship captures,
408-416
splints
final contraction, mandible
positioning, 418
prefabricated acrylic, finishing
of, 418-419
standard facial records, 408
studies of, 419-420
materials and methods, 419
planned vs. actual procedural
comparisons, 420f, 421t
radiographic analyses, 419,
420f
results, 419-420
Standard facial records, 408
Step-by-step sequencing
techniques, 441-474
approaches to, 441, 473-474
historical perspectives of, 441
orthognathic and simultaneous
procedures, 441-473
anesthesia, emergence from,
471-473
anterior nasal spine,
recontouring, 451f, 464f
cortical cuts, 442-446,
444f-445f
inferior turbinates, reduction
of, 451-452, 453f-454f
mandibular wisdom teeth,
removal of, 467-468
maxillary wisdom teeth,
removal of, 455, 455f
maxilla, segmentation of,
448-449, 449f, 455-458,
456f-458f
nasal floor, recontouring,
451f, 464f
osteotomies, chin, 452f,
464f-467f
osteotomies, maxillary (Le
Fort I), 446-451,
447f-448f, 450f-453f,
458-461, 459f-463f
osteotomies, sagittal split
ramus (SSROs),
442-446, 444f-445f,
465-471, 468f-470f,
472f-473f
preparation and draping,
441-442, 442f-444f
pyriform rim, recontouring,
451f, 464f
septoplasty, 451-452,
453f-454f
wound closure, 471, 473f
Sterile freeze-dried iliac grafts,
622-623. See also Grafts and
grafting.
Stickler syndrome, 85f-89f, 91
Straight-wire appliances, 25
Strong vs. weak chin, 1564-1571.
See also Chin.
Struge-Weber syndrome,
1282-1288
Submandibular gland, 1766
Submental
fullness, residual, 1766
hollowing, residual, 1766
Substitutes, grafts, 608-609. See
also Grafts and grafting.
Substitution speech errors,
237-240
Sulcular epithelium, 174-175,
174f-175f
Soft tissues, face vs. neck
(Continued)
Speech-mastication-swallowing
considerations (Continued)
Standard analytic model-planning
(Continued)

Volume 1  •  pp 1-1058  •  Volume 2  •  pp 1059-1784
I23
Index
Summetria concept, 338-339
Superelastic arch wires, 162
Superficial muscular aponeurotic
system (SMAS), 1746,
1749-1754
Superior helix-mastoid suture
placement, 1713
SureSmile system, 161
Surgery and Diseases of the Mouth
and Jaw (Blair), 19f, 29
Surgical principles and practice
cleft-orthognathic surgeries
bilateral lip/palate (BCLP),
1371-1440
isolated cleft palate (ICP),
1441-1470
unilateral lip/palate (UCLP),
1297-1370
fundamentals
blood loss and fluid
replacement, 308-336
convalescence, 308-336
definition and prevalence,
61-68
facial perspectives, 1-17
formation influences, 69-134
historical perspectives, 18-60
mastication considerations,
227-263
nasal airway considerations,
287-307
psychosocial considerations,
209-226
speech-related considerations,
227-263
swallowing considerations,
227-263
techniques, airway
management, 308-336
techniques, anesthesia,
308-336
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs), 264-286
growth patterns and
presentations
constriction, maxillary arch,
640-685
deficiency, mandibular
(primary), 640-685
deficiency, maxillary, 686-757
deficiency, maxillomandibular,
866-896
deformities, mandibular,
758-806
dentofacial disharmony,
adult, 945-991
dentofacial disharmony,
teenage/young adult,
897-944
excess, mandibular
(asymmetric), 807-865
excess, mandibular (relative),
686-757
excess, maxillary (vertical),
758-806
face, long, 758-806
