Ứng Dụng Laser Trong Da Liễu Và Y Học (2018)

550
Maximum permissible exposure (MPE), 325
Medical and cosmetic applications, laser, 115
Medical laser training programs, 38, 40, 45, 46
Medical use, lasers, 38
Medicolegal landscape, 500
Melanin dust, 388
Melanin index (MI), 242
Melanocytic nevi, 385–387
Melasma and post-inflammatory
hyperpigmentation, 96–98
MENDs shuttle, 177, 179
Meshwork pattern, 386
Methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), 262
acne, 265
advantages, 264
BCC, 269
Bowen’s disease, 263
combination therapy, 262
contraindications, 266–267
indications, 263
monotherapy, 262
non-hypertrophic actinic keratoses, 262
non oncologic skin conditions, 265
plaque-type (stage I) mycosis fungoides, 264
recurrence rates, 264
refractory mycosis fungoides, 264
superficial BCC, 263
Miami Scar Scale, 67
Microbeams, 26
Microneedling fractional radiofrequency
devices, 27
Microscopic epidermal necrotic debris (MEND), 177,
178, 182
Mid infrared diode laser systems, 203
Mid-infrared lasers, 200
diode laser system, 207
erbium glass laser, 207, 208
laser systems, 204, 206
Nd:YAG laser, 204, 205
Q-switched laser system, 204
Minocycline-induced pigmentation, 98, 99
MIR-lasers and deeply penetrating halogen
lamps, 10, 11
Mitochondria structure, 358, 359
Mohs micrographic surgery, 392
Molluscum contagiosum, 454
Monochromaticity, 3
Monopolar devices
EndyMed intensif, 31
Exilis system, 29
Infini, 30, 31
InMode Fractora, 31
Pelleve, 30
radiofrequency energy, 29
Thermage, 29
ThermiTight, 30
TrueSculpt, 30
Vanquish, 30
Monopolar radiofrequency, 26, 27, 254
devices, 251
Multicolor tattoo, 405–407
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM), 534
Mycosis fungoides (MF), 381, 382
N
NAF 1550 nm laser, 438
Nail psoriasis, 281–282
Nanoshells, 344
NASA LEDs, 287
National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA)
Space Medicine Program, 287
ND:YAG lasers, 79, 80, 198, 203–205, 219, 343, 346,
356, 442, 443
cellulites, 255–256
mid stratum, skin, 223
with and without liposuction, 251
Near infrared lasers, 10, 346
Neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser
(Nd:YAG), 52
acne vulgaris, 230
Nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris, 96
Nevus of Ota, 96, 97
New York Education Law, 46
Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ), 41
Non ablative fractional laser, 23
Non invasive fat removal
cryolipolysis, 248
HIFU, 249
low frequency focused ultrasound, 249–250
low level laser therapy, 250
mechanism, 248
radiofrequency, 250
Nonablative approaches, 23
Nonablative fractional photothermolysis (NAFP), 485
burn scar, 184, 185
characteristics, 167, 176
effects, 179
energy dependent response, 179, 180
energy levels, 176, 177
erythema and edema, 181, 182
fine and moderate (dynamic) rhytides, 184
melasma, 185
patient discomfort, 181
patient satisfaction, 181
PIH, 182
scarring, 184, 185, 190, 191
skin histology, 177–179
thermal damage, 181
thermal energy, 180, 181
thulium laser, 182, 183
traumatic scar, 184
Nonablative fractional skin resurfacing (NAFR), 157
Non-ablative laser skin resurfacing, 69, 150–155
contraindications, 148
cryogen spray cooling, 152
cytokine release stimulation, 152
dynamic cryogen spray cooling, 152
electromagnetic spectrum, 149
epidermal protection, 151
facial photodamage, 149
indications, 148
Index

551
intense pulsed light treatment, 150
long-pulsed 1320 nm Nd:YAG laser, 151
monopolar radiofrequency device, 155
patient selection, 148, 149
postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, 153
postoperative hyperpigmentation, 156
postoperative management, 155
preoperative patient evaluation and
education, 148
pulsed dye laser, 149
radiofrequency device, 155
side effects/complications, 156