face, short, 866-896
obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA), 992-1058
protrusive, bimaxillary dental,
897-944
malformations
Binder syndrome, 1159-1181
complex, 1261-1296
craniosynostosis syndromes,
1182-1260
hemifacial microsomia
(HFM), 1095-1158
Treacher Collins syndrome
(TCS), 1059-1094
posttraumatic deformities
aesthetic alterations, chin,
1564-1612
aesthetic alterations,
prominent ears,
1703-1745
aesthetic alterations, soft
tissues (lower face),
1746-1783
aesthetic alterations, soft
tissues (neck),
1746-1783
idiopathic condylar
resorption (ICR),
1530-1563
jaw, secondary, 1471-1529
treatment planning techniques
analytic model-planning,
mandible-first, 424-440
analytic model-planning,
standard, 374-423
complication-related
considerations,
475-542
grafts and grafting, 607-639
malocclusion prevention,
543-606
procedure sequencing,
441-474
Suture closure, premature, 70f-71f,
91-92, 92f-102f
Suture granulomas, 1739
Swallowing-mastication-speech
considerations, 227-263
functional mechanisms of,
227
interdisciplinary evaluations,
259
jaw deformities with
malocclusion effects,
240-253
cause-effect relationships,
252-253
historical perspectives of,
240-252
studies of, 240-252,
241f-251f
mastication mechanisms,
230-232, 231f
neuromuscular masticatory
system, 227, 228f-229f,
230t
central pattern generators
(CPGs) and, 227
dynamic balance of, 227
muscles of, 227, 230t
processes of, 227, 228f-229f
orthodontics effects, 253-259
orthognathic surgery effects,
253-259
patient satisfaction, 259
physiologic mechanisms of,
227
speech, 235-240
air stream obstruction
categories, 236
articulation, 235
articulators, individual,
235-236, 237t,
238f-239f
assessments, 237, 237b
consonant sounds, 236
error types, 237-240
kinesiologic positions, 237t,
238f
mechanisms, 235, 235f
phonation, 235
phonemes, 235-236
production, 235, 236f
unvoiced sounds, 235
vocal tract variables, 236
voiced sounds, 235
vowel sounds, 236
swallowing mechanisms,
232-235, 233f-234f
assessments, 235
first stage, 233
in normal adult, 232
in normal child, 232-233,
234f
processes of, 232
repetitive swallowing cycle,
233
second stage, 233-235
third stage, 235
velopharyngeal function effects,
254-259, 255f-258f
assessments, 259
velopharyngeal insufficiency
(VPI), 254-259,
255f-258f
Symbolic transformation, 1
Symbolism, 1
Symmetry fundamentals, 337
Syndromes
Apert, 1184-1200, 1190f-1193f,
1707f-1709f
Binder, 1159-1181
brachial arch, 73-77, 76f-77f
Carpenter, 1226
craniosynostosis, 1182-1260
Crouzon, 1201, 1202f-1207f,
1213f-1220f, 1247f-1249f,
1249-1251, 1711f
Down (Trisomy 21), 1265-1271
formation influences on,
73-102. See also Formation
influences.
Goldenblat, 1095. See also
Hemifacial microsomia
(HFM).
Goldenhar, 73-77, 76f-77f
influences on, 73-102
overgrowth, 102, 103f
Pfeiffer, 1201, 1221f-1227f
Saethre-Chotzen, 1201
Stickler, 85f-89f, 91
Struge-Weber, 1282-1288
Treacher Collins (TCS), 73-77,
76f-77f, 1059-1094
Treacher Collins-Francescherri,
55
upper airway resistance (UARS),
994
van der Wound, 77-91,
84f
velocardiofacial (VCFS),
1288
T
TADs. See Temporary anchorage
devices (TADs).
TCS. See Treacher Collins
syndrome (TCS).
Teenage/young adult dentofacial
disharmony, 897-944. See also
Dentofacial disharmonies.
bimaxillary dental protrusive
growth patterns, 897-944
characteristics of, 942
clinical characteristics of, 898
dental findings for, 898
functional aspects of, 898
orthodontic approach, 898
historical perspectives of, 899
studies of, 899-940
techniques, 900f-939f
prevalence of, 897
radiologic findings for, 898-899
surgical approaches, 940-941
complications of, 941
informed consent and, 941
malocclusion after, 941-942
patient education for, 941
postsurgical considerations,
941
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) and, 942
treatment pitfalls of, 899
Teflon alloplastic materials, 614
Telephone ear, 1703-1704
Telephone ear appearance,
postsurgical, 1739
Templin-Daley Screening Test of
Articulation, 237, 237b
Temporary anchorage devices
(TADs), 142-143
Temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs), 264-286
approaches to, 264-269,
265f-269f
asymmetric mandibular excess
and, 862-863
bimaxillary dental protrusive
growth patterns and, 942
complications and, 478
global head and neck
assessments and, 360
incidence of, 264-269
jaw deformity effects on,
274-277
mandibular range-of-motion
(ROM), 269
maxillary deficiencies and,
754
National Institutes of Health
(NIH) treatment guidelines
for, 278
occlusal conditions associated
with, 271-272
centric relation-centric
occlusion (CR-CO)
slides, 271
multifactorial analyses of,
272
overjet, 271
posterior teeth, missing, 272
unilateral maxillary (lingual)
crossbite, 271-272
occlusal features and factors of,
269-271, 270b
occlusion effects on, 277-278
open joint procedures and, 278
Surgical principles and practice
(Continued)
Swallowing-mastication-speech
considerations (Continued)

I24
Index
orthodontic treatment effects
on, 272-274
comparisons of, 273-274
historical perspectives of,
272-273
preventative-specific
treatments, 273
relief-specific treatments,
273
studies of, 272-273
orthognathic correction effects
on, 274-277
comparisons of, 277
historical perspectives of,
274-277
studies of, 274-277
prevalence of, 278
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
diagnostic categories and,
269-271, 270b
Temporomandibular joint
(TMJ)-mandibular
malformation classifications,
1069-1072, 1070f-1071f
bone-anchored hearing aid
(BAHA) options,
1151-1152
comparisons of, 1111
costochondral graft
reconstruction, mandibular,
1122-1150, 1123f-1149f
external auditory canal
reconstruction, 1151-1152
external ear reconstruction,
1151
facial soft tissue reconstruction,
1150-1151
first-stage mandibular
reconstruction, 1114-1150,
1115f-1120f
maxillofacial reconstruction,
1113-1114
mixed dentition, 1114-1150,
1115f-1120f
orbital reconstruction,
1111-1113, 1112f
osteodistraction
mandibular reconstruction,
1121-1122
osteodistraction, residual
mandibular deformity,
1150
zygomatic reconstruction,
1111-1113, 1112f
Tessier intracranial approach,
55
Tessier, Paul Louis, 33-34, 34f,
53-56, 55f-56f
Thalidomide, 75
Thermally-induced superelastic
arch wires, 162
Thickenings, septal, 287-288
Third molar management,
478-479, 480f
Three-segment maxilla
segmentation, 455-458,
456f-458f
Thyromental distance, 318
Thyroxin, 142-143
Tipping, 142
Tissues, soft. See Soft tissues, face
vs. neck.
Tissue structure deficiencies,
73
Titanium
fixation, 479-481
titanium-nickel alloy
arch wires, 162
brackets, 142
TMDs. See Temporomandibular
disorders (TMDs).
TMJ. See Temporomandibular
joint (TMJ)-mandibular
malformation classifications.
Too-sharp antihelical folds, 1714
Tooth
anatomy, 173f, 174
movement, orthodontic,
136-137. See also
Orthodontic
considerations.
anchorage roles in, 143
applied orthodontic force,
142
biologic basis of, 136
bone responses to, 137-141
continuous vs. interrupted,
142
control of, 142
cortical wall roles in, 143-144
displacement resistance, 143
force duration and decay,
142
forms of, 142
ideal, 142
limiting factors of, 143-144
maximum, 142
mechanical techniques for,
156
medication effects on,
142-143
orthodontic force levels,
141-142
periodontal ligament (PDL)
responses to, 137-141
rate of, 142-143
reciprocal, 143
rotation, 142
sustained force, 137-142
theories of, 137-141
tipping, 142
translation, 142
Traditional face-lift approach,
1749-1758, 1755f-1761f
Trainer, R., 32-34
Tranexamic acids, 311
Transfer, face-bow, 375f-385f,
408-416, 409f-415f
Transformations, evolutionary, 1,
4-6
craniofacial evolution, 4-5
definition of, 1
hominid species, 6, 8f-9f
mammalian brain, 4, 5f
molecular components, 4-5
primate brain, 4-5
skull comparisons, 5-6, 6f-8f
Transoral sliding osseous
genioplasty, 37, 37f-38f
Transverse maxillary deficiency,
593-595
Traumatic occlusion, 137
Treacher Collins-Francescherri
syndrome, 55
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS),
1059-1094
approach comparisons,
1091
characteristics of, 1059-1061,
1060f
dysmorphology with,
1062-1063
audiologic findings, 1063
auditory canal, external,
1063
cranio-orbita-zygomatic
region, 1062
ear structures, middle and
inner, 1063
facial soft tissues, 1063
maxillomandibular region,
1062-1063
facial growth potential with,
1063-1069, 1064f-1069f
formation influences, 73-77,
76f-77f. See also Formation
influences.