subclinical epidermal injury, 152
thermal sensor, 152
Sub-surfacing lasers, See also
Non-ablative rejuvenation effect, 202
Nonablative resurfacing, 314
Non-beam hazards, 44
Non-bulk skin heating, 13
Non-coherent light sources, 92
Non-contact capacitive electrode system, 28
Non-fractional CO2 laser, 408
Nonhypertrophic actinic keratoses, 262
Non-invasive treatment
limiting factors, 214
Nd:YAG laser, 219
pre and post operative, 214
Non-laser devices, 3
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), 309, 310
Non-physician operators, 502
Nonpigmented hair removal
adverse events, 132
antibiotics, 133
complications, 132
direct light stimulation, 133
epidermal cooling, 133
meladine, 132
photodynamic therapy, 132
photosensitizer 5-aminolevulinic acid, 132
piroxicam gel, 133
post-operative management, 132
side effects, 132
Non-sterile tattooing practices, 112
Nonverbal protocol functioning, 500
Novocaine, 428
O
Oaze, 361
Occlusive dressings, 488
Ocular structures, 478, 479
Oculodermal melanoma, 96
Ohshiro’s zebra method, 295
Omnilux® PDT™ system, 309
On board chip (OBC), 287, 289
Online resources, 520
Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 534
Optical exciters (lamps), 3
Optical penetration depth (OPD), 171, 172
Optoacoustic imaging, 535
Oxygen sensing bandage, 532
P
Paget disease (PD), 385
Pain
prevention and treatment, 481–482
risk factors, 481
Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis (PPPP), 241
Paradoxical hypertrichosis, 356, 486
Paradoxical tatoo darkening, 489
Patient selection
body dysmorphic disorder, 416, 417
dissatisfaction with prior patients, 417
patient’s response, 418
problem identification, 417, 418
psychiatric illness, 417
reasonable expectation, 416
retreating/managing reasonable patient, 418
Peeling techniques, 193
Perfluorodecalin (PFD)-infused patches, 406,
407
Periodic audits, 502
Periorbital laser skin resurfacing, 147
Peripheral nerve blocks, 432
Permanent hair loss, 122, 133
Petechial bleeding, 182
Photoacoustic effects, 329
Photoacoustic imaging, 535
Photoacoustic microscopy, 536
Photoactivated cells, 293
Photoaging, 219–222
Photorejuvenation, See also
Photoallergic contact dermatitis, 489
Photobiological theory, 297
Photobiomodulation (PBM), 306–308
AGA, 368
definition, 367
device characteristics, 368, 369
device efficacy, 369–371
HairMax® LaserComb, 369
iGrow®, 369, 371
LEDs, 368
mechanism, 368
safety profile, 372
Photochemical reactions, 19, 20
Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB), 531
Photodecomposition, 19
Photodisruption, 19
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 262–271
actinic keratosis, 532
adverse events
prevention and treatment, 270–271
side effects/complications, 270–271
aminolevulinic acid
acne, 265
actinic keratoses, 262, 267–269
basal cell carcinomas, 262
contraindications, 266–267
hypertrophic actinic keratoses, 262
nonhypertrophic actinic keratoses, 262
non oncologic skin conditions, 265
onychomycosis, 266
photoaging, 266
Index

552
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) (cont)
plaque-type (stage I) mycosis fungoides, 264
rosacea, 265
applications, 532
endogenous, 306
exogenous, 304, 305
fractional laser assisted drug delivery, 533
heme biosynthetic pathway, 261
IPL, 280
light-activated drug/precursor, 532
localized application, 532
localized illumination, 532
methyl aminolevulinate
acne, 265
advantages, 264
BCC, 269
Bowen’s disease, 263
combination therapy, 262
contraindications, 266–267
monotherapy, 262
non-hypertrophic actinic keratoses, 262
non oncologic skin conditions, 265
plaque-type (stage I) mycosis fungoides, 264
recurrence rates, 264
refractory mycosis fungoides, 264
superficial BCC, 263
photosensitizer/photosensitizer precursor, 261, 532