historical perspectives of,
1177
in infancy and early childhood,
1061-1062
inheritance and genetic markers,
1061, 1061f
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
and, 996. See also
Obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA).
skeletal reconstruction staging,
1072-1087, 1073f-1079f
bone-anchor hearing aid
(BAHA) options,
1090-1091
external auditory canal
reconstruction,
1090-1091
external ear reconstruction,
1089-1090
facial soft tissue
reconstruction, 1089
mandibular reconstruction,
first-stage (during
mixed dentition),
1088-1089
mandibular reconstruction,
first-stage (in newborns),
1087-1088
maxillomandibular
reconstruction,
1072-1087
middle ear reconstruction,
1090-1091
nasal reconstruction,
1074f-1076f, 1089
orbital reconstruction, 1072,
1073f-1083f
zygomatic reconstruction,
1072, 1073f-1083f
temporomandibular joint
(TMJ)-mandibular
malformation classification,
1069-1072, 1070f-1071f
testing for, 1061
Treatise on Oral Deformities as a
Branch of Mechanical Surgery,
A (Kingsley), 18, 19f
Treatise on the Irregularities of the
Teeth and Their Corrections, A
(Farrar), 20, 20f
Treatment of Malocclusion of the
Teeth (Angle), 20-21, 21f
Treatment of Malocclusion of the
Teeth and Fractures of the
Mandible: Angle’s System
(Angle), 22-23
Treatment planning techniques
analytic model-planning
mandible-first, 424-440
standard, 374-423
complication-related
considerations, 475-542
fundamentals, 337-373
clinical evaluations, 351-369.
See also Clinical
evaluations.
ideal facial aesthetics,
337-351. See also Ideal
facial aesthetics.
maxillomandibular surgical
planning, detailed,
360-368
grafts and grafting, 607-639
malocclusion prevention,
543-606
procedure sequencing, 441-474
Trisomy 21 (Down) syndrome,
1265-1271. See also Complex
malformations.
characteristics of, 1198f-1200f,
1265-1271, 1266f-1269f
historical perspectives of,
1265-1271
macroglossia in, 1270-1271
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
and, 996. See also
Obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA).
reconstruction in, 1271
Tupper, P., 26
Turbinates
hypertrophic, 287-288, 290f
inferior, 287-288, 289f
Tweed, Charles, 24, 24f
Two-jaw surgery needs, 801
Two-segment maxilla
segmentation, 456f-458f, 458
U
UAL. See Upper airway.
UARS. See Upper airway.
UCLP. See Unilateral cleft lip/
palate (UCLP).
U.K. Index of Treatment Need, 65
Undermining resorption, 141, 180
Unilateral cleft lip/palate (UCLP),
1297-1370. See also
Cleft-orthognathic surgeries.
coordinated team approach,
1302-1304
facial growth implications,
1297-1302
historical perspectives of, 1297
in infants, 1297-1302
jaw deformities and, 1356-1357
orthodontic approaches,
1356-1357
orthognathic approaches,
1299f-1305f, 1307f-1312f,
1317f-1354f, 1357-1359
controversies of, 1363-1365
distraction osteogenesis (DO)
and, 1365
evolution of, 1357-1358
initial surgical healing, 1360
Le Fort I osteotomies,
modified, 1358-1359
Le Fort I osteotomies,
standard, 1358
Le Fort I osteotomies,
two-segment,
1358-1359
Temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) (Continued)
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS)
(Continued)

Volume 1  •  pp 1-1058  •  Volume 2  •  pp 1059-1784
I25
Index
W
Walker, Robert V., 41-42, 41f
Wassmund, Martin, 30-32, 39
Weak vs. strong chin, 1564-1571.
See also Chin.