post-operative management, 267, 269–270
PpIX, 533
pre-operative management, 267
PUVA, 532
reactive oxygen species, 261
selective, 533
skin rejuvenation, 225
superficial nonmelanoma skin cancers, 532
Photoepilation, 122
hypertrichosis, 486
leukotrichia, 486
reticulate erythema, 487
urticarial-like plaques, 487
Photographic technique
location and orientation, 514
pre and postoperative facial photography, 515
surgery, 515–516
Photomechanical effects, 18
Photon energy, 3
Photon intensity, see Irradiance
Photoosmotic effect, 329
Photorejuvenation, 20, 210, 279
ablative and nonablative fractional lasers, 441
fractionated diode laser, 440, 441
intense pulsed light, 441 (see Sub-surfacing lasers)
Photosensitizers (PS), 531, 532
Phototherapeutic light source, 290
Phototherapy, 287
history, 286–287
LED (see Light-emitting diodes (LED))
Photothermal and athermal reactions
hemangioma simplex lesion, 294, 295
Ohshiro’s zebra method, 294, 295
photoactivated cells, 293
photothermal nonablative skin
rejuvenation, 294, 296
temperature-dependent bioeffects, 293
in tissue, 293, 294
Photothermal and photochemical effects, 9
Photothermal nonablative skin rejuvenation, 294, 296
Photothermal processes, 16–18
Photothermal-photochemical conversion, 21
Photothermolysis, 202, 277, 468
Photovaporization (ablation), 18
Picosecond laser technology, 91, 103, 443
Pigmented basal cell carcinoma, 385
Pigmented lesions, 99, 100
argon laser, 85
carbon dioxide laser, 85
complications, 103
contraindications, 92
epidemiology, 85
indications, 92
laser-tissue interactions, 85–87
leukotrichia, 487
lower fluences, 102
nonselective continuous wave sources, 85
patient education, 104
pigment non selective lasers, 87
post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, 101
post-operative management, 102
pre-operative management
anesthesia, 99
beam hazards, 99
non-beam hazards, 99
medical history, 99
patient evaluation, 99
protective goggles, optical density, 100
Q-switched and pulsed lasers and light sources, 86,
87, 100
quality pre-treatment, 103
quality switched ruby laser, 85
side effects, 103
tissue splatter and pinpoint bleeding, 487
topical anesthesia, 102
treatments, 90, 101, 103, 524
Pigmented target lesions, 224
Pigmented/vascular dyschromias, 223
Pigment nonselective lasers, 87, 88
Pigment selective lasers, 90–92
Pinpoint bleeding
pigmented lesions, 487
tattoos, 489
Plaque-based sub-blistering dosimetry, 243
Plasma induced ablation, 20
Platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy, 368, 369
Pneumatic skin flattening (PSF), hair removal, 123
Poikiloderma of Civatte (POC), 278
Point flash, 510
Polarizing lamp, illumination, 26
Portable Network Graphics (PNG), 513
Port-wine stains (PWS), 429
blood vessel destruction, 451
flashlamp-pumped PDL, 450
follow-up, 452
Index

553
IPL, 452
natural history, 450
PDL with a cryogen cooling spray device, 451
photodynamic therapy, 452
post-treatment purpura, 450
treatment, 451
Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), 93,
181, 182
Postinflammatory secondary hyperpigmentation, 286
Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser, 77, 229, 455
Power density, 5
Printed circuit boards (PCBs), 287
Procaine, 428, 431
Proficiency in laser techniques, 40
Protective equipment, laser, 41
Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), 261, 533
Psoralen and UltraViolet A (PUVA), 532
Psoriasis
adverse events, 244
contraindications, 240
cost of therapy, 242
dose determination, 243
dosimetry, 243
excimer laser, 237–239
eye protection, 242
indications, 240
initial dose determination, 242, 243
initial evaluation, 242
MED, 242
medical treatment, 244
plaque thickness and skin type, 242
risks and benefits, 242
subsequent dose determination, 243
Psychiatric illness, 417
PubMed, 520
Pulse duration, 477
Pulse dye laser (PDL), psoriasis, 238
Pulse profile, 8
Pulsed CO2 lasers, 354, 355
Pulsed dye laser (PDL), 4, 51, 198, 202, 450, 451,
453–455, 524
acne vulgaries, 228
applications, 8
in children
cooling device, 451
cryogen cooling device, 453
dynamic cooling devices, 450
flashlamp-pumped PDL, 450
hypertrophic scars, 455
mixed/deep hemangiomas, 453
molluscum contagiosum, 454
palmar plantar warts, 454
topical rapamycin, 451
ulcerating hemangiomas, 453
verrucae vulgaris, 454
Pulsed light sources, 524
Pulsed nanosecond-long laser beam, 536
Pumping energy, 3
Purpura, 489
prevention and treatment, 483
risk factors, 483
Q
Q switched alexandrite laser, 7, 91, 203, 443
Q-switched laser reaction, 2, 21, 198, 204, 477
Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, 443, 484
Q-switched neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet
laser, 240
Q-switched ruby laser, 88, 89
Quality switching, 4, 477
Quasi continuous lasers, vascular lesions, 455
R
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act
(RCHSA), 38
Radiofrequency, 250–251
ablation, 75, 250–251
devices, 131, 132
energy, 26
Raman spectroscopy, 535
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 261
Red and Near IR, 9
Red light therapy, 286
Redness and swelling, 422, 423
Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), 383–387, 390,
391, 393, 394, 534
actinic keratoses, 380, 381
anti-inflammatory treatment, 394
BCC, 378–380
biopsy, 392
Bowen disease, 381
cryotherapy, 394
dermoscopy-RCM correlation, 391, 392
dysplastic nevi, 387, 388
imiquimod therapy
actinic keratosis, 393
BCC, 393
LMM, 394
laser abalation, BCC, 394
malignant melanoma
drawbacks, 391
melanocytic vs. non-melanocytic lesions, 390
subtypes, 390, 391
margin assessment, 392
Mohs micrographic surgery, 392
mycosis fungoides, 381, 382
normal skin, 377, 378
photodynamic therapy
ALA-PDT, 393
MAL-PDT, 393
pigmented lesions
acquired nevus, 386
angioma, 384, 385
BCC, 385
dermal nevus, 387
dermatofibroma, 384
melanocytic nevi, 385–387
Paget disease, 385
seborrheic keratosis, 383
principles, 376, 377
shave biopsy, 394
squamous cell carcinoma, 381, 382
Index

554
Reflection, 2
Refraction, 2
Regional anesthesia, 427, 434
Registration of laser systems, 45
Regulatory and professional organizations, laser safety, 38
Relative aperture, see Focal ratio
Residual thermal damage (RTD), 19
Restless leg syndrome (RLS), 74
Resurfacing, 138, 139
ablative (see Ablative laser skin resurfacing)
acne flares, 487
bacterial infection, 488
carbon dioxide laser, 138
contact dermatitis, 487
continuous-wave lasers, 138
ectropion, 488
fungal infection, 488
herpes simplex virus, 488
lasers and light sources, 139
milia formation, 487
non-ablative (see Non-ablative laser skin resurfacing)
short-pulsed erbium
yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser, 138
tissue splatter, 488
Reticular veins, 74
Reticulated purpura, 489
Reticulate erythema, 487
Retinoic acid, 471
Return on investment (ROI), 526
Revage 670®, 360
Ringed pattern, 386
Ring flash, 510
Risk, benefit and alternatives (RBA), 500, 501
Robotic microsurgery, 529–530
Rolling technique, 167, 172
Room suction systems, 44
Ruby lasers, 340, 346
therapy, 357
S
Safety measures
anesthesia, 402–405
eye safety, 401, 402
eyebrows, 402, 405
eyelashes, 402, 405 (see also Scars) (see also Tattoos)
Same old epidermis (SOE) syndrome, 314
Sarcoidosis, 281
Scar formation, 484
Scarring, laser
acne scar, 411–413
atrophic scar, 410–412
combination therapy with intralesional corticosteroids
or 5-FU, 67
complications, 68
cosmetic issues, 66
cryotherapy, 67
hypertrophic scar, 410
intralesional steroids and/or 5-FU, 70
multiple keloids, 65
pain, 68