Wet bonding, 162
Whipple, J.W., 26-28
Width, biologic, 175-176
Window-period donations, 313
Wires, arch, 162
Wound healing risk factors, 982
X
Xylocaine, 1710
Y
Yaw orientation, 361
Young adult/teenage dentofacial
disharmonies, 897-944. See
also Dentofacial disharmonies.
characteristics of, 942
clinical characteristics of, 898
dental findings for, 898
functional aspects of, 898
orthodontic approach, 898
historical perspectives of,
899
studies of, 899-940
techniques, 900f-939f
prevalence of, 897
radiologic findings for, 898-899
surgical approaches, 940-941
complications of, 941
informed consent and, 941
malocclusion after, 941-942
patient education for, 941
postsurgical considerations,
941
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) and, 942
treatment pitfalls of, 899
Z
Zeising, Adolf, 349, 349f
Zygomatic reconstruction, 1072,
1073f-1083f, 1111-1113,
1112f
Vertical maxillary excess patterns,
758-806. See also Long face
patterns.
clinical characteristics of, 759
complications of, 802
definitive reconstruction for,
761-801
dental findings of, 759
diagnostic criteria for, 758
etiology of, 759-760
functional aspects of, 758-759
growth modification,
preadolescent patients, 760
informed consent
considerations, 802
orthodontic camouflage
approach to, 760
orthodontic molar intrusion
approach to, 760-761
patient education for, 802
postsurgical malocclusion,
802-803
postsurgical orthodontic
maintenance, 802
prevalence of, 758, 803
radiographic findings of, 759
surgical planning for, 801-802
Virenque, Maurice, 53-55
Vision restoration, 12, 15f
Visual distortion speech errors,
237-240
Visual examinations, direct, 408
Vitamin D, 75
Vitamin D3, 142-143
Vitruvian Man (da Vinci), 344f
Vitruvius, Marcus Polio, 342, 342f
Vocal tract variables, 236
Vomiting management, 324
Von Recklinghausen type
neurofibromatosis,
1273-1274
Vowel sounds, 236
VP dysfunction. See
Velopharyngeal (VP)
dysfunction.
VPI. See Velopharyngeal
insufficiency (VPI).
UPPP. See
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
(UPPP).
U.S. National Health and
Nutrition Examination
Survey III (NHANES III), 64
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
(UPPP), 1010-1045
V
Valium, 75
van der Wound syndrome, 77-91,
84f
Vascular complex malformations,
1277-1288. See also Complex
malformations.
arteriovenous, 1280-1282,
1286f-1287f
capillary, 1288
characteristics of, 1277,
1280f-1287f
complications of, 1277
historical perspectives of, 1277
lymphatic, 1277-1279,
1282f-1283f
venous, 1279-1280
Vascular thrombosis, 180
VCFS. See Velocardiofacial
syndrome (VCFS).
Vector-controlled forces, 137
Vectored force, 406
Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS),
1288. See also Complex
malformations.
characteristics of, 1288
pathophysiology of, 1288
prevalence of, 1288
reconstruction in, 1288
Velopharyngeal (VP) dysfunction,
1428, 1443, 1444f-1445f
Velopharyngeal insufficiency
(VPI), 254-259, 255f-258f
Ventilation, face-mask, 319
Vertical dimensions, 64
Vertical discrepancy, chin,
1565f-1571f, 1571-1572,
1573f-1593f. See also Chin.
maxillary reconstruction,
staging of, 1363-1364
mixed dentition and, 1364
pitfalls of, 1359-1361
skeletal relapse and,
1364-1365
skeletal stability and,
1362-1363
studies of, 1361-1363
unresolved issues of,
1363-1365
velopharyngeal (VP) function
and, 1364
presurgical assessments, 1357
treatment protocols, 1299f-
1305f, 1304-1306,
1307f-1312f, 1317f-1354f
Unilateral condylar hyperactivity,
860-861
Unilateral maxillary crossbite,
271-272
Unilateral oto-mandibular
dysostosis, 1095. See also
Hemifacial microsomia
(HFM).
Unstable vs. unreliable centric
relation (CR), 427. See also
Centric relation (CR).
Unvoiced sounds, 235
Upper airway, 995, 995f
length (UAL), 999
resistance syndrome (UARS),
994
surgery, 1010-1045
Upper face reference
maxillary cant, 361-362
maxillary dental midline, 361
maxillary incisor crown
vertical position, 362-363
maxillary incisor crown
horizontal position,
363-367
Upper helix, failure vs. relapse,
1730-1731
Upper midface deformities, 1232
Unilateral cleft lip/palate (UCLP)
(Continued)