pigmentation alteration, 68
post-operative management, 67
pre-operative management, 66, 67
prevention and treatment, 66, 70, 485–486
risk factors, 485
types, 409, 410
Scatter limited therapy, 26
Scattering, light, 12, 13
Scleroplus pulsed dye laser, 4
Sclerotherapy, 73, 75, 77, 81
Scrotal hemangioma, 57
Seborrheic keratosis, 281, 383
Second harmonic generation, 534
Selected cell targeting, 26
Selecting patient, see Patient selection
Selective cryolipolysis, 530
Selective cryolysis, 528, 530
Selective photothermolysis (SPT), 12, 13, 49, 50, 75, 86,
476, 530
selective temperature elevation, 15
thermal damage time, 15
thermal relaxation time, 14, 15
Semiconductor (diode) lasers, 4
Shave biopsy, 394
Silicone gels, 472
Single lens reflex (SLR), 506, 507
Skin biopsy, 202, 203
Skin Care Physicians, 518, 519, 521
Skin optical properties, 11
Skin protection, 43
Skin rejuvenation, 310–317
low-level light therapy, 224–225
photodynamic therapy, 225
Skin tightening, 219, 529–530
body contouring, 445, 446
infrared tightening, 444, 445
non-invasive skin tightening devices, 444
RF treatment, 444
ultrasound tightening, 445
SmartLipo™, 251
Smoke evacuators, 44
SmoothBeam laser, 207
SmoothShapes, 254
Soft laser therapy, 357
Solar lentigines, 92–94, 99, 102
Solid-state lasers, 3
Spatial and temporal coherence of beam, 3
Specialty-specific requirements, laser, 46
Spider angiomas, 56, 57
Spider telangiectasias, 454
Spider veins, 74
Spitz/Reed nevi, 388
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 381, 382
Stamping technique, 167, 172, 176
Stimulated emission, 3
Sublative rejuvenation, 439
Sub-surfacing lasers, 201, 202, 204–208
ablative laser resurfacing systems, 198–200
adverse events, 211
Index

555
contraindications, 197
indications, 197
intense pulsed light sources, 200
IPLs, 201, 209, 210
maintenance therapy, 200
mid-infrared lasers, 200, 201
diode laser system, 207
erbium glass laser, 207, 208
laser systems, 204, 206
Nd: YAG laser, 204, 205
Q-switched laser system, 204
non-ablative laser resurfacing, 200
vascular lasers, 200, 201
KTP lasers, 201
pulsed dye laser, 202
Sunetics product, 360
Superficial musculoaponeurotic system
(SMAS), 176
Surface cooling, 20, 21
Surgical photography, 515–516
Synergie Aesthetic Massage System™, 254
System integrity, 7
T
Tablet devices, 508
Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), 513
Tanned patient, 422
Target chromophores, 295
Tattoo removal, 91, 101, 103, 116, 443
absorption spectrum, 117
anticipated pigment removal, 118
carbon dioxide lasers, 115
chemical peels, 113
complications, 408, 409
cosmetic, 406, 407
cryosurgery, 113
dark skin, 407, 408
dermabrasion, 113, 114
gradation effect, 116
harsh exfoliation techniques, 113
by ink color, 117
laser surgery, 113
medical technologies, 113
melanin, 115
perfluorodecalin-infused patches, 406, 407
Q-switched Alexandrite, 115
Q-switched Nd:YAG, 116
Q-switched Ruby, 115
at right wrist, 116
selective photothermolysis, 115
short-pulse lasers, 115
surgical excision, 113, 114
surgical resection, 113
tattoo granules, 113
thermal means, 113
at upper leg, 117
Tattoos, 110
allergic contact dermatitis, 488–489
allergic reactions, 112
application, 110
combustion, 489
cosmetic, 407
granules, 113
human culture, 110
ink, 476
paradoxical darkening, 489
photoallergic contact dermatitis, 489
pigments, 112
pinpoint bleeding, 489
placement, dermis, 111
prevalence, 110
removal (see Tattoo removal)
tissue splatter, 489
Telangiectasias, 74
Temporal profile, beam, 302, 303
TerraQuant, 360
Tetracaine gel, 430
Thermal damage time (TDT), 16, 277
Thermal denaturation, 18
Thermal injury to cells, 17
Thermal kinetic selectivity (TKS), 16
Thermal relaxation time (TRT), 277, 477
Thermokinetic selectivity (TKS), 15
Thulium laser, 182, 183
Tissue coagulation, 17, 18
Tissue cooling, 2
Tissue optics, 12
Tissue repair, 341, 346
Tissue soldering, 343, 344
Tissue splatter
pigmented lesions, 487
resurfacing, 488
tattoos, 489
Tissue water, 12
Tissue welding, 343
Tongue depressor, 402, 405
Topical anesthesia, 428–430
Traditional resurfacing approach, 166, 170, 186, 188, 192
Transmission photospectrogram, 296
Treatment
multimodality treatment, 421, 422
patient color, 422
tanned patients, 422
TriActive™, 254
Tumescent anesthesia, 431
Tumor margin detection, 535
2-layer soldering
Type I collagen production, 203
Type III procollagen, 203
U
Ulcerated congenital hemangioma, 56
Ultrapulse Encore laser, 438
Ultrashape™ System, 249
Ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty, 253
Ultrasound bio-macroscopic (UBM) techniques, 371, 372
Ultrasound tissue interaction, 31, 32
Unipolar radiofrequency, 255
Index

556
Urticaria, 423
Urticarial-like plaques, 487
UV laser and light sources, 8
V
Valvular insufficiency, 75
Vancouver Scar Scale, 67
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 361
Vascular lasers, 2, 8, 13, 26
KTP lasers, 201
pulsed dye laser, 202–204
Vascular lesions
capillary malformations, 53–55
epidermal temperature control, 51
frequency-doubled neodymium\:yttrium-aluminum-
garnet laser, 51
IHs, 55, 56
IPL, 53
laser therapy, 59
long pulsed alexandrite laser, 51
methemoglobin, 52
neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet lasers, 52
optimal pulse duration, 50
PDLs, 51, 52
scarring, 49
selective photothermolysis, 49, 50
spider angiomas, 56
telangiectasias, 57, 59
theory of selective thermolysis, 60
treatment, 49, 59
venous lakes, 59
VelaSmooth™, 254, 255
Venous lakes, 59
Verrucae vulgaris, 454
Vesiculation
prevention and treatment, 482–483
risk factors, 482
Vibrational absorption bands, 12
Vibrational frequencies, 535
Video-based education, 501
Violet IPL emissions, 8
Virgin angioma, 420
Visible door sign, 478
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), 439
Vitamin C, 471
Vitiligo, 529
adverse events, 244
anatomic location, 242
combination therapy, 244, 245
contraindications, 242
cost of therapy, 243
erythema, 244
excimer laser, 239
factors, 243
grafting techniques, 244
indications, 242
initial dose, 244
initial evaluation, 243
risks and benefits, 243
skin type, 242
subsequent treatments, 244
surgical techniques, 244
VitiligoWood’s light, 243
W
Wavelength-specific phototherapy research, 286
Web addresses, 519
Websites
internet website quality evaluation, 518
patients, 520
physicians, 518–520
White balance, 510–511
Wildberry extract and kojic acid, 471
Windows bitmap (BMP), 512
Wound closure, see Wound healing
Wound healing, 343
acute vs. chronic ulcers, 342
acute wounds (see Acute wound healing)
advantages, 345
biostimulation, 319
blood flow, 323
burns, 321
chemotactic factors, 64
coagulation, 64
disadvantages, 345
epidermal basa layer keratinocytes, 320
Er:YAG laser ablation, 322
HeNe laser, 319
hypertrophic scars and keloids, 64
infection, control of, 322, 323
inflammatory phase, 64, 317, 319, 321–323, 341, 342
lasers for, 342, 343
LED-LLLT, 322–324
LED rejuvenation trial, 315
LLLT, 363
macrophages, 64, 320
mast cells, 320
maturation, 64
mechanism of laser-assisted, 347, 348
neutrophils, 320
nonhealing ulcers, 322
photoactivated keratinocytes, 320
proliferative phase, 64, 318, 319, 342
remodeling phase, 64, 318, 319, 342
revascularization, 64
satisfaction index, 322
systemic theory, 322
tissue repair, 341
Wound repair process, see Wound healing
Written consent, 500
X
XeCl excimer laser, 8
Xenon–chloride (excimer) pulsed laser, 480
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), 393
Y
Yttrium scandium gallium garnet (YSGG) lasers, 87
Index